美國加州“種子銀行”裝置設計 | Miridae

“在許多公司選擇使用綠墻來傳達可持續發展理念的當下，“種子銀行”為我們展現了構建生命墻的全新可能，它能夠鼓勵互動和參與，并通過低技術手段實現植物的傳播。相比于依靠風、重力或動物群來繁衍的植物，種子銀行采取的是一種更加直接地面向栽培者的方式。通過“種子吧臺”，來訪者可以清晰地獲取關于種子的圖解和信息，并將它們帶回各自的景觀播種，使種子銀行得以在這些景觀中擴展，并起到恢復環境的作用。”

– 2020年評審委員會

^{“Where some companies signal sustainability with a green wall, the Seed Bank represents an effort to create a new kind of living wall that encourages interaction, engagement, and eventual plant dispersal through low-tech means. While many flora rely on wind, gravity, or fauna for propagation, this display distributes seeds in a more direct-to-cultivator manner. A seed bar provides visitors with clearly presented graphics as well as information and seeds that they can then take back to their respective landscapes to sow, allowing the Seed Bank to extend into and restore the landscape in which it resides.”}

^{– 2020 Awards Jury}

該項目的開端是為一家全國知名的建筑公司打造它們位于薩克拉門托市中心的總部綠墻。該公司希望擁有一面可持續、能夠體現方位感，同時又不需要費心維護的綠墻。項目團隊的想法是通過新的設計來鼓勵公司在其建筑中使用對于構建棲息地有著關鍵作用的本地植物，使人們重新認識到這些常常被忽略的物種所具備的美感與功效。

團隊決定為這面綠墻賦予一種截然不同的概念，并將其命名為“種子銀行”：它挑戰了人們將植物與葉、莖、花聯系在一起的傳統思路，僅使用了休眠狀態中的種子（來自加州本地的重要植物）來突顯出通常不被人們所觀察到的部分，并以一種具有明確空間感的方式來組織他們，使當地物種與它們與生俱來的、潛在的傳播方式形成緊密的關聯。

^{Our project began with a call for a “living wall” from a prominent national construction company moving their regional headquarters to Downtown Sacramento. They wanted a living wall that was sustainable, provided a sense of location, and required little maintenance. We wanted to create something that motivated the company to use habitat-crucial native plants in their construction projects and that would highlight the beauty and the benefits of these often-overlooked species.}

^{Thus, we decided to pursue a different concept for this living wall, one we have titled, the Seed Bank. Challenging the design standard that highlights the leaves, stems, and flowers we typically associate with plants, the Seed Bank uses dormant, live seeds of important California native species to highlight the unseen elements of these plants and to organize them in a spatially-explicit way that ties the local species to their natural and potential distributions.}

^{▲打造綠墻的新方式：種子銀行挑戰了傳統綠墻的形式和觀感，提出用休眠中的本地植物種子來打造生態墻。這一概念為客戶賦予了支持本地棲息地建設的新使命。A New Approach to the Living Wall: The Seed Bank challenges the look and feel of the traditional “green” living wall and instead proposes a living wall of dormant native plant seeds. This concept arms the client with a new mission to support native habitat. ?Kai Skye}

簡介

^INTRODUCTION

種子銀行除了其字面上的功能之外，同時還具備肌理和教育功能。首先，“存放種子的銀行”是其最基本的形態，它保護著種子的遺傳多樣性，使其免于變得稀有乃至滅絕。更重要的是，它是一個“活的銀行”，種子本身就是令植物得以穿越時間的容器。種子銀行展示了一種更加可持續的塑造綠墻的方法，因為相比于傳統的綠墻，它所需要耗費的水、能源和維護成本都要少得多。

項目團隊的目標并不僅僅是創造出一個美觀且維護成本低的裝置，更要通過這一創造來對公司的決策產生積極的影響，為員工與合作伙伴賦予動力、語言、知識和資源，從而更好地將以棲息地為關注點的當地景觀融入他們自己的項目當中。為了實現這一目標，團隊還創建了一個互動式的種子吧臺（Seed Bar）和種子地圖（Seed Map），它們能夠在闡明這些物種的重要性的同時，將種子切實地送到人們手中，并教會他們種植方法和種植位置的選擇。

通過對于當地物種的闡釋，種子銀行得以擴展到更廣泛的對話當中，發揮它們在提高社區生態恢復力方面的重要作用。種子銀行重新詮釋了綠墻的定義，同時鼓勵著我們轉變觀念，逐步發揚這一更具可持續性的替代方案。

