南昌市魚尾洲公園景觀設計 | 土人設計

漂浮的森林：南昌市魚尾洲公園

A Floating Forest: Fish Tail Park in Nanchang City

南昌城始建于公元前202年

“物華天寶、人杰地靈”

今日，南昌是江西省省會，

是江西省政治、經濟、文化、科技中心、

國家航空、光電產業基地，世界級光伏產業基地。

01 項目說明

A Floating Forest: Fish Tail Park in Nanchang City

在中國中東部長江洪泛平原的南昌市，我們將一片面積126英畝、嚴重受污染的水產養殖塘改造成了一片夢幻般的漂浮森林。它調節著雨水，為野生動物提供了棲息地，為城市補充了一系列的公共空間，并為當地居民提供了一種與自然聯系的新方式。所有這些都賦予了城市新區獨特的身份，并促進了周邊地區的城市發展。魚尾洲公園為季風或氣候多變的地區提供了一個可復制的城市自然設計的模型，可以應對洪水、棲息地恢復和城市公共休閑需求等多重挑戰。該項目是一次景觀設計師為城市賦予更大韌性的嘗試，旨在表明城市空間不僅可以為人類，也可以為自然災害的影響（如季風風暴）在城市中開辟新的空間，從而推動關鍵的自然與人類和諧共處的過程。

In the city of Nanchang, within the Yangtze River flood plain in east-central China, we transformed a 126-acre badly abused landscape into a dreamlike floating forest that regulates storm water, provides habitat for wildlife, offers an array of recreational opportunities and gives local residents a new way to connect with nature. All of this lent a unique identity to the New District and served as a catalyst for urban development in the surrounding area. Fish Tail Park offers a replicable model of designed urban nature for regions with monsoon or variable climates that can address the multiple challenges of floods, habitat restoration and recreational demands. The project is part of a larger effort by the landscape architect to show that it is possible to open up new space in cities not just for people, but also for nature and for the powerful forces, like monsoon storms, that drive critical natural processes. 

▼設計前

▼設計后

02 現場挑戰和目標

Site Challenges and Objectives

南昌是江西省的省會城市，人口超過620萬。她是長江中游最大的城市之一，位于中國最大的淡水湖鄱陽湖的西岸。雨季期間，區域洪水和城市內澇一直是該市面臨的長期挑戰。近年來，由于氣候變化和城市快速發展對該地區湖泊和濕地的消極影響，該問題一直在惡化，并大大降低了自然湖泊和濕地的調水能力。與此同時，越來越多的城市徑流對地表水造成了日益嚴重的污染，影響了居民、候鳥和其他野生動物的生活和棲息。大量新的公共空間在這背景下正在設計和建造，以滿足不斷增長的人口的休閑需求。在這過程中，景觀設計和城市化面臨的最大挑戰和機遇，是如何以低成本、可大規模復制的方式，用綜合、集成、高效的解決方案，以解決所有問題。

該項目占地51公頃（126英畝），是從自然濕地中開墾出來的養魚場，其中大約30%的土地是用于傾倒周圍發電廠廢料的粉煤灰填埋場。由于粉煤灰的填埋和過度魚飼料的使用，使城市徑流和地表水都受到了嚴重的污染。而項目周圍的區域又計劃和進行著密集的城市開發，因此當地政府和開發商都希望利用該公園作為建設整個新區的催化劑。景觀設計師將場地面臨的挑戰視為機遇，決心創造一個有彈性的、城市自然庇護所。該公園將提供多種生態系統服務，包括城市洪水調節、水過濾凈化、鳥類和其他野生動物棲息地，以及市民高質量的休閑活動公共空間，并促進城市開發，為許多快速發展的季風城市和地區面臨的共同挑戰提供可復制的模式和范例。

Nanchang is the capital city of Jiangxi Province and has a population of over 6.2 million people. It is one of the biggest cities in the middle reach of the Yangzi River and is located on the western shore of Poyang Lake, China’s largest fresh water lake. Flooding and urban inundation during the monsoon season has been a chronic challenge for the city. The problem has been worsening in recent years due to the impacts of climate change and rapid development on lakes and wetlands in the area, which has significantly reduced the natural landscape’s water-regulating capacity. At the same time, surface water has been increasingly polluted by growing amounts of urban runoff, impacting the habitat of resident and migratory birds and other wildlife. New public spaces are being designed and built to fulfill the recreational needs of the growing population, but the biggest challenge — and opportunity — for landscape architecture and urbanism is how to develop integrated, efficient solutions to tackle the full spectrum of issues at low cost and in a manner that can be replicable at large scale.

