伊敏河濱水公園：草原城市的韌性河道景觀設(shè)計(jì) | MYP邁柏

背景與挑戰(zhàn)

呼倫貝爾擁有十萬(wàn)平方公里的遼闊草原，是中國(guó)北方游獵、游牧民族的發(fā)祥地。草原河流依托平坦的草原地貌，主河道并不固定，會(huì)根據(jù)雨水量的變化而進(jìn)行季節(jié)性游蕩。它為草原表層提供水源，也為土壤提供養(yǎng)分，促進(jìn)了草原景觀的演替和生物多樣性的改善，所以被稱之為“草原游蕩型河流”。近年來(lái)由于攔壩蓄水、河床挖沙、防洪渠化等現(xiàn)象，“草原游蕩型河流”原本就脆弱的土壤與生境受到了破壞，造成了整個(gè)大草原的沙化現(xiàn)象日趨嚴(yán)重。

BACKGROUND & CHALLENGES

^{Hulunbuir Prairie, with a vast grassland of 100,000 square kilometers, is the birthplace of the ancient nomadic people in northern China. The grassland riverway wandering across the flat landform due to seasonal rainfall, winter waters and ice build-up. The river provides water and sediments for promoting the succession of grassland biodiversity. Therefore, it is called "Grassland Wandering River". In recent years, the fragile ecology of " Grassland Wandering River" has been damaged, accelerating the desertification of the whole Hulunbuir Prairie.}

_{▼草原沙化現(xiàn)象日趨嚴(yán)重，Grassland Has Been Damaged}

伊敏河，作為典型的“草原游蕩型河流”，具有不定型的河道線型、尺度巨大的灘地、以及脆弱的土壤與植被等特點(diǎn)。在過(guò)去的幾十年中，伊敏河逐漸由一條城市邊緣性河流演變?yōu)槌鞘兄行暮恿鳌Ｔ诔鞘心贤氐慕ㄔO(shè)中，為應(yīng)對(duì)河流的行洪安全需求，伊敏河主河道被截彎取直，并進(jìn)行了渠化處理。這大大地破壞了河道原有的生態(tài)功能，也為兩側(cè)的市民使用帶來(lái)了困難。

^{Yimin River, as a "Grassland Wandering River", has the typical characteristics of a changeable waterway, with extensive floodplains, fragile soil and restricted vegetation. Yimin river has gradually transformed from a meandering river to an urban river in the past few decades. In order to meet the flood discharge safety regulation, the riverway of Yimin river has been straightened and channelized during the new town expansion. This has significantly influenced the original river ecology, and also brought difficulties to the uses of the residents along the river.}

_{▼裸露灘地與脆弱土壤，Site Situation}

_{▼草原城市的韌性河道，A Resilient River for Grassland City}

伊敏河公園通過(guò)對(duì)自然河道的恢復(fù)，灘地空間的重塑，以及沿河休閑與旅游休閑的建立，為伊敏河構(gòu)建了一個(gè)融合自然生態(tài)、城市休閑、文化旅游等元素的綜合價(jià)值體系，致力于打造一個(gè)韌性的城市生態(tài)河道。從而實(shí)現(xiàn)“城市草原之河”，“講述故事之河”，“活力不斷之河”，建設(shè)后的伊敏河成為了國(guó)際上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的城市大型草原濱河公園，使之成為內(nèi)蒙古草原城市河道濱水建設(shè)的標(biāo)桿。

^{Through restoration of the natural riverway, reconstruction of the floodplain, and the establishment of riverside leisure activities, the park is committed to restoring a resilient urban river, realizing the vision of New Grassland River with nature, vitality, and storytelling. After the park has been opened, this project has become an exemplary model for river restoration in Inner Mongolia grassland region.}

_{▼伊敏河公園前后對(duì)比，Before & After}

自然河道的軟化修復(fù)

對(duì)伊敏河河道的修復(fù)，首先是對(duì)河道自然水文與植被的尊重，以最大化保留其“草原游蕩型河流”的特質(zhì)要素。由于城市的防洪安全需求，伊敏河的自然河道受到了工程渠化的改造，河道的水流走向與自然植被受到了破壞。公園景觀設(shè)計(jì)提出了對(duì)原有河道線型的恢復(fù)，并創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)瀉湖以滿足了季節(jié)性的行洪需求。這一舉措最終受到了政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)及水利工程師認(rèn)同，并得以貫徹執(zhí)行。