^{The Seed Bank has a literal function as well as an inspirational and educational one. In its most basic form, it is an actual seed bank: it stores seeds through time and preserves their genetic diversity in case they become rare or extinct in the wild. And it is living! The seeds are not dead, but rather vessels through which plants travel through time. Our Seed Bank concept is a more sustainable approach to the typical living wall, which is inherently resource-intensive in the water, energy, and maintenance required.}

^{Our goal for the Seed Bank was not just to create a beautiful and low-maintenance installation, but also something that would positively influence decisions made by an impactful building company, arming its employees and partners with the motivation, language, knowledge, and resources to incorporate habitat-focused native landscapes into their projects. To achieve this, we also created an interactive Seed Bar and Seed Map that literally put seeds into people’s hands while explaining the importance of the species featured in the Seed Bank and how and where they should be planted.}

^{Through the story of these native seeds, the Seed Bank taps into larger conversations about the importance of native plants in providing ecological resilience in our communities. It reinterprets the definition of a living wall and encourages us to shift our mindsets to promote this alternative, more sustainable vision.}

^{▲社交的中心：種子銀行被設置在客戶的公司總部、一棟創新性大型木構建筑的社交中心，它鼓勵每一位訪客參與其中，使他們了解到本地生境以及找到最佳生態實踐方法的重要性。A Social Centerpiece: The Seed Bank is the physical and social centerpiece of the company’s state-of-the-art sustainable mass-timber-framed building. It encourages engagement amongst its visitors and educates about the importance of native habitats and best ecological practices. ?Kai Skye}

^{▲根部：實際的種子被放置在植物根部橫切面的圖像上，每個根部結構都匯集了同一個物種。這些根部以抽象的方式展現了加州的原生草原物種，是根據已知的研究進行設計和解釋。The Roots: The actual seeds are located in the cross sectional roots, with one species per root structure. Each root is an abstract representation of a native California grassland plant species and was designed and interpreted based on known research. ?Kai Skye}

種子銀行：可持續未來的儲備和啟發者

^{THE SEED BANK: A RESERVE AND INSPIRATION FOR A RESILIENT FUTURE}

建造活動向來以犧牲環境與生態為代價。以美國為例，絕大部分的土地已經被轉化為城市、郊區(54%)和農田 (43%)，余下的相對未被破壞的土地僅占約3%（2009年數據）。大多數城市和郊區都種植著相同的幾個植物品種，主要考慮的是便捷性、美觀度以及先例經驗。這種做法帶來的是一種不可持續的生態條件：昆蟲、鳥類和其他野生動物的生物多樣性需要依靠多樣化的本地植物來維系，而實際上——只有少數幾種植物主導著我們的景觀，這就導致了物種的迅速衰退（2019年聯合國報告）。

情況本不應如此。開發帶來的影響也可以是積極且可持續的，尤其是那些致力于連接人與自然的連接的城市空間，對于人類福祉有著巨大的益處。物種多樣性還為我們提供了比以往任何時候都更加需要的生態功能：它能夠通過減輕森林火災、洪水和蟲災等日漸頻發和激烈的自然事件的影響來增強生態的恢復力。

種子可以非常巧妙地展示出進化和環境如何與其自身的形狀和形式產生關聯：就如動物一樣，它們通過微風、流水和動物媒介散播在空間中，以找到適合自己的環境。而休眠中的種子卻能夠跨越時間，等待合適的環境來到它們身邊——不論是剛剛經歷山崩的裸露坡地，還是火災過后留下的富含碳元素的草地——種子的適應性使其能夠在理想的環境條件出現之前一直保持休眠狀態。

正是這樣的特性促成了種子銀行的產生。它呈現為一個8英尺高（約2.4米）、20英尺（約6.1米）長的裝置，被設置在客戶的公司總部、一棟創新性大型木構建筑的中心地帶，鼓勵著每天從大廳中經過的人們與之互動和對話。這面墻以其細致、多彩且紋理豐富的設計將人們吸引到種子吧臺，每個人都可以隨手拿走一份種子地圖或幾個裝有本地植物種子的小紙包。

^{Construction has historically come at environmental and ecological costs. Humans have converted the vast majority of land in the continental United States into urban and suburban areas (54%) and agriculture (43%), leaving only around 3% relatively untouched as of 2009 (Tallamy 2009). We’ve planted the same few plant species in most of our cities and suburbs, considering convenience, aesthetics, and precedent as top priorities. In doing so we have created an unsustainable condition where a small number of plant species dominate our landscapes, and the biodiversity of insects, birds, and other wildlife depending on diverse native plants for survival are declining rapidly (UN Report, 2019).}

