CMG景觀事務所的首席設計師,氣候積極設計(Climate Positive Design)計劃發起人,致力于公共空間的韌性設計和氣候變化解決方案。2018年景觀基金學術獎(Landscape Architecture Foundation Fellowship)獲得者,開發景觀設計師版碳計算應用程序和氣候積極設計計劃—這是她在全球范圍內分享的一項廣泛推廣的研究產物。美國景觀設計師協會氣候行動委員
帕梅拉·康拉德:氣候變化背景下的景觀設計師機遇 | 前沿人物
Pamela Conrad: Opportunities for landscape architects in the context of climate change | Pioneer
▼帕梅拉·康拉德
Pamela Conrad
CMG景觀事務所的首席設計師,氣候積極設計(Climate Positive Design)計劃發起人,致力于公共空間的韌性設計和氣候變化解決方案。2018年景觀基金學術獎(Landscape Architecture Foundation Fellowship)獲得者,開發景觀設計師版碳計算應用程序和氣候積極設計計劃—這是她在全球范圍內分享的一項廣泛推廣的研究產物。美國景觀設計師協會氣候行動委員會的成員,于2019年被《舊金山商業時報》評為NCRE 有影響力的女性。
Pamela Conrad is a Principal at CMG Landscape Architecture and Founder of Climate Positive Design. Conrad focuses on climate mitigation and resilient design in the public realm. Her work is informed by a background in Plant Science and a passion for the environment rooted in growing up on a farm. She is an ASLA Climate Action Committee member, 2018-2019 LAF Fellow for Innovation and Leadership and recipient of the 2019 NCRE Women of Influence Award. She is a recipient of the 2018 Landscape Architecture Foundation Fellowship for the development of the award-winning Pathfinder landscape carbon calculator app and the Climate Positive Design Challenge.
受訪人帕梅拉·康拉德目前最重要的研究成果之一是“氣候積極設計”(Climate Positive Design)計劃中的應用程序“探路者”(Pathfinder)。
這是一款用來計算景觀碳足跡并鼓勵固碳設計的免費應用程序,現已得到廣泛應用,對于減少碳排放收效顯著。她認為,景觀設計師有著非常重要且專業的貢獻,減少碳排放是一種責任,更是行業的機會。應對氣候變化不僅僅是依靠計算碳數字和應用程序,更重要的是持續改變人們的想法,創造更多機會讓全民參與。我們有幸聽她講述,她是如何從美國農場女孩,到中國做設計師,并成為影響世界的女性!
成長
Upbringing
《景觀設計學》:您可以簡單地跟中國讀者分享下您的成長和設計經歷嗎?
帕梅拉:我1980年代出生于美國中部密蘇里州,在一個偏遠的農場里長大,很慶幸兒時的我能在那里肆意奔跑和玩耍。我們飼養了很多的牲畜,因此每天都非常忙碌。這些經歷培養了我基本的職業素養,也讓我從小就與自然產生了密不可分的聯系。我想這也是為什么我成為了一名景觀設計師——因為我熱愛著這片土地,也深信我們有責任去關照這賴以生存的地球。
LA Frontiers: Could you briefly share your upbringing and design experience with Chinese readers?
Pamela: I was born and raised on a farm in the middle of rural United States, in Missouri. I was very lucky because I could run around and play and get dirty on the farm. We had lots of animals and also lots of work to do. That is where I learned a very strong work ethic, but also developed a deep connection to nature. Ultimately, it's why I became a landscape architect – because I fell in love with the earth and felt our responsibility to take care of it.
