重新鏈接城市、自然和人：銅鑒湖公園生態(tài)修復(fù) | 華東院

重新鏈接城市、自然和人：銅鑒湖公園生態(tài)修復(fù)

Reconnecting City, Nature and People: Ecological Restoration of Tongjian Lake Park

項目概述

Project Introduction

銅鑒湖位于杭州西湖區(qū)雙浦鎮(zhèn)，地處錢塘江、富春江、浦陽江三江交匯之地。歷史上的銅鑒湖被稱為西湖的姐妹湖，是杭州南部重要渡口，承擔(dān)著之江片區(qū)的防洪排澇調(diào)蓄，同時也是南宋文化的重要空間載體。由于錢塘江泥沙淤塞、圍湖造田，銅鑒湖原水域逐漸萎縮消失，造成之江片區(qū)“旱季缺水、雨季內(nèi)澇”等問題，同時生態(tài)環(huán)境脆弱，生境單一。

Tongjian Lake, located in Shuangpu Town of Hangzhou, is historically the sister lake to the famous West Lake. Positioned at the convergence of the Qiantang, Fuchun, and Puyang Rivers, it was a key ferry point in southern Hangzhou and a significant cultural hub during the Southern Song Dynasty. Over time, sediment from the Qiantang River and land reclamation projects caused the lake's waters to recede. This led to local water shortages, flooding problems, and a fragile ecosystem.

設(shè)計團隊基于防洪排澇調(diào)蓄水利工程要求，運用景觀設(shè)計手段協(xié)調(diào)解決水利、生態(tài)、文化、公共利益等多方面挑戰(zhàn)。在尊重歷史脈絡(luò)、文化遺存和生態(tài)基底的基礎(chǔ)上，重現(xiàn)了銅鑒湖的生態(tài)山水格局。作為由景觀設(shè)計師主導(dǎo)的城市水利樞紐工程，本項目促進了片區(qū)平原河網(wǎng)的水體流動，將水質(zhì)從劣五類提升到Ⅲ類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，區(qū)域雨洪利用效率提高，防洪排澇達(dá)到20年一遇的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。區(qū)域生態(tài)環(huán)境改善明顯，湖區(qū)生物多樣性提高，珍稀物種頻頻出現(xiàn)。修復(fù)后的銅鑒湖也因此成為備受歡迎的生態(tài)郊野公園、文化自然教育基地和公共活動聚會空間；輔助了區(qū)域產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變升級，激發(fā)了區(qū)域發(fā)展和經(jīng)濟振興。

The design team used landscape techniques to address flood control, ecology, culture, and public needs, revitalizing Tongjian Lake's historic and scenic landscape. Led by landscape designers, the urban water hub project improved water circulation and raised water quality from Class V to Class III standards. It also met the 20-year return period standard for flood control.

The region's ecological environment has improved significantly. Biodiversity has increased, and rare species are now appearing. Tongjian Lake, once restored, has become a beloved ecological park, cultural and natural education center, and community gathering space. This rejuvenation has also supported the area's industrial growth and sparked regional development and economic revitalization.

場地現(xiàn)狀與難點

Site Analysis & Challenges

由于錢塘江泥沙淤塞和圍湖造田等原因，銅鑒湖湖面逐漸被工業(yè)廠房、水塘、農(nóng)田、和村莊侵占；部分水域萎縮成為荒廢的水田、垂釣場、莼菜、菱角養(yǎng)殖塘等生產(chǎn)性水域。原本約2平方千米的湖面萎縮至不足0.2平方千米。隨著城市的快速發(fā)展，銅鑒湖所在區(qū)域的防洪排澇能力嚴(yán)重滯后，多次出現(xiàn)內(nèi)澇，積水深度達(dá)到1米以上。同時，銅鑒湖場地基底較差，場地生態(tài)環(huán)境脆弱、生境單一；植被種類以香樟、櫻花生產(chǎn)苗圃和蘆葦、荻花等次生草本植被為主。伴隨著湖面萎縮，眾多歷史人文遺跡也隨之被破壞、消失，周邊村莊風(fēng)貌衰敗、經(jīng)濟下行。如何在防洪調(diào)蓄基礎(chǔ)上，兼顧水環(huán)境改善、生態(tài)修復(fù)、景觀提升和區(qū)域文化經(jīng)濟振興，成為本項目的難點。

Sediment buildup from the Qiantang River and land reclamation caused problems for Tongjian Lake. It was encroached upon by factories, ponds, farmlands, and villages. Some areas turned into abandoned paddies and ponds for chia and water chestnut cultivation. The original 2-square-kilometer lake shrank to less than 0.2 square kilometers.

