泰國曼谷鳥翼橋設計 l Shma

^{? Wison Tungthunya}

位于泰國曼谷城市北部的鳥翼橋（Bird Wave Bridge）是一座長50米的人行天橋，主要目的是從屋里環境上連接Rotfai公園和Queen Sirikit公園，同時也將公共景觀建造和對城市公園的認知連接在一起。曼谷的人均公共綠地面積僅約3平方米，而世界衛生組織（WHO）建議的城市人均綠地面積至少為9平方米，況且曼谷的人均3平方米已經是包含了城市公共綠地和道路隔離帶。顯然，在城市的生物多樣性增加和利用方面，嚴重缺少綠地空間。

^{The Bird Wave Bridge, a 50 metre long pedestrian bridge crossing over small watercourse from Rotfai Park to H.M. Queen Sirikit Park at the Northern part of Bangkok aims to bridge not only the physical gaps but also the public projects’ complicated process and general perception of urban parks.The public green area in Bangkok is only about 3 m2 per person as opposed to minimum 9m2 per person as suggested by The World Health Organization (WHO) that every city should have. The 3 m2 per person figure already compiled every green area possible from large parks to planted road median. Obviously not only the city lacks green space in terms of area but also the sizeable ones where greater capacity enables broader  use and increase of urban biodiversity.}

^{? Wison Tungthunya}

在Chatuchak地區內的Rot Fai 公園、H.M. Queen Sirikit 公園、Jatujak 公園三個公園彼此相鄰。盡管Queen 公園隸屬于H.M. Queen Sirikit 公園基金會，但這三個公園都均受曼谷市政府（BMA）公共公園部門的管制。三個公園分別于2002年，1992年和1980年正式向公眾開放，其總面積為116公頃，這使他們成為了曼谷區內最大的公園，為2019年，在Queen公園西部建設的交通運輸樞紐帶來無限的發展前景。未來的城市發展將使該地區人口密度更高，對休閑綠地的需求也越來越大。

^{Within Chatuchak district, 3 main public parks are situated next to each other. The Rotfai Park, The H.M. Queen Sirikit Park (widely referred to as the Queen Park) and The Jatujak Park (nick name JJ Park). All the parks are under care of Public Parks Department of Bangkok Metropolitan Authority (BMA) even though the Queen Park is owned by H.M. Queen Sirikit Park Foundation. They were opened to public in 2002, 1992 and 1980 respectively. The area of 3 parks combined is 116 Hectare which will make it the biggest public park in Bangkok. Its full potential will greatly contribute to the city as Chatuchak District is set to become Bangkok’s new rail transport hub when Bangsue Grand Station opens in 2019 on the West of the Queen Park. The future urban development will see the district with more density and more need of recreation green space.}

^{? shma}

然而，由于土地所有權的問題，公園相關部門之間的協調變得異常復雜和緩慢，加上每個公園的概念和計劃的差異以及使用者和公眾對現有公園的使用和樹木砍伐問題等，項目被擱置。目前，JJ公園擁有適合進行各種休閑活動的大草坪，并且毗鄰Mass交通樞紐和地鐵站，為公園提供了人流。原本屬于國家鐵道管理局高爾夫球場的Rotfai公園，如今也因蜿蜒迷人的自行車道而受到市民的喜愛。

^{However, BMA’s master plan to combine the 3 parks since 2008 has not been realized due to difference in land ownership resulting in the complicated inter-authority coordination, the difference in each of the parks’ concepts and programs and public concerns over the impact on existing use and cutting of trees. Users of road that cuts through these parks were also against the plan.}

^{Currently, JJ Park, with its properly mowed open lawn suitable for leisurely activities and its location next to Mass Rail Transit as well as Underground stations, is well used throughout the week while Rotfai Park, formerly a State Railways Authority of Thailand’s golf course, is most popular during weekend for its biking route through photogenic rolling mounds.}

^{? Wison Tungthunya}

Queen公園的游客數量在三個公園中最少，原因來自于公園的交通可達性的不足，大部分來訪者主要是利用自駕車。因為JJ公園和周邊道路，Queen公園被迫與公共交通系統分割，與Rotfai公園也因中間河道而割裂。與Rotfai公園僅用一座位于Queen公園一角的臨時鋼橋鏈接。

與游客人數不同，Queen公園擁有曼谷城市內種類最為豐富的植物群，收集和展示著整個泰國的本地植物群。根據泰國鳥類保護協會的調查，公園的生物多樣性也吸引了大量的鳥類。Queen公園將位于公園東北部臨近Rotfai公園邊界的區域定位“鳥類保護區”，使區域內植被自然生長，堆積在一旁的落葉和樹枝為昆蟲提供食物和庇護所。枯死的樹枝被放在護城河的淺水中，為海龜，蜥蜴和鳥類提供棲息地。盡管受到觀鳥者的喜愛，但仍有人質疑此區域的衛生狀況，認為這里并不整潔干凈。

^{The Queen Park has the least numbers of visitors due to its less accessibility, mainly only by private transportation. It is separated from mass transit system by JJ Park and a road, and from Rotfai Park by the drainage moat. The only connection to Rotfai park was by a 1 temporary steel bridge from one corner of the Queen Park.}