▼兒時在農場生活的帕梅拉
Young Pamela on a farm
我很早就開始工作了,由于我熱愛園藝,人生的第一份工作就是幫助鄰居們打理他們的花園。有一天,其中一個鄰居向我介紹了景觀設計師這門職業,她還給了我一本《景觀設計雜志》(美國景觀設計師協會1910年創辦的雜志,譯者注),并對我說:“你將來可以做這個職業,而且一定會很出色。”當時我們家還沒有人上過大學,因此我可能會成為家里的第一位大學生。
在高中時,我開始在一個本地的景觀設計團隊里工作,并且是團隊里唯一一位女性。我跟著男同事們一起做了很多繁重的體力活,大概十六七歲時,我已成為團隊里最年輕的管理者。所以對我來說,很多時候我做著與同齡女孩不一樣的事情,并且早已習慣了這種高強度的工作和各種挑戰。
到大學時我繼續朝著這個方向努力。我的第一個學位是“植物科學Plant Science”,因為我想了解植物和生態系統背后的奧秘。這算是我跨入職業大門的第一步。之后我意識到,要想有更大范圍的影響力,我可能需要拓展在景觀設計方面的知識,因此我到洛杉磯的加州州立理工大學波莫納分校攻讀了景觀設計碩士。
我正式的職業起始點是在美國陸軍工兵部隊——一個美國聯邦政府機構的實習,當時的工作與我研究生時期在生態修復設計和大尺度濱水景觀設計的關注領域有關。為了學到更多的行業經驗,我開始在SWA的工作,那是一段非常棒的經歷,我參與了許多全球不同類型的項目。
7年之后,我移居到舊金山并開始在謝麗爾·巴頓事務所(Office of Cheryl Barton)工作。那是一個由女性主導、規模較小的精品事務所,即使在大蕭條期間也做了很多優秀的公共項目。雖然我與他們的設計理念非常有共鳴,但當我得知有機會幫助SWA在上海創辦分部時,我意識到去中國生活和工作并經歷一種全新的文化將是一個多么難得的機會,它將是我人生的一個轉折點。
我非常感激在中國工作的那段經歷。我主要負責了“南京青奧會公園” (Nanjing Youth Olympic Park)項目。那是一個約40.5公頃的帶狀濱水公園。我花了非常多時間在水系統的設計上。雖然那只是項目中的一小部分,但舉足輕重——水系統的設計是為了通過一系列的濕地來凈化受污染的水質。對我來說,那是最有成就感的成果之一,即為生態系統和人們的健康提供生態效益,我覺得那是我回饋自然的方式。
I started working at a very young age. It began in my neighbors’ yards because I loved gardening. I would help them with landscape projects at their houses. At some point in time, one of those neighbors told me that landscape architecture was a profession, and she put a Landscape Architecture Magazine in front of me and said, “You can do this someday. You’d be great at it.” No one in my family had gone to college before, so I was a potential first-generation college graduate.
In high school, I started working for a local landscape architect. At first, I worked in the nursery, but I realized I actually wanted to be outside and build landscapes. So I joined the crew. I was the only female. I did a lot of physical, hard labor, right alongside the men, and eventually was in charge of them at a very young age, maybe 16 or 17 years old. For me, I am used to hard work and overcoming challenges. Often times not involved in things that other girls in my age were doing.
I continued working through college. My first degree was Plant Science. I wanted to appreciate the mystery behind plants and ecosystems. So that was my first step into the profession. Then I realized to make larger scale impacts I would need to expand my education with a Master of Landscape Architecture degree, which I received from California State Polytechnic University at Pomona, outside of Los Angeles.
My connection to LA was because I interned at the Army Corps of Engineers, a federal agency in the United States. So that's where I started my career and found the work very complementary to my grad school degree, which focused on regenerative design and large-scale watershed management. Wanting to learn more, I started working at the SWA group. It was a really great place to get a lot of experience on different types of projects worldwide.
Several years later, I moved to San Francisco and worked at the Office of Cheryl Barton, a smaller-scale women-owned office doing great public work, even through the Great Recession. While I deeply connected with the design ethos, when I learned of the chance to help SWA open a Shanghai office, I realized what a great opportunity it would be to live and work on projects in China and get to know an entirely new culture. It was one of those life-changing moments.
I was grateful when I worked there to spend most of my time working on the Nanjing Youth Olympic Park project, which is a 100-acre waterfront project for the Youth Olympic games. It was a long riverfront, and I spent most of my time focusing on the design of the water systems. That was one small but important aspect of the park creation – designing it to treat the contaminated river water through a series of polishing wetlands. For me, that was one of the most fulfilling contributions – to provide ecological benefits to ecosystems and health benefits to people. I feel it is my way of giving back.