The site is 51 hectare (126 acre) former fish farm reclaimed from a natural wetland. Roughly 30% of the site is a former dump site for coal ash from power plants around the city. The water is polluted due to the coal ash and overuse of fish feed, as well as urban runoff. The area surrounding the site is slated for dense urban development, and both the local government and the developers hope to use the park as a catalyst to develop the entire New District. Seeing the challenges of the site as an opportunity, the landscape architect resolved to create a resilient, natural urban refuge. The park will provide numerous ecosystem services including urban flood regulation, water filtration, habitat for birds and other wildlife, as well as a public space for recreational activities, while catalyzing urban development and providing a replicable model for the shared challenges that many monsoon cities in fast-developing regions are facing.

▼魚尾洲與城市

03 設計策略：水上森林

Design Strategy: A Forest on the Water

為了應對所有季風性城市面臨的共同挑戰和該場地的獨特挑戰，我們采用了以下設計策略：

To tackle both the common challenges facing all monsoon cities and the unique challenges of this particular site, we pursued the following design strategies:

3.1一個將垃圾場改造成島鏈的“寶石湖

Transform an Urban Dumping Ground into an Island-Jeweled Lake

受古代沼澤地上耕作的垛田概念、和Aztec Chinampas簡單的挖填技術、以及漂浮花園系統的啟發，設計師將傾倒在現場的粉煤灰回收利用，并與魚塘塘基的泥土摻合，形成了許多小島。

與此同時，一個能容納水位上升兩米（6.5英尺）的、可蓄滯100萬立方米洪水的湖泊被建成。

Inspired by the ancient concept of farming atop marshland, and by simple cut-and-fill techniques such as the Aztec Chinampas, or floating garden system, the coal ash dumped on site was recycled and mixed with dirt from the fish pond dykes to create numerous islets. 

At the same time, a lake able to accommodate two meters (6.5 feet) of water-level rise was created, providing the capacity to catch a full 1 million cubic meters of storm water inflow.

▼城市“海綿”

▼雨洪調蓄

3.2一個與水共生的森林核心

A Flood-Adapted Forest Is the Park’s Heart

受鄱陽湖當地季風氣候下形成的、洪泛適應性的湖沼濕地啟發，我們選擇了能夠在水位漲落中生存的樹種，包括落羽杉、池杉和水杉。由于起伏的水位經常暴露出貧瘠泥濘的水岸線，因此在水岸線和島嶼邊緣種植了多年生和一年生的濕生植物，并以荷、蓮等植物覆蓋了大量湖泊水面形成了濕地的水生生境。

Inspired by Poyang Lake’s native monsoon-flood-adapted marsh landscape, we selected tree species that are able to survive fluctuating water levels, including Taxodium distichum , Taxodium distichum var. imbricatum and Metasequoia glyptostroboides. Because fluctuating water levels often expose barren muddy shorelines, perennial and annual wetland plants were planted along the shorelines and island edges, and lotus plants provide highly efficient lake cover.

▼雨水凈化

3.3一片城水交錯的活力水岸

A Recreational Waterfront at the Edge between City and Nature  

項目中部的水上森林在每年的季風性汛期期間都會被淹沒，形成的消落帶景觀為市民在高密度的城區可以沉浸的感受到一片“野性”的沼澤濕地風貌。與此同時，環湖的濱水區域可以適應20年一遇的洪水淹沒，并為市民提供了大量的滿足休閑功能的空間，其中有自然游樂場、沙灘、涌泉和草坪。項目周邊則利用了梯田人工濕地過濾和凈化了城市匯入的地表徑流。

The central forest on the water, which is submerged during the annual monsoon floods, provides opportunities to explore nature and a “messy,” immersive marsh experience. The waterfront at the periphery of the park, meanwhile, is designed to accommodate 20-year floods and provide a zone that can meet the recreational needs of the local population, and includes natural playgrounds, beaches, fountains and lawns. Terraced constructed wetlands are designed to filter urban runoff.