公園建設(shè)之始，河道駁岸已經(jīng)被工程渠化，并留下了大面積裸露的灘地。景觀設(shè)計(jì)師通過(guò)覆土及增加生態(tài)固土網(wǎng)的方式，對(duì)駁岸進(jìn)行了最大程度的軟化與綠化，實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)河道水土的涵養(yǎng)以及本地植被的恢復(fù)。在河道岸線重新柔化的基礎(chǔ)上，我們利用現(xiàn)有的島嶼與河道沉積進(jìn)行濕地的恢復(fù)，從而保證了對(duì)河水的沉淀與凈化作用，并在洪水期減緩洪水速度起到了良好效果。從主河道的平臺(tái)上，我們看到的是一個(gè)河灘與河道一體化的郁郁蔥蔥的河道。

RESTORING THE NATURAL RIVERWAY

^{The natural riverway has been channelized in order to meet the flood safety regulation, which damaged the natural vegetation in the floodplain. The landscape team initiated a comprehensive strategy of recovering the original riverway and creating an extra lagoon, to meet the seasonal flood discharge demand.}

^{When recovering the river, the channelized riverway and bare floodplain have been the main challenges we confronted. The design team devoted to soften and afforest the revetment, which successfully achieved the conservation of river water and natural vegetation. With the “soft” river embankment, we restored the wetland in the river by using the existing sediments and islands, ensuring water cleaning, and also playing a positive role in slowing down the flood speed.}

_{▼柔化的綠色駁岸，Soften River Embankment}

_{▼本土植物修復(fù)灘地，Native Plants Repair Floodplain}

灘地區(qū)域的彈性使用

灘地，指的是在季節(jié)性雨季來(lái)臨時(shí)洪水會(huì)溢出的區(qū)域。雖然大部分時(shí)間是廣闊的場(chǎng)地，但作為有著500-800米進(jìn)深灘地的公園，如何在這巨大的區(qū)域?qū)崿F(xiàn)生態(tài)的修復(fù)，并平衡雨洪安全，實(shí)現(xiàn)合理的市民休閑使用是設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)首要考慮的問(wèn)題。

建設(shè)的第一步就是對(duì)灘地土壤進(jìn)行平整，并利用河床清淤的土方對(duì)部分灘地進(jìn)行換土，從而保證了整個(gè)灘地土壤的品質(zhì)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了草地的修復(fù)。局部灘地仍留存有楊樹(shù)等植被，借機(jī)對(duì)其進(jìn)行了修復(fù)并搭配了新的植物，形成了河道富有特色的喬木群落。

RECONSTRUCTION OF THE FLOODPLAIN 

^{Floodplain refers to the area where the flood overflows when seasonal raining storms come. In the park, the floodplain covers an area extending 500-800 meters. Although the flood rarely occurs in the past years, the floodplain has been remained bare open. Therefore, how to achieve ecological restoration, as well as providing reasonable leisure use for the riverside community people, has been particularly vital for the park.}

^{The first step is to clean and fertile soil in the floodplain. In some area, we have to use the river dredging dirt to replace the existing soil, to ensure successful revegetation. There are still some poplars and willows on the site, which have been conserved and matched with a palette of local plants to establish characteristic planting communities along the river.}

_{▼灘地再生長(zhǎng)，F(xiàn)loodplain Revegetation}

_{▼灘地休閑，F(xiàn)loodplain Recreation}

對(duì)灘地進(jìn)行植被恢復(fù)的同時(shí)，沿主河道貫通了一條五米的游步道，成為沿河社會(huì)居民健身運(yùn)動(dòng)的好去處。該步道采用了本地特色的透水磚，能經(jīng)受洪水的長(zhǎng)時(shí)間浸泡考驗(yàn)。沿著游步道，在廣闊的灘地上依次設(shè)置了各種球類運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)、休閑草坪、戶外劇場(chǎng)、健身驛站，以及觀鳥(niǎo)平臺(tái)等，提供了周邊市民一個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)休閑與親近河流的機(jī)會(huì)。

在河道轉(zhuǎn)彎的灘地區(qū)，形成了一個(gè)七公頃的瀉湖。一方面，瀉湖提升了季節(jié)性過(guò)洪所需要的泄洪場(chǎng)地；另一方面，作為日常穩(wěn)定水面的湖體，瀉湖周邊區(qū)域已成為見(jiàn)識(shí)鳥(niǎo)類棲息以及市民悠閑垂釣的場(chǎng)所。目前瀉湖周邊的植被已經(jīng)恢復(fù)，并因市民郊游、觀鳥(niǎo)、攝影等活動(dòng)而廣受歡迎。

^{After the vegetation has been recoved, a six-meter walkway along the river was established for exercises of the riverside residents. The pavement brick was particularly selected from the local materials, designed for enduring long time flood soaking. Along the walkway, a variety of informal outdoor places like sports field, leisure lawn, amphitheater, playground, and bird watching platforms are lined up, providing an opportunity for the riverside people to enjoy the river.}

^{In the river turning area, a lagoon of 7 hectares has been created, to enhance the flood discharge capacity in flood season. Meanwhile, After the vegetation has been restored, the lagoon area has become a popular destination for passive leisure activities like bird watching, meditating, fishing, and photographing.}

