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北京果雨花園：高密度校園里的綠洲 | 北京大學校園公益營建社

經(jīng)典案例 2021-01-04 來源：gooood

項目名稱：

北京果雨花園：高密度校園里的綠洲
項目地點：

北京
項目規(guī)模：

300平方米
設(shè)計公司：

北京大學校園公益營建社
委托方：

北京大學

項目位于北京大學宿舍區(qū)30號樓。這是一個由學生發(fā)起、設(shè)計和建造和運營的校園空間改造，于2019年10月建成投入使用。

^{Harvesting Raingarden is located in the dormitory area of Peking University. This is a campus renovation project initiated, planned, designed, built, and operated by students. The garden was completed and put into use in October, 2019.}

^{▲在用地極為緊張的校園中為學生提供了一個精心設(shè)計的開放空間，A new public place in a tight campus ?Jielan Zhong}

設(shè)計背景

^Context

北京大學是中國歷史最悠久，同時也是最擁擠的大學校園之一。在校園的南區(qū)，不到0.5平方公里的教學和生活區(qū)里，共居住了22997名學生，空間資源高度緊張。高強度的建設(shè)使得不透水表面急劇增加，導致了嚴重的內(nèi)澇和徑流污染。而建筑間的人工草坪卻大多處于荒廢狀態(tài)，既不能供人使用，又無益于減少地表徑流。

^{Peking University is one of the oldest and most crowded university campuses in China. The southern part of the campus, in particular, houses 22,997 students in an area of less than 0.5 square kilometers. In order to provide enough space, the campus was constructed with high intensity, which has led to severe waterlogging and runoff pollution. The lawns between the buildings are not for human use and do little to reduce surface runoff.}

^{▲遭受內(nèi)澇困擾的校園，Waterlogged campus ?Liang Zeng}

內(nèi)澇問題影響著校園中每一個人的生活。作為未來的景觀設(shè)計師，我們渴望應(yīng)用學習到的知識幫助自己的校園。這一想法很快得到了北大校園建設(shè)有關(guān)部門的大力支持。在管理部門的協(xié)助下，我們選取了宿舍區(qū)里一塊300㎡的典型的綠地作為試點。經(jīng)過長達10個月的參與式設(shè)計和討論，最終形成了一個滿足多方利益的簡潔方案。

^{Waterlogging affects everyone’s life on campus. As future landscape architects, we are eager to apply what we have learned to help our own community. The idea quickly gained strong support from the school authorities. With their assistance, we selected a typical green space of 300㎡ in the dormitory area as the pilot. After 10 months of participatory design and discussion, a design scheme satisfying the interests of multiple parties was finally formed.}

^{▲選取的設(shè)計場地，Selected design site ?Hao zhang, Kangfu Zhuo}

^{▲設(shè)計場地毗鄰的道路是最容易發(fā)生積水的路段，The design site is adjacent to a road that is most prone to water accumulation ?Hao zhang, Kangfu Zhuo}

少就是多

^{Less is more}

校方希望原貌不有太大改動，這正好和我們的想法不謀而合：設(shè)計希望對場地施加最小的干預，實現(xiàn)最豐富的功能。我們首先保留了場地兩側(cè)被頻繁使用的人行道，其次是對場地原有的樹木的保留和利用。柿子樹和核桃樹限定出了主要的活動場地，同時將狹長的綠地分成一大一小兩個生物滯留池。然后我們減少了一部分滯留池，為原本占用人行道的自行車提供停車空間。

^{The school authorities were hoping not to make too many changes, which happened to coincide with our thoughts: The goal of the design is to achieve the most abundant functions with the least amount of intervention on the site. First, we retained the heavily used sidewalks on both sides of the site, and second, we retained and utilized all the trees on the site. A small square of 5m by 5m is defined by the odd persimmon and walnut trees. The square divides the long and narrow green space into a larger and a smaller bioretention. We then reduced some of the retention ponds to provide parking space for bikes that used to take up the sidewalk.}

^{▲方案生成，Design evolution ?Hao zhang, Kangfu Zhuo}

^{▲方案軸測圖，Axonometric ?Hao zhang, Kangfu Zhuo}

對場地的最小介入策略不僅滿足了施工造價的限制，也更容易在不同訴求中找到平衡。作為一個處女作，越簡單的結(jié)構(gòu)越能應(yīng)對種種意料之外的變化。

^{The strategy of minimum intervention on the site not only meets the limitation of construction cost, but also makes it easier to find balance among different demands.Moreover, as a debut novel, the simpler the structure, the more able it is to cope with unexpected changes.}

^{▲連續(xù)的清水混凝土墻強調(diào)了了空間的邊界，Continuous fair-faced concrete walls highlight the boundaries of the space ?Hao zhang, Kangfu Zhuo}