With rapid urban development, the lake's flood control capabilities lagged, leading to frequent flooding with water depths exceeding 1 meter. The lake's foundation was poor, its ecological environment fragile, and habitats limited, dominated by camphor trees, cherry blossom nurseries, and secondary herbaceous plants. As the lake receded, historical and cultural relics were destroyed or disappeared, and nearby villages suffered economic decline.

The project's challenge was to improve flood control while enhancing water quality, ecology, landscape, and regional cultural-economic revitalization.

設(shè)計策略

Design Strategy

在滿足500萬立方總庫容和320萬立方調(diào)蓄庫容的水利規(guī)劃要求下，設(shè)計團隊綜合歷史湖面形態(tài)、場地空間格局、景觀資源、交通體系等因素恢復(fù)歷史上2平方公里銅鑒湖面積，合理布局85.97萬平方米深水區(qū)，73.22萬平方米淺水區(qū)，和40.81萬平方米的島嶼，確定岸線雛形和水位深淺，確定常水位6.5m，湖底標(biāo)高2.5m，淺水區(qū)底標(biāo)高5.5m。依托Rhino進行Grasshopper軟件運算，得出分形維數(shù)、岸線發(fā)育系數(shù)、水體空間包容面積等，重塑銅鑒湖28.3km的生態(tài)親水岸線。設(shè)置自由仿生的島嶼形態(tài)圍合出大小湖面、溪流和濕地群島，營造不同的親湖感受。

To meet the water planning requirements of 5 million cubic meters total storage and 3.2 million cubic meters regulated storage, the design team integrated factors like historical lake morphology, site spatial pattern, landscape resources, and transportation systems.

They aimed to restore the historical 2 square kilometer surface area of Tongjian Lake, strategically laying out 859,700 square meters of deep water areas, 732,200 square meters of shallow water areas, and 408,100 square meters of islands. They established the shoreline's initial form and water depth, setting the regular water level at 6.5m, lakebed elevation at 2.5m, and shallow water area base at 5.5m. Leveraging the Grasshopper software in Rhino, they calculated the fractal dimension, shoreline development coefficient, and water body spatial containment area, reconstructing Tongjian Lake's 28.3 km ecological waterfront.

The design team designed biomimetic island shapes, encapsulating varying lake surfaces, streams, and wetland archipelagos, fostering diverse lakeside experiences.

設(shè)計團隊以場地的湖、山、田、茶、草為生態(tài)基底，重塑藍(lán)綠基底、修復(fù)生境。結(jié)合濕地、島嶼、駁岸、緩坡等地形營造生境群落，構(gòu)建物種多樣性。通過文化遺產(chǎn)評估方法來識別和梳理現(xiàn)存遺址，確定保護區(qū)域；將歷史記憶融入古湖埠碼頭等景觀節(jié)點，以最大限度地利用自然，并展示該地的歷史。在設(shè)計過程中，植入產(chǎn)業(yè)開發(fā)，融入了徒步、游船、登山、露營、人文科普等多重體驗游線，以生態(tài)水利帶動周邊區(qū)域經(jīng)濟發(fā)展。

The design team drew upon the site's natural elements - lakes, mountains, fields, tea, and grass - to rebuild the blue-green infrastructure and restore habitats. By integrating wetlands, islands, revetments, and gentle slopes, they fostered diverse ecological communities, enhancing species biodiversity. 

They also employed cultural heritage assessment methods to identify and organize existing relics, creating conservation areas. These historical memories were embedded into landscape focal points like the ancient lake port, which highlighted the site's history.

Throughout the design process, they incorporated industry development, weaving in experiences like hiking, boating, mountain climbing, camping, and cultural education, leveraging ecological water management to drive regional economic growth.