_{▼瀉湖平臺(tái)與透水游步道，Lagoon Platform & Walkway}

_{▼瀉湖保護(hù)區(qū)，Lagoon Sanctuary}

堤上公園的活力聚集

堤上公園帶是不會(huì)受到洪水侵?jǐn)_的城市公園區(qū)域，在這個(gè)線形的公園帶中，承載著市民與游客游憩與觀景的訴求。因此，一方面公園沿線通過(guò)本地鄉(xiāng)土植物的搭配，形成了四季鮮明的植物觀景帶，另一方面也引入了文化體驗(yàn)廣場(chǎng)，地標(biāo)性的觀景平臺(tái)，以及配套的服務(wù)建筑等實(shí)現(xiàn)了公園活力的匯聚。

河堤公園帶的植物采用了內(nèi)蒙本地的植物種類，以形成季節(jié)性的群落式景觀，提供游人觀賞的同時(shí)，也大大地減少了草原強(qiáng)烈的季節(jié)風(fēng)對(duì)游人的干擾。沿著帶狀植物觀賞帶，沿堤形成若干外挑的眺望臺(tái)，提供了一個(gè)觀賞水流、灘地與濕地等遼闊景觀的絕佳場(chǎng)所，成為城市的一個(gè)地標(biāo)與名片。

ESTABLISHING THE RIVERSIDE LEISURE

^{The green belt space above the levee is an urban park area that will meet the citizens and tourists’ intense sightseeing and recreational needs. Therefore, the levee park will have a distinctive botanic area with a collection of the local plantings. Meanwhile, cultural plazas, iconic viewing platforms and the service building have been designed as feature elements in the park.} 

^{The local plants, selected from the Mongolia forest, not only attract visitors to experience the colorful view in all seasons, but also greatly reduce the strong seasonal wind on the levee. Along the botanic belt, a couple of cantilevered lookouts are established along the embankment, providing a symbolic viewing deck for enjoying the grand landscape of the wandering waterflow, lush wetland. and vivid floodplain.}

_{▼堤上植物公園，Levee Botanic Park}

堤上公園帶提供了兩個(gè)有關(guān)蒙古歷史與本地三少文化的主題廣場(chǎng)，為市民與游客提供了教育與休閑的機(jī)會(huì)。每年夏天大量游客聚集的時(shí)刻，這兩個(gè)文化雕塑廣場(chǎng)成為重要的景點(diǎn)，成為外地游客學(xué)習(xí)與體驗(yàn)的重要場(chǎng)所。與廣場(chǎng)結(jié)合的是模擬草原土丘的生態(tài)覆土建筑，該建筑為居民與游客的聚集，提供了必要的公園服務(wù)配套。以能源可持續(xù)的要求設(shè)立的生態(tài)覆土建筑，在提供游客的信息與購(gòu)物服務(wù)的同時(shí)，也成為了一個(gè)沿河賞景的重要走廊。

^{Along the levee park belt, two cultural theme plazas are created to celebrate the rich Mongolian and local minority culture, which provide great leisure and educational opportunities for the visits. Every summer, this area has become one of the great attractions in the city. Alongside the plaza, a sustainable service building covered with grass is the dominant element, imitating from the natural mounds in the grassland. This earth covered building, designed to be energy efficiency due to the long cold winter, provides visitors with park information and necessary shopping and dining services.}

_{▼蒙古文化慶典廣場(chǎng)，Celebrating Mongolia Culture}

_{▼集會(huì)廣場(chǎng)，Gathering Plazas}

項(xiàng)目總結(jié)

站在生態(tài)服務(wù)建筑頂?shù)挠^景走廊看沿岸兩岸，伊敏河河道蜿蜒而過(guò)，兩岸綠意蔥蔥，實(shí)現(xiàn)了河道生態(tài)恢復(fù)的韌性河道建設(shè)目標(biāo)，而另一方面，沿河兩岸的社區(qū)已經(jīng)快速聚集，新城得以蓬勃發(fā)展。伊敏河公園于2018年建成以來(lái)，成功地實(shí)現(xiàn)了生態(tài)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)的多重目標(biāo)。

PROJECT SUMMARY

^{Looking out from the viewing deck on the top of the earth covered service building, we see two different landscapes. At the riverside, Yimin river wanders through the grand green floodplain, which realized the vision of building a resilient river, meeting both the ecological restoration and recreational needs. At the city side, the new communities along the park have been developed rapidly, leads to the new town booming. Yimin Waterfront Park has successfully achieved the goals of ecology, economy and society for the city since it was opened at 2018.}

^{▼生態(tài)服務(wù)建筑，Mound Service Building}

_{▼生態(tài)服務(wù)建筑，Mound Service Building}

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