▼南京青奧會公園
Nanjing Youth Olympic Park
8年前我加入了舊金山的CMG景觀設計事務所。我在這里的大部分時間都關注大尺度的再開發或有關氣候變化的適應性設計上。我經歷了各種各樣類型和尺度的項目,發揮了我所有的經驗,但幫助最大的還是我的生態知識背景。其中金銀島Treasure Island項目很有代表性,那是在美國舊金山灣一個人工島嶼的200多公頃規模的再開發項目。為應對海灣海平面上升,我們史無前例地提出了適應性的混合功能開發策略。金銀島四面環海,面臨著海平面上升的風險,這個項目提供了一個很好的機會去探索合適的開發規范,以及如何規劃該地區其他所有項目以適應未來的海平面上升。
I joined CMG Landscape Architecture here in San Francisco, California about eight years ago. Most of my time at CMG has been focused on large-scale redevelopment or adaptation projects that respond to climate change impacts. I have worked on all kinds and scales of projects and carry forward all of my learned experiences, but what helps me to focus is my ecological background. The Treasure Island redevelopment project was a representative one. That's an over 500-acre redevelopment project on an artificial island in the middle of San Francisco Bay. The mixed-use project was the catalyst for new sea-level rise adaptation policies in the entire bay area, which didn't exist before. Because this large project is surrounded by water, knowing that sea-level rise is coming, it was an opportunity to learn about what regulation should be guiding developments and how to plan for all other projects in the region to adapt to future sea-level rise.
▼金銀島項目鳥瞰
Bird’s eye view of Treasure Island
該項目包含了約120公頃以生態系統修復為核心的多種類型公園、公共空間以及步道。我們與金銀島發展集團(TIDG, Treasure Island Development Group)、金銀島開發管理局(TIDA, Treasure Island Development Authority)以及當地非營利機構環境正義掃盲機構(LEJ, Literacy for Environmental Justice)和舊金山環境部(SFE, SF Department of the Environment)共同協作,在島上播種和栽植本地回收的植物和種子。最值得關注的是島上的苗圃,它通過適應當地微氣候的精確種植試驗來確保島上植物能成功存活。
我們團隊還經常進行木材的再利用和回收,以最小化我們的碳足跡。許多為了恢復棲息地而被移除的入侵樹種被制成項目場地的景觀小品,以保持質樸的特色,這種做法充分利用了島上的資源,并保留了儲存在樹木中的碳。這是我加入CMG以來一直在從事的一項大型項目。
過去四年,我負責了舊金山港口濱水空間的韌性規劃和城市設計(Port of San Francisco Waterfront Resilience Program)項目。我們與舊金山港口管理局(Port of San Francisco)、嘉科工程(Jacobs Engineering)和SITELAB城市設計事務所(SITELAB Urban Design Studio)合作,共同探討如何以適應性設計去減小海平面上升和地震這兩種風險對12公里舊金山海岸線帶來的威脅。這樣的挑戰讓我們有機會去重新構想更安全且對人類友好的濱水區——改善濱水區的可達性、娛樂性,提供干凈的空氣、舒適的環境,以及支持生物多樣性并實現固碳的動植物棲息地。所有這些好的事物都是來自于改變的需要,也更是機遇。
It includes 300 acres of all different types of parks and open spaces to trails that are more ecosystem restoration focused. We're collaborating with our client Treasure Island Development Group (TIDG) and the Treasure Island Development Authority (TIDA) along with a local grower Literacy for Environmental Justice (LEJ) and SF Department of the Environment (SFE) to grow and replant indigenous salvaged plants and seed on the island. One of the really interesting things to see is the on-site nursery. It helps to ensure the success of the plants by growing them in the exact micro-climate.
At CMG we've also done a lot of wood reuse and salvage to minimize our carbon footprint. Many of the invasive trees that were removed for habitat restoration purposes are being milled into site furnishings to maintain the rustic character, utilize the resources on the island, and retain the carbon stored in the wood. So that's one of the other big projects that I've been working on since joining CMG.
Over the last four years, I've also been helping lead the planning and urban design for the Port of San Francisco Waterfront Resilience Program. The scope includes working with the Port of San Francisco, Jacobs Engineering and SITELAB Urban Design Studio to understand how we can adapt to reduce the risk of sea level rise and earthquakes along 7.5 miles of San Francisco shoreline. The waterfront is at risk from both of those threats today. With this challenge exists the opportunity to reimagine the waterfront not only to be safer but to be better for people – to improve opportunities for all to have access and recreation, healthy air, comfort, and provide habitat that sequesters carbon and supports biodiversity. All these good things are coming out of the need for change, but we see it as the chance to make a better future for the San Francisco waterfront.