^{▲單一的草坪被豐富的植物群落所代替，The lawn with a single structure has been replaced by an abundant native vegetation community ?Jielan Zhong}

在宿舍區(qū)中還有許多其他類似的綠地可以采取相似的手法改造，以緩解內(nèi)澇問題、提高校園空間品質(zhì)。方案最終實現(xiàn)的目標是為改善宏觀校園環(huán)境提供經(jīng)驗。

^{There are many other similar green Spaces in the dormitory area that can be renovated in a similar way to alleviate waterlogging and improve the quality of the campus. The ultimate goal of the scheme is to provide reference experience for improving the macro campus environment.}

^{▲自行車停車空間，Bicycle parking area ?Hao zhang, Kangfu Zhuo}

花園的名字“果雨”來源于方案敲定的最后時刻，我們在現(xiàn)場躊躇時的體驗。場地存有的四棵果樹，八月時棗樹結(jié)滿的果子像雨滴一樣落下。這些果樹同樣也成為了設(shè)計構(gòu)思的出發(fā)點，為我們想象場地的位置和朝向，以及使用者的體驗提供了依據(jù)。

^{The name of the garden, “Fruit rain”, came to us when we were finalising the plan on site.There are four fruit trees in the field. There are four fruit trees on the site. In August, the jujube fruit falls like raindrops. The fruit trees also inspired us to imagine how the garden could be used in the future.}

^{▲姿態(tài)各異的果樹，Trees in different posture ?Hao zhang, Kangfu Zhuo}

其中姿態(tài)最為奇特的柿子樹和核桃樹得到了最多的關(guān)注，這兩棵樹碰巧都在2016年的施工中被砍去一半的樹冠。他們相對而立，共同夾出一個5mx5m的活動場地。其中那棵被砍掉大部分樹冠的柿子樹，看起來格外殘缺不全。如果站在便道上看去，反而有亭亭如蓋的感覺。因此我們在樹下留了一個出入口，從而讓行人正好從柿子樹下轉(zhuǎn)身進入場地。作為入口的標識，柿子樹被賦予了意義。

^{The persimmon and walnut trees, both of which happened to have their crowns cut in half during construction in 2016, received the most attention for their peculiar pose. They stand opposite each other, highlighting the boundary of a small square of 5m by 5m. Among them, the persimmon tree with most of its canopy cut off was extremely mutilated. If you look at it from the east or west, its canopy looks very lush, like a pavilion. So we left an entrance under the tree so that pedestrians can turn into the site just under the canopy of the persimmon tree. As a sign of the entrance, the persimmon tree is given a symbolic meaning.}

^{▲原本姿態(tài)反常的柿子樹成為了場地入口的明顯標識 The persimmon tree, which had an abnormal posture, became a striking sign of the entrance ?Hao zhang, Kangfu Zhuo}

短時間停留的場所

^{A place for a short stay}

設(shè)計過程中我們組織了三輪宿舍同學參與的方案評審。同學們非常擔心在宿舍樓前長時間逗留和聚會產(chǎn)生很多噪音，因此強烈反對在花園里設(shè)置座椅。于是我們決定僅設(shè)置一些非正式的座位供人們短時間停留和休息。

^{Three rounds of review were conducted to promote design proposal to accord with the requirements and suggestions from students. Students objected strongly to the placement of seats in the garden due to concerns about the noise caused by long stays and gatherings in front of the dormitory building. Therefore only informal seating is provided in the garden, such as the ledge of fair-faced concrete walls and recycled wooden piles.}

^{▲未名湖邊被風吹折的古樹，The old tree blown off by the wind by the Weiming Lake ?Hao zhang, Kangfu Zhuo}

四個月前曾有一場大風吹折未名湖邊的一棵古樹，我們曾從園林工人手中留下了幾段切好的木樁，現(xiàn)在這些木樁恰好可以作為花園里臨時的座位。此外混凝土墻的臺沿也可以作為一種非正式的座位。

其中一次意見征集中，有同學分別提出了希望在花園中設(shè)置朗讀亭和秋千。為此我們提供了一個兩側(cè)有庇護感的不銹鋼秋千供同學休息放松和閱讀。

^{Four months ago, a strong wind broke an old tree by the Weiming Lake. We left a few pieces of cut wooden stakes from the garden workers. Now these wooden stakes happen to be used as furniture in the garden. In addition, the ledge of the fair-faced concrete walls can also be used as an informal seat.}

^{During one of the reviews, some students respectively proposed to set up a device for reading and a swing in the garden. For this reason, we provide a stainless steel swing with a sense of shelter on both sides for students to rest, relax and read.}