^{This does not need to be the case. The impact of development can be positive and sustainable, and there is a huge upside in terms of human well-being in creating urban and suburban areas that connect people to nature. Species diversity also provides ecological services that we need now more than ever: it fosters ecological resilience by damping the effects of ever-more-frequent and intense natural events like fires, floods, and invasive insect outbreaks.}

^{Seeds are a wonderful example of how evolution and environment relate to shape and form: like animals, they move through space via wind, water, and animal dispersal to find the right environment. Dormant seeds, however, travel through time to wait for the right environment to come to them, whether it’s a freshly-denuded slope where a landslide occurred, or a carbon-rich grassland where a fire recently burned. These seeds have adaptations that allow them to stay dormant until the ideal environmental conditions occur.}

^{These concepts are translated into the Seed Bank, an 8’-high by 20’-long installation, located at the heart of our client’s headquarters, an innovative mass timber frame building. Easily accessible in the building’s lobby, the Seed Bank encourages engagement and conversation amongst everyone who passes through the space. The wall draws people in with its detailed, colorful, and textured design; they walk away with the informational Seed Map and local native seed packets from the Seed Bar.}

^{▲什么是種子銀行？種子銀行將種子儲存起來并保護它們的遺傳多樣性，使其免于變得稀有乃至滅絕。種子銀行中的種子處于睡眠狀態，它們是幫助植物跨越時間的容器。What is a Seed Bank? A seed bank stores seeds and preserves their genetic diversity in case they become rare or extinct. The seeds in a seed bank are not dead, but rather vessels through which plants travel through time. ?Miridae}

^{▲植物圖解的來源：項目團隊從Jepson植物標本館的植物圖譜中提取出植物剪影，盡管并未體現物種的實際大小，但它們彼此之間的比例是相對應的。Sourcing the Botanical Drawings：We derived the plant silhouettes from Jepson Herbarium’s respected collection of botanical drawings. While the species are not represented in their actual size, they are proportioned relative to each other. ? Jepson Herbarium + Miridae}

^{▲最佳實踐指南：種子地圖介紹了種子傳播的最佳方式。種子吧臺內還提供了可以隨身帶走的本地混合種子包。5個小包內的混合種子分別對應著裝置中展示的5個生態型板塊。Best Practices Guide: The Seed Map communicates best practices for seed dispersal and is accompanied by a Seed Bar with take-away native seed packet mixes. Each of the five packaged seed mixes corresponds to each of the five ecotype panels of the installation. ?Kai Skye + Miridae}

設計：一個合作的過程

^{THE DESIGN: A COLLABORATIVE PROCESS}

該項目從一位景觀設計師和一位生態學家之間的合作開始，逐漸擴大為涉及當地藝術家的項目——后者負責種子銀行的實際制造、繪圖和安裝。

種子銀行主要展示了加州的原生草原群落，并從剖面和立面對其進行了描繪。在土壤線以上的位置，15種加州本地植物的輪廓以專業且精確的方式被繪制出來，位于背景處的是一幅色彩鮮艷的海岸山脈（Coastal Range）風景畫，當人們駐足觀察裝置時，也正好面對著實際的山脈方向。

不同于小巧精致的莖葉和花朵，位于地面下方的根部——從纖維狀的草根到粗壯的直根——則以夸張的形式被展示出來。這些根部的圖解是根據普遍最受認可的數據而繪制，并在此基礎上加以抽象化，以突顯人們對于植物在地下部分的生物學認知和理解遠低于地上部分的這一事實。這些根部被嵌入實心的杜松木板上，并噴涂了鮮艷的背景色，使人想起科學在描繪看不見的根部結構時所使用的熒光圖像。每個根部均以其代表的特定植物的種子填充，并采用樹脂加以保護。

種子銀行共分為5個板塊，分別突出了每種混合種子的不同應用。這5個項目類型包括經典草原、后院生境、城市網格、道路用途以及侵蝕控制。不論人們是想在后院建造棲息地，還是修筑能夠緩解侵蝕的坡道，種子銀行都可以為種植者提供指導，幫助其選擇合適的植物。

這5個板塊還圍繞著“生態型”（ecotypes）的概念進行組織。每個板塊都代表了一種不同的生態型，這意味著同一板塊內展示的種子均來自于相似的地區，并具有能夠適應當地環境的遺傳特征。利用生態型進行設計是修復環境的最佳途徑之一，因為雖然一個單獨的物種可能在多種棲息地類型中生長，但它們仍會根據場地的具體條件（如降水和土壤類型等）而發生演變。捕捉生態型的多樣性，就能夠提高遺傳的多樣性并加速物種的進化，這些都是構建能夠適應快速氣候變化且具有高恢復力的本地生境的重要舉措。