▼舊金山港口濱水空間的韌性規劃和城市設計項目
Port of San Francisco Waterfront Resilience Program
▼舊金山港口濱水空間項目討論中的情景
Discussion of Port of San Francisco Waterfront Resilience Program
最近,我創立并領導了“氣候積極設計”(Climate Positive Design)計劃,該計劃正在我們的許多項目中得以實現,比如佐治亞州亞特蘭大周圍的城市步道系統——亞特蘭大環線項目。這是一個很好的機會能與亞特蘭大環線公司(Atlanta BeltLine Inc.)和阿爾塔規劃設計公司(Alta Planning and Design)合作,對現階段的設計進行評估以減少碳足跡。
And most recently, I founded and lead the Climate Positive Design initiative, which is being implemented in many of our projects, including the Atlanta BeltLine, an urban trail system around Atlanta, Georgia. That has been an opportunity to work with a broad design team, including Atlanta BeltLine Inc. and Alta Planning and Design, on evaluating the current phase of design to improve its carbon footprint.
▼“氣候積極設計”計劃
Climate Positive Design program
▼亞特蘭大環線部分鳥瞰 ??亞特蘭大會議與旅游局
Partial bird’s eye view of Atlanta BeltLine ?? Atlanta Convention & Visitors Bureau
探路者
Pathfinder
LAF:您目前最重要的研究成果之一是“氣候積極設計”計劃中的應用程序“探路者”(Pathfinder),這是一款用來計算景觀碳足跡并鼓勵固碳設計的免費應用程序。自從投入使用以來,這款應用程序和涉及的研究在世界范圍內產生了什么影響呢?
帕梅拉:過去兩年里,已經有500多個項目使用了“探路者”應用程序并種植了大約160萬棵樹。到2040年,那些項目將會封存更多的碳以減少碳排放。這意味著到2024年它們將封存約180萬噸的碳,相當于減少了40萬輛汽車的排放量,這都是積少成多的。但我們明白,在氣候變化到最極端的狀態之前,這種影響與全球整體的碳預算息息相關。
LA Frontiers: One of the most important research outcomes of the Climate Positive Design is Pathfinder, a free application to calculate the landscape carbon footprint and encourage carbon sequestration design. So since the launch of this application, what is the influence of this tool and research around the world?
Pamela: Over 500 projects that have been logged in the Pathfinder for the last two years are planting around 1.6 million trees. Those projects show that they're sequestering more carbon than they emit by the year 2040. That amount of sequestration beyond their project emissions by the year 2040 is about 1.8 million metric tons, equivalent to taking nearly 400,000 cars off the road. It's starting to tell us that when we incorporate these changes together around the world, they can really add up to make a difference. We can understand that impact in relation to the overall carbon budget left in the world before we surpass dangerous temperature tipping points.
▼“氣候積極設計”計劃的部分研究成果:(從左至右)“探路者”應用程序、網絡資源庫、“氣候積極設計”挑戰倡議
Part of research outcome of Climate Positive Design: (from left to right) Pathfinder app, Website resources, The Challenge
▼減少碳足跡的景觀設計策略:(從左至右)自行車道系統(bicycle infrastructure)、步行系統(walkability)、生物碳(biochar)、最大限度地減少土壤干擾(minimize soil disturbance)、當地/回收的材料(local/reclaimed materials)、水泥替代物(alternative cement)
Strategies for reducing carbon footprints: (from left to right) bicycle infrastructure, walkability, biochar, minimize soil disturbance, local/reclaimed materials, alternative cement
▼增加固碳的景觀設計策略:(從左至右)綠色屋頂/冷屋頂(green roofs/cool roofs)、竹子(bamboo)、草坪灌木(shrubs for lawn)、林地(forests)、水濱濕地(coastal wetlands)、海草(seagrasses)、紅樹林(mangroves)
Strategies for increasing sequestration: (from left to right) green roofs/cool roofs, bamboo, shrubs for lawn, forests, coastal wetlands, seagrasses, mangroves
我們的目標是努力減緩地球逼近氣候變化拐點的速度,因為這是我們目前面臨的最大挑戰。由此,我們可以防止數十億人遭受嚴重的高溫、洪水、干旱和火災等氣候災害。作為景觀設計師,我們可以有非常重要且專業的貢獻,因為我們工作中使用的樹木、植被和設計,都涉及碳排放。這像是一種責任,也是我們行業的機會。
“氣候積極設計”計劃帶給我們的另一個啟發是更好地去理解我們現在的行為所產生的影響。目前,景觀設計中有約75%的碳排放來自我們使用的材料。這項研究讓我們看到了問題,并去關注這些材料和產品。
有很多方法可以減少項目中的碳排放,比如利用水泥的替代品、使用本土材料以及在提取、制造和運輸過程中都用含碳較少的材料,如使用木材或風化的花崗巖而不是混凝土。這有助于我們了解當前“習以為常”的行為所產生的影響,改變觀念,并充分發揮我們的職業特長來探索機遇。
Our goal is to make a greater contribution in preventing those thresholds because that's the main challenge we're up against right now. By doing that, we can prevent billions of people from being exposed to severe heat, floods, drought, and fire. We can make significant professional contributions and are lucky that within our everyday design toolkit we have trees, plants, and landscapes that take carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. It partially feels like a responsibility, but it's also an opportunity for our profession.
