美國(guó)方塔納城市綠化總體規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì) | DESIGNWORKSHOP

方塔納市位于美國(guó)加利福尼亞州內(nèi)陸半干旱地區(qū)，居住環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量要劣于加州95%的人口普查區(qū)。另外，方塔納的森林覆蓋率僅0.36%，明顯低于洛杉磯盆地的其他城市。這些統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)可能預(yù)示著更大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，因?yàn)樵撌朽徑饕煌ɡ鹊篮椭匾I(yè)中心，頻繁發(fā)生區(qū)域野火，且預(yù)計(jì)人口將持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)，然而其景觀規(guī)劃卻過(guò)時(shí)而松散，難以應(yīng)對(duì)發(fā)展壓力。

Landlocked within California’s semi-arid Inland Empire, residents of Fontana are exposed to air quality that is worse than 95% of census tracts in California. Its urban forest – a mere 0.36% coverage – is distinctly less than other communities in Los Angeles Basin. This statistic, when considered with the influence of major transportation corridors, notable industrial hubs, frequent regional wildfires, and projected population growth, is at further risk as outdated and unconsolidated landscape regulations face increased development pressures.

▼方塔納的樹(shù)冠覆蓋率明顯低于加州其他地區(qū) 

Tree canopy distinctly less that other communities ? Southern California Association of Governments

方塔納市和南加州政府協(xié)會(huì)(SCAG) 在意識(shí)到這些統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)背后的危機(jī)后，委托景觀設(shè)計(jì)師進(jìn)行城市綠化總體規(guī)劃，實(shí)現(xiàn)增加全市冠層，改善多模式交通，促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，整合各種規(guī)程，并更新政策以改善城市風(fēng)貌，節(jié)約用水和減少維護(hù)等目標(biāo)。此外，景觀設(shè)計(jì)師還進(jìn)一步探索了如何通過(guò)規(guī)劃直接改善空氣質(zhì)量。

規(guī)劃創(chuàng)造了多尺度的綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施愿景，從而影響城市發(fā)展模式，改善個(gè)體健康，提高生活品質(zhì)，并為社區(qū)和整個(gè)盆地創(chuàng)造更具彈性的未來(lái)。

Recognizing these statistics, the City of Fontana and The Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG) commissioned the landscape architect to craft an Urban Greening Master Plan to increase citywide tree canopy, improve multi-modal mobility, catalyze economic development, consolidate various regulations, and update policies to improve visual character, conserve water and reduce maintenance. Beyond such goals, the landscape architect elevated the project’s purpose to explore how such a plan can directly improve air quality.

The Plan creates a multi-scalar, green infrastructure vision that influences development patterns, improves individual health and quality of life, and creates a more resilient future for the community and greater Basin.

▼區(qū)域背景 

Regional context ? Design Workshop, Inc.

在單棵樹(shù)尺度上

At the Individual Tree Scale 

景觀設(shè)計(jì)師使用i-Tree和國(guó)家樹(shù)木效益計(jì)算器（National Tree Benefits Calculator，NTBC）對(duì)該市現(xiàn)有的71574棵行道樹(shù)進(jìn)行了初步分析，并對(duì)不同樹(shù)種確立量化效益，包括:1)大氣碳吸收量；2)暴雨截流能力；3)地產(chǎn)增值效益；4)節(jié)能效果和5)年度經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。如今，方塔納的行道樹(shù)每年能帶來(lái)680萬(wàn)美元的收益。在社區(qū)的參與下，景觀設(shè)計(jì)師和樹(shù)木學(xué)家將這些措施與其他環(huán)境因素綜合起來(lái)，形成了獨(dú)特的樹(shù)木種植配方。

The landscape architect conducted an initial analysis of the city’s 71,574 existing street trees using the i-Tree and National Tree Benefits Calculator. Quantitative benefits, including 1) Atmospheric Carbon Absorption; 2) Stormwater Interception; 3) Property Value Increase; 4) Energy Conservation; and 5) Annual Dollar Benefits, were identified for individual species. Today, Fontana’s street tree inventory accounts for $6.8 million of annual benefits. With community input, the landscape architect and arborist synthesized these measures with other environmental considerations and produced a distinct tree palette.

▼城市綠化及空氣質(zhì)量研究 

Urban greening and air quality study ? Southern California Association of Governments

在場(chǎng)地尺度上

At the Site Scale

除了推薦單個(gè)樹(shù)種，設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)還思考了如何將城市綠化融入城市形態(tài)。景觀設(shè)計(jì)師從每個(gè)層級(jí)的街道與土地類型中選出部分街道與示范區(qū)優(yōu)先進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)，在優(yōu)化功能的同時(shí)最大限度地發(fā)揮城市綠化潛力。隨后對(duì)每種類型在場(chǎng)景改造前后的差異進(jìn)行考察，評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)包括冠層覆蓋度、景觀面積、透水和不透水面積以及溫室氣體減少量等。

Advancing beyond recommending individual species, the team considered how to integrate urban greening into urban morphology. The landscape architect selected a series of priority streets covering all street hierarchies and example sites from each land-use typology, then applied designs that maximized potential for urban greening while optimizing function. Each typology was then measured in before and after scenarios. Metrics include canopy coverage, landscape area, permeable and impermeable surface, and greenhouse gas reduction.