▼候鳥棲息地

▼棲息地屏障

3.4一個與水交融的濕地秘境

A Flood-Resilient Boardwalk and Spots for Immersive Contact with Nature

公園周邊環繞了自行車道和親水步道，環繞的步行道和平臺體系為游客提供了多處通往森林島嶼的林蔭通道，形成了無數的探索濕地秘境的空間。親水步道在20年一遇的洪水和年度的季風性洪水期間可被淹沒，使濕地秘境在一年中有幾天會無法進入。雖然環形人行道位于20年一遇的洪水線之下，但步道和平臺皆由預制混凝土制成，并架空在地面和水面之上，浸水后可以很容易地清洗干凈，而秘境中的長凳也是由耐水淹的鋁材制成的。

A bike route and service road follow the park’s periphery. A network of pedestrian paths and platforms surrounds the lake and provides access to the forested isles, offering visitors myriad opportunities to explore. The boardwalk is designed to be submerged during 20-year flood events and annual monsoon floods, which can render the central part of the park inaccessible several days at a time. While the circular pedestrian and bike paths are above the 20-year flood event line, the boardwalk and platforms are made of prefabricated concrete detached from the ground or floating above water and can be easily washed clean after being submerged, as are the benches, which are made of aluminum.

▼構筑物

▼城市展示中心

▼星水橋

3.5現代設計語境下的空間焦點

Contemporary Design and Inviting Focal Points

設計師通過精心布置的橋梁、平臺、亭臺樓閣和觀景塔，使場地上形成了獨具吸引力的人氣焦點。這里的現代設計語言，為這座2000多年的古城帶來了當下的審美自信和進步的氣息。設計中，穿孔鋁板是設施安裝的主要材料，它與自然環境形成強烈對比，形成人工與自然鮮明的反差之美。在公園的主入口，一家自助餐廳與橫跨六車道的步行橋融為一體，將魚尾洲公園與鄰近的艾溪湖公園緊密相連。

Bridges, platforms, pavilions and viewing towers are carefully placed to provide attractive focal points. Their contemporary design helps bring a modern taste and sense of progress to the ancient city, which dates back well over 2,000 years.. Perforated aluminum plate is the main material used for the installed structures, creating an arresting contrast with the natural setting. At the park’s main entrance, a cafeteria is integrated with an overpass across a six-lane road, connecting Fish Tail Park with the neighboring Aixi Lake Park. 

▼城市與公園

04 結論

Conclusion

事實證明，魚尾洲公園非常成功。這片污染嚴重的城市垃圾場和養魚場以每平方英尺4美元（5.3美元/平方英尺<1:6.3匯率>，360元RMB/平方米）的極低預算建成，化身成為城市中鳥類和其他野生動物的庇護所，同時也是調蓄區域雨水的城市綠洲。獨具特色的公園環境讓她快速成為整個城市游客最多的公園之一。國家和區域媒體廣泛報道了魚尾洲公園，這讓南昌高新區也擁有了生態文明建設的樣板。該公園現在是南昌地鐵系統的標志性站點，并已成為周邊地區發展的催化劑。

Fish Tail Park has proved to be a great success. Built at an extremely modest budget of US $4 per square foot, the heavily polluted urban dumping ground and fish farm has been transformed into an urban oasis that regulates storm water, provides habitat for birds and other wildlife, and has quickly become one of the most-visited urban parks in the entire city. Regional and national media have widely reported on Fish Tail Park, which has helped give a distinct identity to Nanchang’s New District. The park is now a landmark stop on Nanchang’s subway system, and has become a catalyst for development in the surrounding area. 

^項目信息

^{項目名稱：南昌市魚尾洲公園}

^{項目地點：江西南昌}

^{設計公司：土人設計} 

_{文字編輯：王慧嫻}

_{排版：王慧嫻}

_{統籌：賈會敏，田宏薇}

_{版權聲明：本文版權歸原作者所有，請勿以景觀中國編輯版本轉載。如有侵犯您的權益請及時聯系，我們將第一時間刪除。}

_{投稿郵箱：info@landscape.cn}

_{項目咨詢：18510568018（微信同號）}