Another aspect that we are learning from Climate Positive Design is better understanding our existing impacts. Right now, about 75 % of all of our emissions in landscape architecture come from the materials that we use. It is very helpful to better understand this so we can target those items and products.
There are many strategies to reducing our project carbon emissions, including using cement substitutions in concrete, using local materials, and materials that have lower embodied carbon in the extraction, manufacturing and transport like using wood or decomposed granite instead or concrete. It helps us to understand our current “business-as-usual” impacts, focus on what we can do, and get the most out of the changes that we're going to make as a profession.
▼利用耗碳較少的材料、減少景觀設計項目中的碳排放可以產生重要的影響
Using less carbon-intensive materials and reducing carbon emissions in landscape design projects can have an important impact
LAF:在這項研究中,您是否獲得了有關中國的使用者和成果的反饋?什么樣的人會使用這個“探路者”應用程序,是設計師還是學者?什么樣的中國項目在使用它呢?
帕梅拉:自應用程序投入使用以來,中國的使用量一直排在前10位。如今,中國已成為響應“氣候積極設計”挑戰倡議項目最多的國家之一,躍居全球前5,可喜可賀!中國項目中包含學生作品、研究課題,以及設計成果。我們的確發現,隨著時間的推移,應用程序的使用量越來越高。由此看來,我們就越能理解每個國家在氣候變化中的貢獻如何。我非常期待你們的支持和宣傳,以便有更多的中國景觀設計師能了解項目場地能利用的資源情況。
LA Frontiers: Do you have some research feedback about the users and outcomes from China? What kind of people use Pathfinder, designers or scholars, or any projects have been tried from China?
Pamela: China has been within the top ten of website users since the beginning. Today, China is in the top five countries globally that have submitted the most projects in the Climate Positive Design Challenge. That's really great to see. There is a mix of students and academic projects, also professional projects. We do find that the usage has increased over time. The more projects that are logged, the better we can understand each country’s contributions.I'm looking forward to your support in helping get the word out, so more landscape architects in China will know about the resources available to them and their projects.
我看中國
The View of China
LAF:10年前,您在上海生活工作了2年半,這段經歷我們想了解的更多一些,可以分享一些您對中國景觀設計行業的看法嗎?
帕梅拉:十年前我在中國時,景觀設計行業正在蓬勃發展。高校里有很多經歷了專業培養的學生,但市場上的公司還沒有美國那么多。那時候是國際公司到中國開拓市場并與本地設計機構合作、分享經驗的窗口期。我們經常一起合作,最后得到非常高質量的設計成果。我認為現在越來越多的中國和其他發展中國家的景觀設計師正在行業內異軍突起。
LA Frontiers: 10 years ago, you lived and worked in Shanghai for 2.5 years. Could you share some deep thinking about the Chinese landscape architecture industry?
Pamela: When I was there 10 years ago, landscape architecture seemed to be a growing profession in China. There were many students in school, but not as many firms as compared to the United States. It was an opportunity for international firms to work in China and collaborate with the local design institutes to share our lessons and experience. We always teamed up, then ultimately ensured that the projects were implemented with a high quality. I definitely see the increased presence of landscape architects from China and other developing countries around the world moving up into a higher level of design in the field.
▼帕梅拉與SWA中國上海分部的同事們
Pamela and her colleagues of SWA’s Shanghai studio
▼帕梅拉在上海工作的情景
Pamela working in Shanghai
LAF:基于您的研究和工作經歷,相比于美國的生態設計項目,您如何看待中國的項目?