空間節(jié)點設(shè)計

Spatial Nodes Design

1. 重塑功能 Redefining Function

本項目通過開挖銅鑒湖、新建1.86km的引排水隧洞等措施，增加了320萬m3調(diào)蓄庫容，完善了區(qū)域整體防洪排澇和調(diào)蓄能力，將區(qū)域的排澇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)從10年一遇提升到20年一遇最大24小時排出不受淹。針對山水和隧洞口易渾濁影響水質(zhì)，北面湖水通過布置島嶼和水下地形引流至沿山北渠，減少對南面湖區(qū)的擾動；湖區(qū)西北側(cè)布置5.2萬平方米濕地，緩沖、凈化沿山北渠匯入的山水。利用MIKE21軟件，計算湖區(qū)水動力數(shù)據(jù)，在不易流動的區(qū)域設(shè)置潛水射流曝氣設(shè)施和FBR生物循環(huán)床，增加狐尾藻、黑藻等沉水植物凈化水質(zhì)。

Through excavating Tongjian Lake and a new 1.86 km drainage tunnel, the project boosted the storage capacity by 3.2 million m3, enhancing the region's flood control from a 10-year to a 20-year recurrence.

To address potential water quality issues from mountain waters and tunnel entrances, water from the northern part of the lake is directed towards the mountain's northern canal. This is achieved by placing islands and underwater terrain strategically, minimizing disturbance to the southern part of the lake.

A wetland area of 52,000 square meters has been set up on the northwest side of the lake to buffer and purify the mountain waters that flow into the northern canal. Using the MIKE21 software, the water dynamics of the lake area were calculated.

In areas with limited water movement, submerged jet aeration equipment and FBR (Fluidized Bed Reactor) bio-circulation beds were installed. Additionally, submersed plants like Myriophyllum verticillatum and black Hydrilla verticillata were introduced to further purify the water quality.

2. 修復(fù)生態(tài) Restoring Vital Ecology

設(shè)計團隊根據(jù)調(diào)蓄庫容，結(jié)合湖區(qū)內(nèi)的濕地、島嶼、駁岸、緩坡等場地條件，依次種植水生、濕生、以及耐淹灌木地被、開花亞喬木、色葉大喬木等耐水濕植物；滿足5.5-7.5m不同水位要求，為不同食性和活動特點的鳥類、魚類提供活動空間，保證棲息和繁衍。駁岸設(shè)計以草坡入水、卵石灘、松木樁等可滲透駁岸為主，保證水陸界面生物多樣性和能量交換。

Based on the regulated storage capacity and considering conditions within the lake area such as wetlands, islands, revetments, and gentle slopes, the design team sequentially planted aquatic, wet-tolerant, and flood-tolerant plant species. These plantings meet the requirements of different water levels, ranging from 5.5-7.5 meters, and provide spaces that cater to birds and fish with varied dietary and behavioral needs, ensuring suitable habitats and reproduction.

The revetment design primarily incorporates permeable features, such as grassy banks leading into the water, pebble beaches, and pine pilings. This design promotes biodiversity at the water-land interface and facilitates energy exchange.

湖區(qū)建成后生境單一的香樟林、水杉林變成層次豐富的梭魚草+菖蒲+水杉、千屈菜+金絲桃+無患子、細(xì)葉芒+櫻花+香樟等層次豐富的植物生境。生物多樣性調(diào)查與評估中發(fā)現(xiàn)浙江五大天姿之鳥——水雉、葦鹀、紅頸葦鹀等珍稀鳥類，以及鎮(zhèn)海樹蛙、斑嘴鴨、尖吻蝮等珍稀動物。

After the lake's completion, formerly homogeneous forests of camphor and metasequoia trees have transformed into diverse plant habitats, such as Pontederia cordata + Acorus calamus + Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Lythrum salicaria + Hypericum monogynum + Sapindus saponaria, and Miscanthus sinensis + Prunus serrulate + Cinnamomum camphora mixes.

Biodiversity surveys have identified some of Zhejiang's most charismatic birds like the Hydrophasianus chirurgus, Emberiza pallasi, and Emberiza yessoensis, as well as rare animals such as the Rana zhenhaiensis, Anas zonorhyncha, and Deinagkistrodon acutus.

3. 超越期待Surpassing All Expectations

銅鑒湖生態(tài)水利工程輔助了區(qū)域的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變升級，激發(fā)了區(qū)域振興新動力。2022年環(huán)湖五個村新增民宿67家，餐飲25家，落戶文創(chuàng)企業(yè)12家；改變了周邊村莊原本衰敗的面貌。

The Tongjian Lake ecological water conservancy project has transformed the regional industrial structure and brought new life to the area. In 2022, five villages around the lake added 67 new guesthouses, 25 restaurants, and 12 cultural and creative enterprises. This has revitalized the previously declining appearance of the surrounding villages.