▼步行友好的混合街區(qū) 

Walkable Mixed-use ? Southern California Association of Governments

在全市尺度上

At the Citywide Scale

規(guī)劃的研究范圍從場(chǎng)地尺度擴(kuò)展到全市，建立了未來(lái)實(shí)施的市域性框架，包括綠色街道和綠色場(chǎng)所等。綠色街道是由最佳愿景下的街道、經(jīng)過(guò)綠化的高速公路和城市門(mén)戶共同組成的綠色系統(tǒng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。綠色場(chǎng)所則包括所有土地類型的最佳愿景。

Taking the site-scale studies to a citywide scale, the Plan established a citywide - framework for future implementation. The framework incorporates green streets and green places. Green streets are composed of best scenarios of all street types, vegetated highways and gateways, achieving a connected green system. Green places include best scenarios of all land use typologies.

▼綠色街道-謝拉大街 

Green street-Sierra Avenue ? Southern California Association of Governments

▼綠色街道-山麓大道 

Green street-Foothill Boulevard ? Southern California Association of Governments

▼各種類型的綠色場(chǎng)所 

Green places ? Southern California Association of Governments

總之，在雙語(yǔ)社區(qū)的參與下，設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)實(shí)施了四步規(guī)劃過(guò)程——發(fā)現(xiàn)、指導(dǎo)、優(yōu)先排序和實(shí)施。這個(gè)適用于其他社區(qū)的規(guī)劃預(yù)計(jì)在2050年將樹(shù)冠覆蓋率提高到5%，即實(shí)現(xiàn)超過(guò)1300%的轉(zhuǎn)型增長(zhǎng)，這一遠(yuǎn)大目標(biāo)很快就推動(dòng)了政策的改變。如今，規(guī)劃被納入總體規(guī)劃的一部分，通過(guò)一致而富有遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn)的指導(dǎo)，強(qiáng)化對(duì)政策的支持，從而改變方塔納的建成環(huán)境。

In summary, through bilingual community engagement, the design team implemented a four-step planning process – Discover, Guide, Prioritize, and Implement. Transferable in its approach for other communities, the Plan achieved immediate policy change with its ambitious, long-term goal of increasing tree canopy coverage to 5% by 2050 – a transformational increase of over 1300%. Today, the Plan is becoming adopted as part of the General Plan, achieving a consolidated, visionary and policy-reinforced guide to transform Fontana’s built environment.

▼四步規(guī)劃過(guò)程 

Planning process ? Design Workshop, Inc.

_{項(xiàng)目標(biāo)題} 

_{空氣質(zhì)量，場(chǎng)所營(yíng)造和空間平等：方塔納城市綠化總體規(guī)劃 | Design Workshop, Inc.} 

_{項(xiàng)目信息} 

_{項(xiàng)目名稱：空氣質(zhì)量，場(chǎng)所營(yíng)造和空間平等：方塔納城市綠化總體規(guī)劃}

_{項(xiàng)目地點(diǎn)：Fontana, California, USA  方塔納，加利福尼亞，美國(guó)}

_{設(shè)計(jì)公司：Design Workshop, Inc.} 

_{交通規(guī)劃：Nelson\Nygaard}

_{灌溉設(shè)計(jì)：Hines Inc.} 

_{種植設(shè)計(jì)：Class One Arboriculture}

_{委托方：Southern California Association of Governments and the City of Fontana} 

_{圖片來(lái)源：Design Workshop, Inc.}

_{所獲獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)：2021 WLA 2021 概念-分析&規(guī)劃 WLA Conceptual - Analysis & Planning}

_{Project Name: Air Quality, Placemaking and Spatial Equity: The Fontana Urban Greening Master Plan}

_{Location: Fontana, California, USA} 

_{Client/Owner: Southern California Association of Governments and the City of Fontana}

_{Landscape Architecture/Urban Planning: Design Workshop, Inc.}

_{Kurt Culbertson, FASLA (Principal)}

_{Jason Ficht (Project Manager)} 

_{Xiaojian Fan (Landscape Designer)}

_{Chen Liu (Landscape Designer)}

_{Transportation Planning: Nelson\Nygaard, Los Angeles, CA} 

_{Irrigation Design:Hines Inc. Fort Collins, CO}

_{Arborist: Class One Arboriculture, Glendale, CA}

_{版權(quán)聲明：本文版權(quán)歸原作者所有，請(qǐng)勿以景觀中國(guó)編輯版本轉(zhuǎn)載。如有侵犯您的權(quán)益請(qǐng)及時(shí)聯(lián)系，我們將第一時(shí)間刪除。}

_{投稿郵箱：info@landscape.cn}

_{項(xiàng)目咨詢：18510568018（微信同號(hào)）}