帕梅拉:我看到中國已經非??斓爻晒嵤┝撕芏鄡炐沩椖浚卜浅8吲d能看到“海綿城市”這樣的理念能被落實。我所走訪的,尤其是上海的項目中,設計師的成果都非常出色。令人欽佩的是,中國的景觀設計師正在致力于修復河道,以確保人們可以喝到干凈的水,吃到安全健康的食物。我認為這是在中國建立健康社區的一種趨勢或首要任務,這對于人口快速增長的國家來說非常重要。
但同時我認為實現碳減排的目標仍然充滿挑戰性,尤其對于發展中國家而言。許多項目都會大量種植植物并支持生態系統服務,這些行為都會產生碳排放,提高人們對這點的認識非常有意義。我們需要改變以往的習慣認知,首先要認識到項目中使用的每一種材料都一定的溫室氣體排放量,這是事實,也是問題,也是我們去測量碳排放的原因。
LA Frontiers: Based on your research and work experience, what do you think about Chinese ecological projects compared with the design practices in the US?
Pamela: I've seen many wonderful projects installed in China, and very quickly too. It is great to see the concept of “Sponge Cities” being implemented. Designers have done a lot of impressive work around projects that I visited, especially in Shanghai. It is admirable seeing landscape architects in China restoring waterways to help make sure that people have clean water to drink, clean food to eat, and are safe and healthy. I see that as a trend or priority of making healthy communities in China, which is important to support while countries and populations grow quickly. As far as I can tell, China seems to be heading in the right direction.
But I think it is still challenging, especially for developing countries, to meet our emissions reduction goals. While it seems that many projects are heavily planted and support ecosystem services, it is helpful to raise awareness about the emissions that come from our work so we can improve that aspect. It starts with recognizing every material installed has associated greenhouse gas emissions. That's something that we all need to tackle really understand. And that's why we're measuring it.
未來的美國
The Future of U.S.
LAF:您參加了2021年美國景觀設計師(ASLA)年度大會,請評價一下?這屆大會相比前一年有何不同?
帕梅拉:2021年的ASLA大會上,我與來自Sasaki的克里斯托弗·哈迪·吳(Christopher Hardy-Ng)和來自荒野景觀設計事務所(Wildland Workshop)的狄安娜·林恩(Deanna Lynn)一起參加了一個小組討論。我匯報的重點是我們作為一個集體性的職業可以產生的全球影響力。“IFLA氣候行動工作小組”(IFLA Climate Action Working Group)的主席柯恰空沃·拉克姆(Kotchakorn Voraakhom)作為代表參加了2021年聯合國氣候變化大會(COP26)。我在小組討論中分享了大會的成果,即由來自全球77個國家的7萬多名景觀設計師聯合發起的一份積極承諾,并支持由“建筑2030”(Architecture 2030)制定的“1.5° COP26公報”(1.5° COP26 Communique)。
我們還討論了減少排放、封存更多的碳以及詳細了解有關土壤和碳的設計策略。這是一個非常復雜的主題——碳封存該如何運作,以及土壤如何封存和儲存碳。討論還涉及一些關于碳和混凝土的精彩內容,以及改善這些影響的策略。
我們需要持續改變人們的想法,即應對氣候變化不僅僅是只是依靠計算碳數字和應用程序。這是一場氣候危機,我們需要認識到,我們可以通過“氣候積極設計”計劃提供的幫助,保護受氣候變化影響最大的群體——人類和生態系統。
每個景觀設計師都可以貢獻一份力,并且有很多機會讓全民參與。
LA Frontiers: As you have joined the 2021 ASLA Conference, what do you think about the conference? Is that different from the one held last year?
Pamela: This past year I joined a panel with Christopher Hardy-Ng from Sasaki and Deanna Lynn from the Wildland Workshop. My focus was on the global impacts that we can make as a collective profession. I shared outcomes from COP26, where Kotchakorn Voraakhom, the IFLA Climate Action Working Group Chair presented at the COP on our behalf. The active commitment unites over 70,000 landscape architects around the world from 77 nations and supports the 1.5 ° COP26 Communique developed by Architecture 2030.
We also talked about design strategies to reduce emissions, sequester more carbon, and get into the details about soil and carbon. It's a very complex subject – how carbon sequestration works, and how soil sequesters and stores carbon. There were also some great conversations about carbon and concrete, along with strategies to improve that impact.