^{▲木樁被重復利用作為座椅, The wooden stakes are reused as seats ?Kun Zhang}

雨水收集和再利用

^{Rainwater collection and reuse}

花園可以消納周圍572㎡的不透水表面產(chǎn)生的徑流，最多為宿舍區(qū)削減16m3的雨水。SWMM的模擬結(jié)果表明，如果將宿舍區(qū)里其他幾塊綠地都進行類似的改造，共可削減47.8%的地表徑流，這將減少市政管道負擔，有效緩解內(nèi)澇。

^{The garden can manage the runoff generated by the surrounding impervious surface of 572 square meters, reducing up to 16 cubic meters of rainwater for the dormitory area. The SWMM simulation results show that if the other green areas in the dormitory area are similarly transformed, a total of 47.8% of runoff flow can be reduced, which will greatly reduce the burden on municipal pipelines and effectively alleviate waterlogging.}

^{▲SWMM模擬結(jié)果，The SWMM simulation results ?Hao zhang, Kangfu Zhuo}

由于臨近建筑，為了避免雨水短時間內(nèi)集中下滲的不利影響，在生物滯留池的底面和側(cè)面都設(shè)置了緩滲結(jié)構(gòu)。降雨時，一部分雨水直接下滲補充地下水，未能及時下滲的雨水會臨時存儲在雨水罐里。等到雨過天晴，太陽輻射達到一定強度時，水泵將會啟動。暫存的雨水通過太陽能水泵回到地面澆灌植物。

^{Due to the proximity of the building, a slow seepage structure is set on the bottom and sides of the bioretention to avoid the adverse effects of too much rainwater concentrated in a short time. When it rains, part of the rainwater directly infiltrates to supplement the groundwater, and the rainwater that is too late to seep is temporarily stored in the rainwater tank. When the rain has passed and the solar radiation reaches a certain level, the water pump will start. Temporary rainwater is returned to the ground through a solar pump to water the plants.}

^{▲剖面圖，Section ?Hao zhang, Kangfu Zhuo}

^{▲依靠太陽能自動運行的雨水收集、利用和監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)，Rainwater collection, utilization and monitoring system that runs automatically on solar energy ?Hao zhang, Kangfu Zhuo}

此外花園還配備了監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)，可以在手機上實時查看降雨和水箱的水位，便于隨時監(jiān)控水系統(tǒng)運行狀態(tài)。收集的數(shù)據(jù)將為校園里未來的類似項目提供支持。

^{The garden is also equipped with a monitoring system that can check the rainfall and the water level of the water tank on the mobile phone in real time, so as to monitor the running status of the water system at any time. And the collected data will provide guidance for similar projects on campus in the future.}

^{▲存儲的雨水在天晴時通過太陽能回到地面澆灌植物，The stored rainwater is returned to the ground through solar energy to water the plants ?Hao zhang, Kangfu Zhuo}

豐富的鄉(xiāng)土植物群落替代了結(jié)構(gòu)單一的草坪，甚至為校園中的刺猬、松鼠等小型哺乳動物的遷徙提供了新的踏腳石。同時，花園也在高密度的建成區(qū)帶來了一片荒野。

^{The lawn with a single structure has been replaced by an abundant native vegetation community, providing a new stepping stone for hedgehogs, squirrels and sparrows in the campus. At the same time, it also creates a wilderness in a high-density built-up area.}

^{▲豐富的本土植被，local species ?Hao zhang, Kangfu Zhuo}

參與式設(shè)計

^{Participative design}

在這個項目中，學生既是使用者也是設(shè)計師、還是甲方和監(jiān)理。學生主導了從策劃到設(shè)計和項目最終落地的全部環(huán)節(jié)。施工由熱心于支持學生公益實踐的京林集團負責，實現(xiàn)了非常高的完成品質(zhì)。盡管已經(jīng)得到了許多人的幫助，這個小型項目在施工過程依然遇到了許多困難。施工從暑假開始，共持續(xù)7周，團隊負責人每天從早上八點到下午六點都呆在工地和施工隊共同工作，合作解決種種預料之外的問題。

^{In this project, students are both users and designers, as well as clients and supervisors. The students led most of the work from the initiation of the project to the final completion of the garden. The construction was undertaken by Jinglin Group, which is enthusiastic about supporting students’ public welfare practices, and achieved a very high quality of completion. Despite the help of many people, this small project still encountered many difficulties in the construction process. The construction started from the summer vacation and lasted for 7 weeks. The team leader stayed on the construction site every day from 8 am to 6 pm to work with the workers, cooperating to solve various unexpected problems.}

^{▲利用多余的水泥制作植物標本磚，Reuse excess cement to make Herbarium Bricks ?Qian Qiu}

為了吸引了更多非設(shè)計專業(yè)同學的參與，項目還組織了一系列的工作坊。這些持續(xù)不斷的工作坊提高了項目的公眾參與程度，使得花園獲得同學的廣泛支持。

^{A series of workshops were organized to attract non-design students to participate. These continuous workshops have increased the level of public participation in the project and enabled the garden to gain widespread support from students.}