^{In contrary to numbers of visitors, Queen Park has the most variety of plant species among all Bangkok’s public parks as its main purpose is to collect and exhibit native vegetation from throughout Thailand. Its biodiversity also attracts most variety of birds as surveyed by The Bird Conservation Society of Thailand. The park dedicated the  northeastern portion  next to its boundary to Rotfai Park to be ‘Bird Sanctuary’ where vegetation are allowed to naturally grow, fallen leaves and branches are stacked to provide food and shelter for insects and dead trees are left in the moat’s shallow water for the turtles, lizards and birds to perch. Although well known among bird watchers, the area was considered untidy or dirty by some.}

^{? Wison Tungthunya}

^{? shma}

景觀設計師于2014年向Queen公園董事會提出在Queen公園南端建設“鳥翼橋”的方案，作為連個三個公園的“實驗性”項目，而不需要等到公園最后總體規劃方案羅定。經過2年的審批流程，公園管理處批復了60,000美元的預算，而H.M.董事會資助了公園的植被預算。“鳥翼橋”于2016年8月正式向公眾開放。

^{It is in the south end of the Bird Sanctuary that “The Bird Wave Bridge” was proposed by the landscape architect to the director board of the Queen Park in 2014 as the ‘trial’ connection to enable real use if the 3 parks are to be joined without having to wait for the realization of the whole masterplan. After 2 years of approval process, the 60,000 USD budget for the bridge was granted by Public Parks Department and the softscape budget was funded by H.M. Queen Sirikit Park Foundation. The bridge was opened to public in August 2016.}

^{? shma}

羽翼橋位于Queen公園中軸線的北端，橫穿分割兩個公園的小河道，蜿蜒穿越現有的樹林區域，另一端落于地勢低2m的Rotfai公園中。鳥翼橋波浪起伏的橋面也是為了緩和地勢的高度差而設計的，同時也是保存了Queen公園內原有橋梁的形狀。橋梁中部橫跨鳥類保護區，創造了一處以樹冠為屋頂的戶外空間。由半實心的木欄圍合出了一個隱秘的觀鳥區。

“ 鳥翼橋”之名來自于自身形狀和所處環境，并充分展示了鳥類保護區的功能和重要性。此外，也反應出生物多樣性與城市環境共存的另一種可能性。

^{The bridge’s location is at the North end of central axis from the Queen Park and crossing over small watercourses, curving away from existing mature trees and landing in Rotfai Park at 2 m. lower elevation. The wave elevation of the bridge was employed to mitigate this level difference as well as paying homage to the traditional curved bridges in the Queen Park. The middle section of the bridge where it landed on a dike is curved out towards the Bird Sanctuary to create a room with tree crowns as roof, the semi-solid timber railing was raised around this room to form a blind with the integration of horizontal opening and wooden counter for birding activity.}

^{The name ‘Bird Wave’ tributes to its appearance as well as the surroundings in which it is situated, giving importance to the uses and function of the Bird Sanctuary and gently introducing the different kind of public green space where biodiversity can coexist with urban environment.}

^{? Wison Tungthunya}

鳥翼橋主要由3種材料制成；基礎和支柱由鋼筋混凝土，黑色噴漆鋼用在了橋面結構上，地板和扶手使用了風化木材。因建設過程會影響周邊環境，在施工過程與與泰國鳥類保護協會進行和合作，在周圍重新設計增加了適合小動物適合棲息的地點。例如，在沿河緩坡處設計了適合棲息和覓食的空間，并種植了多種開花灌木和樹木，保護斜坡同時吸引昆蟲。最后，項目僅剩籌資完善指示牌了。

盡管已經達到連接兩個公園并吸引更多訪客目的，但是只有時間才能證明這種物理上連接的形式是否是一次成功的嘗試，是否在未來復雜的公共項目中借鑒。

^{The bridge is primarily constructed with 3 materials; reinforced concrete for the footing and column, black painted steel for above ground structure and weathered timber for flooring and railing. The surrounding landscape which was affected by construction was re designed in consultation with The Bird Conservation Society of Thailand to increase suitable living condition for small animals, banks were gently sloped into the water to provide feeding and refuging environment and various flowering shrubs and trees were planted to protect slope and attract insects. The next step to fully complete the project is fund raising to provide interpretive signage.}

^{Even though the bridge is achieving its purpose to connect 2 parks and attract more users, but only time will tell whether or not its humble goals to bring to public’s attention the other possible forms of public parks and to convey the idea of direct solution approach to the complicated public projects can be reached.}

^{? Wison Tungthunya}

^{? shma}

^{Name of Project: Bridging the Gaps}

^{Design Director – Namchai Saensupha}

^{Landscape Architect – Charnchai Chitpatanapaibul} 

^{Architect:  Crown Property Bureau}

^{Client & Developer :  H.M. Queen Sirikit Park Foundation (Public Parks Department)}

^{M&E :  Crown Property Bureau}

^{C&S Engineering: Crown Property Bureau}

^{Project Type :  Park}

^{Site Area :  7,354 sq.m.}

^{Completion Year :  2016}

^{Location :  Between Queen Sirikit Park and Rot fai Park,Bangkok Thailand}

^{Photograph Credit: Mr. Wison Tungthunya}

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