We need to keep improving the message that climate change is not just about counting carbon numbers and calculator apps. We're really trying to help people and ecosystems at the end of the day. This is a climate crisis, and it's important to recognize all the other co-benefits that we can provide with Climate Positive Design. With these approaches, our goal is to help protect communities that will be the most impacted by climate change.
Every landscape architect can do something to help and there's a lot of space for people to get involved.
▼“IFLA氣候行動工作小組”(IFLA Climate Action Working Group)的主席柯恰空沃·拉克姆(Kotchakorn Voraakhom)(右1)參加2021年聯合國氣候變化大會
The IFLA Climate Action Working Group Chair, Kotchakorn Voraakhom (1st on the right), on COP26
跨學科的難
Inter disciplinary Difficulty
LAF:您在多學科的研究、設計合作中溝通自如嗎?是否感受到了無法克服的障礙?
帕梅拉:長期以來,我的部分工作就是去試圖打破不同學科之間的隔閡。最近我們正在與“建筑2030”密切合作。他們就如何改善全球建筑的碳影響給我們提供了指導。
此外,我還在努力幫助景觀設計師在室外和自然環境中做相類似的事情,并開始與來自結構、機械、電器和管道的工程師合作。COP26的理念本就是跨學科的,只是以整個建成環境作為統一理念。我們現在達成一致要共同協作,繼續努力。
目前,我們可以展示我們是如何解決城市建成環境中75%的全球溫室氣體排放量。其中40%來自建筑物,建筑師和結構工程師正在研究這些。另外的約35%來自建筑物外部。這是景觀設計師、規劃師和土木工程師負責的部分。我們應該共同努力來改進這一部分。
LA Frontiers: Can you communicate very smoothly with each other? There might be a gap between the research and design and also the interdisciplinary cooperation and policy. Do you have a consensus?
Pamela: Part of the work that I've been doing is trying to break down the silos between the different disciplines. We're working closely now with Architecture 2030 in particular. They provide leadership on how to improve the carbon impacts of buildings worldwide.
I'm working to help landscape architects do the same with the exterior built and natural environments, and we're also starting to collaborate with engineers from structural to mechanical, electrical and plumbing. The COP 26 message was intentionally inter-disciplinary and framed as a unified message from the entire built environment. We have now a commitment to work together, and we'll continue to do that.
We can now show how we're addressing the 75% of global greenhouse gas emissions that are coming from the urban built environment. About 40 % of those are from the building, and architects and structural engineers are working on those. The other 35% comes from outside of buildings. That's a space for landscape architects, planners, and civil engineers. We should work together to improve that.
▼城市建成環境中有75%的全球溫室氣體排放量,其中約35%的排放量來自建筑外部
75% of global greenhouse gas emissions coming from the urban built environment, 35% of them coming from outside of buildings.
在研究方面,從自然生態系統中獲得有關活性生物碳封存的有效數據始終最具挑戰性。我們一直在收集最好的、經過嚴格篩選的信息,以便在“探路者”數據庫中使用,這仍需要進行更多的研究。
我們一直需要更多經過科學驗證和同行評審的數據來指導我們的工作。這是一種直接與學術界合作的開放態度。一旦實現,我們可以更容易地將研究成果納入我們在世界各地的設計工作中。因此我們必須去尋找更多的合作。
另一種方式是,制造商和供應商可以向我們提供環境產品聲明(EPDs, Environmental Product Declarations),呈現材料或產品相關的碳排放量。一旦我們將該數值列為按照二氧化碳當量(CO2e)測量的全球變暖潛能值(GWP, Global Warming Potential),我們就可以將其導入“探路者”應用程序并不斷擴展數據庫。但在人們開始提供這些信息之前,一切都是未知。從排放的角度來看,我們對一些情況無法評判,除非人們將數據透明公開化。
我的確發現更多真正開放的合作正在進行中,但還需要我們做更多的工作。
In terms of the research, it has been challenging to get good data on active bio-genic carbon sequestration from natural ecosystems especially. We've been collecting the best and most well-vetted information to use in the Pathfinder database. But more research still needs to be done.
We all need more scientifically proven and peer-reviewed data to inform our work. That's an openness to collaborate directly with academia. Once available, we can more readily pull that into our design work around the world. We must make space for more collaboration.