銅鑒湖公園成為了深受遠(yuǎn)近居民喜愛的生態(tài)郊野公園、杭州旅游新目的地。周末及節(jié)假日平均客流量達(dá)到1萬人次/天， 自行車等慢行交通設(shè)施每天使用人次可達(dá)2000次以上。項目保護及恢復(fù)了良渚時期的漳山、宋代朱熹石刻等多處文化自然遺址；打造了九曲紅梅茶文化展示館、莼菜采摘田等傳統(tǒng)文化體驗場所；使其成為了中小學(xué)生的文化自然科普教育基地。每年有30余場各類科普活動、“湖山入新眼，悅讀銅鑒湖”詩文朗誦、攝影大賽、生活藝術(shù)節(jié)等在銅鑒湖公園舉行，有近1萬余名學(xué)生參加。

Tongjian Lake Park has become a beloved ecological suburban park and a new destination in Hangzhou. During weekends and holidays, the average visitor flow reaches 10,000 people/day, and recreational transportation facilities like bicycles see daily usage of over 2,000 times.

The project has preserved and restored cultural and natural heritage sites from the Liangzhu period. It has also established traditional cultural experience venues like the "Meandering Red Plum" tea culture exhibition, making it an educational space for students. Each year, Tongjian Lake Park hosts over 30 science activities, with participation from nearly 10,000 students.

社會意義

Social Significance

銅鑒湖生態(tài)水利工程，重新鏈接了城市、自然和人。本項目完善湖泊防洪排澇功能，將該地區(qū)的排澇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提升至20年一遇；區(qū)域水質(zhì)及湖泊中心水域水質(zhì)從原來的劣五類提升到Ⅲ類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。湖區(qū)陸生和水生植物群落構(gòu)建完善，生態(tài)環(huán)境得到明顯改善，生物多樣性指數(shù)顯著上升；在最新調(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn)新增鳥類10種，包括國家二級保護物種水雉、白骨頂雞等。

The ecological water management project of Tongjian Lake has reconnected the city, nature, and its inhabitants. This initiative enhances the flood control function of the lake, raising the flood prevention standard of its region to a 20-year return period.

The water quality in the region and the central lake area has been significantly improved. The establishment of terrestrial and aquatic plant communities in the lake area is refined, significantly improving the ecological environment and substantially raising the biodiversity index. The latest survey revealed the addition of 10 bird species, including nationally protected species such as Hydrophasianus chirurgus and Fulica atra.

本項目促進了區(qū)域可持續(xù)發(fā)展；直接帶動民間投資2.5億元，就業(yè)800余人；間接帶動300名本土人才回歸，簽訂投資協(xié)議50億元。同時，多項大型徒步、馬拉松、文化演藝活動在銅鑒湖公園舉辦；周邊居民自發(fā)組跑團，在公園進行百余次跑步、徒步活動。

The project has spurred sustainable development in the region. It mobilized 250 million yuan in private investments and provided jobs for over 800 people. Additionally, it attracted 300 local talents to return to their hometown and secured investment agreements totaling 5 billion yuan. Furthermore, Tongjian Lake Park has hosted numerous large-scale events like walking tours, marathons, and cultural performances. Local residents have formed running clubs, and the park has organized over a hundred running and walking activities.

從消失的銅鑒湖到“名湖再現(xiàn)”，到“親近自然、體驗文化和露營、聚會活動的向往地”，銅鑒湖生態(tài)水利工程，提供了景觀設(shè)計平衡水利、生態(tài)、經(jīng)濟、教育文化和公共利益的典范與樣本。

Tongjian Lake was once vanished, but it has now re-emerged as a renowned lake. It has become a sought-after destination for various activities like embracing nature, experiencing culture, camping, and gathering. The Ecological Water Conservancy Project at Tongjian Lake exemplifies landscape design, demonstrating a harmonious balance in hydrology, ecology, economy, culture, and public interest.

^{版權(quán)聲明：本文版權(quán)歸原作者所有，請勿以景觀中國編輯版本轉(zhuǎn)載。如有侵犯您的權(quán)益請及時聯(lián)系，我們將第一時間刪除。}

^{投稿郵箱：info@landscape.cn}

^{項目咨詢：18510568018（微信同號）}