荷蘭盧恩紀念公墓公共景觀設計 | KARRES EN BRANDS

Loenen紀念公墓是大約4000名荷蘭士兵和平民的安息之地。他們在第二次世界大戰和隨后的其他暴力沖突，如荷屬東印度群島戰役、國際維和任務中喪生。

公墓位于Veluwe河畔的自然保護區內，由大片森林和石楠樹組成。該公墓于1949年，在荷蘭戰爭墓地基金會（OGS）的倡議下建成。為了可以容納以后的戰爭受害者，OGS在現有墓地附近購買了土地。這是一個有廣袤樹林的三角形區域，以安置總共約5000個墳墓。2009-2010年，Karres en Brands對新的公墓進行了總體規劃。該方案將隨著時間的推移分不同階段進行開發。該設計有一條1.5公里的蜿蜒道路，連接著八個墓葬區。OGS在2015-2017年建設了前兩個墓葬區，而第三個墓葬區的建造在2020-2021年由Loenen國家退伍軍人公墓（NVBL）負責，建成后將成為退伍軍人的公墓。目前紀念館和教育中心已完工，墓地的新入口也已建成。

Loenen Memorial Cemetery is the final resting place of nearly 4,000 Dutch soldiers and civilians. They lost their lives during World War II and in other violent conflicts that followed, such as the Dutch East Indies campaign, and in international peacekeeping missions. 

Loenen Cemetery is located in a nature reserve on the Veluwe, consisting of forest and heath. The cemetery was built in 1949 on the initiative of the Dutch War Graves Foundation (OGS). Every Dutch national who is deemed a war victim according to the statutes of the OGS can be buried at Loenen. The number of graves will never be thinned. To accommodate possible additional war victims in the future, OGS purchased land adjacent to the existing cemetery. It is a triangular area with a wooded character that must provide space for a total of approximately 5,000 graves. In 2009/2010, Karres en Brands designed a masterplan for the new war cemetery that will be developed in different stages over time. The design involves a 1.5 km winding path linking eight burial chambers. The OGS installed the first two burial chambers in 2015/2017, while the third was commissioned by the Loenen National Veterans Cemetery (NVBL) in 2020/2021 and set up as a cemetery for veterans. The memorial and education centre has also been built, as has a new entrance to the cemetery.

▼原有的公墓設施

Original war cemetery ? Chiel van Diest

最初的戰爭公墓由D. Haspels設計。設計雖不張揚，但具有力量感。在入口處，你會發現一個木制結構的小教堂，后面是一個星形空間，在中間有一個十字架。森林包圍空地的布局，以及明暗之間的對比彰顯了設計的力量。為了保留這些特點，我們決定不再延用原來的規劃，而是讓擴建的部分成為一個獨立的設計空間。擴建部分有一條長長的人行道，連接著通往原來墓地的主路和沿Groenendaalseweg新建的第二入口。沿著小路有八個橢圓形的開放空間。這條優美蜿蜒的小徑向四周延伸，切入周圍的石楠樹林中。開放空間作為獨立的墓室，每個都特點鮮明。而這些房間的位置和布局也與地形、環境和現有的公墓相聯系。

The original war cemetery designed by D. Haspels is modest but powerful. At the entrance you'll find a small wooden chapel, and behind it is a star-shaped space with a cross in the middle. The strength of the design lies in the organization of open spaces enclosed by forest, and in the contrast between light and dark. In keeping with these qualities, it was decided not to continue with the original plan, but to allow the extension to be an independent design. The extension consists of a long footpath connecting the main routes of the original cemetery to the new second entrance along Groenendaalseweg. There are eight elliptical open spaces along the path. The path is a beautiful winding line cut out into the forest with heather vegetation. The open spaces act as separate burial chambers, and each has its own character. The position and layout of these rooms is related to the topography, the environment, and the existing war cemetery. 

▼同心圓墓地區

Round burial chamber ? Chiel van Diest

▼橢圓形墓地區

Oval burial chamber ? Chiel van Diest

▼建筑元素與森林形成明顯對比

Built elements that form a clear contrast against the forest ? Chiel van Diest

雖然設計語言與現有的公墓不同，但一些特征在新的設計中依舊得到了體現。例如，開放空間和封閉空間的對比，明與暗的對比，簡約適度的內部裝飾，白色的使用，以及與森林形成明顯對比的建筑元素。公園般的墓室是可以安撫親屬的靜謐空間，為訪客創造了美麗的背景。紀念館和教育中心位于星形空間的軸線上，面向十字架。它構成了荷蘭戰爭墳墓基金會和Loenen國家退伍軍人公墓之間的連接通道。該建筑與周圍的景觀有著獨特的空間關系，具有極佳的視野和從外到內、層次清晰的過渡。

Although the design language differs from the current cemetery, certain characteristics are reflected in the new design. The contrast between open and closed spaces, for example, the contrast between light and dark, the simple and modest interior, the use of white, and built elements that form a clear contrast against the forest. The park-like burial chambers are serene spaces that can offer comfort to relatives and form a beautiful backdrop for visitors. The memorial and education centre sits at one of the axes of the star and faces the cross. It forms a connecting link between the Netherlands War Graves Foundation and the Loenen National Veterans Cemetery. The building has a unique spatial relationship to the surrounding landscape with striking sight lines and layered transitions from the outside to the inside. 

▼植物營造靜謐空間

Plants form a beautiful backdrop for visitors ? Chiel van Diest

▼階梯狀墓地區

Burial chamber with steps ? Chiel van Diest 

▼白色墻體

White wall ? Chiel van Diest

▼紀念館和教育中心

Memorial and education centre ? Chiel van Diest

空閑的墓室在未來可以為其他特殊群體提供空間。

In the future, the burial chambers still to be placed can offer space to other specified groups.

▼沿Groenendaalseweg新建的第二入口

Second entrance along Groenendaalseweg ? Chiel van Diest

▼平面圖

Site plan ? Karres en Brands

_項目信息

_{項目名稱：盧恩紀念公墓擴建項目}

_{項目地點：荷蘭，格羅恩達爾斯韋格}

_{項目規模：16,8公頃}

_{項目類別：公共景觀項目}

_{景觀設計：Karres en Brands}

_{建筑設計：KAAN建筑事務所（設計紀念館和教育中心）}

_{設計時間：2009 - 2017}

_{建成時間：2015 - 2017（第一階段），2020 - 2021（第二階段）}

_{項目施工現狀：第1和第2階段已實施}

_{合作方：SmitsRinsma, Bureau Waardenburg}

_{照片版權所有：Chiel van Diest}

_{Name of the project: Loenen Memorial Cemetery Extension} 

_{Project location (For publicly accessible projects please include exact address. For private gardens place write Country or State): Groenendaalseweg 64, 7371 EZ Loenen, The Netherlands} 

_{Size: 16,8 ha} 

_{Project category: Public Landscape Project}

_{Architecture offices involved in the design (if any): Design memorial and education center: KAAN Architects}

_{Design year: 2009 – 2017}

_{Implementation: 2015 - 2017 (first phase), 2020 - 2021 (second phase)}

_{Status: phase 1 and 2 implemented}

_{In collaboration with: SmitsRinsma, bureau Waardenburg}

_{Photo Copyright: Chiel van Diest}

_{版權聲明：本文版權歸原作者所有，請勿以景觀中國編輯版本轉載。如有侵犯您的權益請及時聯系，我們將第一時間刪除。}

_{投稿郵箱：info@landscape.cn}

_{項目咨詢：18510568018（微信同號）}