But the other way is that manufacturers and suppliers can develop and provide us with Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) that disclose the emissions associated with making materials or products. Once we have that number listed as the Global Warming Potential (GWP) measured in carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e), we can plug it into the Pathfinder app and continuously expand the database. But until people start providing that information, it's still a black box to us. We don't know how good or how bad something is from an emissions standpoint unless people are willing to make it more transparent.
I do see that more collaboration is happening and there's a real openness for it. But we must do more.
持續提問
Suggestions
LAF:不是每一個設計師都可以像您一樣擁有全球化的視野、為公眾設計的經驗和多樣的設計技能。您能給年輕的設計師們分享一些建議嗎?以及告誡他們在職業生涯中應該注意些什么?
帕梅拉:我是一個有些固執的人,當有人告訴我不能做某事時,我也會變得沮喪。但如果有內在堅定的信念并積極探索,外面的世界會有非常多的機遇。在中國生活的那段經歷對我來說非常棒,讓我能從不同的角度看世界。
現在,即使我回到了美國,我仍然把世界當做一個整體來思考。我也十分鼓勵那些能有機會出國留學或在其他國家工作的人們,因為我們要在全球范圍內合作共贏,而景觀設計師更是一個全球性的職業。我們生活在同一個時空,面臨著同樣的氣候變化問題。我認為,對于我們的職業來說,擴展我們的思維方式并更多地在全球范圍內思考問題非常重要。
對于年輕一代的景觀設計師來說,我不會勸你專注于學習你現在這個行業里能學到的技能。相反,我會期待你更多地關注全球的問題,并以不同的方式思考這個世界需要景觀設計師做什么,以及10年或20年后社會的需要。然后,你可以專注于如何實現那個目標,并注重培養自己的職業發展優勢。
所有這些都要始于真正開放的心態,學會傾聽、觀察、實踐、探索并且理解我們在世界上遇到的復雜問題是什么。景觀設計師可以扮演許多不同的角色,如市長或者政策制定者。我認為可以在非傳統職位上聘用更多的景觀設計師,這將有助于整個行業的提升。
此外,去思考知識空白是什么?我創建了“探路者”應用程序,因為它是我們這個行業所需要的東西。這是我填補上的空白。所以,持續地提問,當你看到有類似知識空白時,請不要放棄它。
LA Frontiers: Not every designer can experience things like you with a global view, public design experience, and different skills. Would you mind giving some advice for young landscape architects in their careers? What should they pay much attention to?
Pamela: Being a little stubborn and determined, I have a hard time when someone tells me I can’t do something. Part of that comes naturally from within. There are also lots of opportunities out there if you look for them. Living in China was a great experience for me to see the world from a different perspective.
Now, even though I'm back in the United States, I still think about the world as a whole. There are opportunities for people to study abroad, to work in other countries. It is something I definitely encourage because we're operating at a global scale, and landscape architecture is a global profession. We all live in the same era and share the same issues of climate change right now. I think it's important for our profession to expand our mindsets and think more globally.
For the next generation of landscape architects, I wouldn't focus on learning the skills you see being taught right now in the profession. Instead, I would pay more attention to the issues around the globe and thinking differently about what the world needs from landscape architects and what will be needed in 10 years or 20 years. Then, you can focus on how to get there, build your strengths, and evolve the profession.
It starts by being really open, listening, watching, going, exploring, and understanding what these complex issues are that we have in the world. Landscape architects can play many different roles, like mayors or policymakers. I think that we could use more landscape architects in non-traditional positions that can help elevate the profession.
Also, where are there gaps in knowledge? I created the Pathfinder app because it was something that we needed as a profession. It was a gap that I filled. Keep asking questions, and when you see something like that, don’t give up on it.
采訪人
Interviewer
佘依爽:《景觀設計學》期刊編輯部主任
閆 露:《景觀設計學》期刊兼職編輯,皇家墨爾本理工大學博士研究生
Yishuang She:Director of the Editorial Department at Landscape Architecture Frontiers,
Lu Yan (Rita):Part-time editor at Landscape Architecture Frontiers, PhD student at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT).
記錄人
Recorder
申瑞琪:《景觀設計學》兼職編輯,澳洲Arcadia景觀設計事務所景觀/城市設計師。
Ruiqi Shen (Rick):Part-time editor in Landscape Architecture Frontiers, Landscape Architect/Urban Designer at Arcadia Landscape Architecture.
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