除了作為客戶的建筑公司外，該項目還匯聚了來自各個領域的合作伙伴，包括當地的原生種子生產者、致力于推廣原生草種的非盈利組織以及Jepson植物標本館，從而能夠從不同的側重點來推進項目。多學科的設計過程促進了合作關系的建立以及對于最佳實踐方法的討論，為長期的合作創造了先例。項目團隊希望能夠在未來實現更多彈性項目來支持人類與本地生境的共存。

^{This project began as a close collaboration between a landscape architect and an ecologist, and expanded to include local artists who physically built (fabricated, painted, and installed) the Seed Bank.}

^{The Seed Bank is a representation of native California grassland communities, depicted both in section and in elevation. Above the soil line, botanically accurate silhouettes of fifteen native California plant species sit in front of a colorful representation of the Coastal Range, which is located to the west, in the direction one faces when looking at the installation.}

^{In contrast to the detailed and delicate plant stems, leaves, and flowers shown above-ground, the below-ground roots are exaggerated to showcase their different forms, from more fibrous grass roots to tap-roots. The roots were drawn based on best-known data and have been abstracted to highlight the difference between our higher-resolution understanding of plant biology above-ground versus our very limited understanding about their biology below-ground. The roots were then routed out of solid douglas fir and spray painted for a background pop of color, reminiscent of the fluorescent imaging used by scientists to estimate otherwise-invisible root structures. Each root is populated by the seed of that particular plant species and preserved in resin.}

^{The Seed Bank is divided into five panels, with each panel highlighting a different application of the specified seed mixes. The five project types include: classic grasslands, backyard habitat, the urban grid, right-of-ways, and erosion control. Whether one is looking to create habitat in their backyard or restore a slope to mitigate erosion, the Seed Bank is a guide for what to plant.}

^{The five panels are also organized around the ecological concept of ecotypes. Each panel represents a different ecotype, meaning the seeds showcased in that panel were sourced from a similar area and have locally-adapted genetics. Designing with ecotypes is a best practice in restoration because even though a single species may occupy a diversity of habitat types, it evolves to the local conditions (e.g. precipitation, soil type, etc.) at each site. Capturing ecotype diversity enhances genetic diversity and facilitates more rapid evolution, which are important steps in building resilient native habitats which can adapt to rapid climate change.}

^{This project brings together a diversity of partners that are oftentimes on different sides of development, including our client (the construction company), a local native seed grower, a non-profit dedicated to promoting naive grasslands, and the Jepson Herbarium. The collaborations were formed and best practices were discussed during the multi-disciplinary design process, creating a precedent for continued collaboration that we hope will build more resilient projects that support the coexistence of humans and native habitat.}

^{▲種子銀行的布局：在面對這面墻時，觀者也將朝向西面的海岸山脈和貝里耶薩峽谷，二者均展示于墻的頂部。五個板塊根據它們所展示的生態型從左向右（從南向北）排列。Layout of the Seed Bank: As you face the wall, you face west towards the Coastal Range and the Berryessa Gap, both featured across the top. The five panels are then organized from left to right (or south to north) based on their ecotype. ?Chad Davies}

^{▲種子的來源：項目團隊從當地的種子供應商處采購種子，并促進了供應商和客戶之間的合作關系。在無法獲得普通麻迪菊種子的情況下，項目團隊找到了當地的植物群落，并親手收集了它們的種子。Sourcing the Seed: We sourced the seeds from a local seed grower and connected them with the client for ongoing collaboration. When we discovered that common Madia seeds were unavailable, our team found a local plant community and collected them by hand. ?Kate Hayes}

^{▲制作：項目團隊與當地藝術家共同完成了種子銀行的設計、繪畫、制作和裝配。植物的根部被嵌入實心的花旗松木板，并以科學成像的方法為靈感，為它們畫上了多彩的背景。樹根內部以種子和樹脂填充。Fabrication: We worked with local artists to design, paint, fabricate, and build the Seed Bank. We routed roots into solid douglas fir, painted them with a colorful backdrop inspired from scientific imaging methods, and filled the roots with seeds and resin. ?Kate Hayes}

^{▲安裝：途中展示了設計和安裝過程中的最后幾個階段。Installation: These images highlight the final stages in the design and installation process. ?Kate Hayes}

概念的擴展：種子地圖和種子吧臺

^{SCALING THE CONCEPT: SEED MAP + SEED BAR}

種子銀行是一個可擴展的、能夠從概念上理解的項目。它能為設計、建造和教育過程中的每一個步驟帶來直接且積極的影響。項目團隊的目標是通過“種子地圖”（互動式的隨身小冊子）和種子吧臺將種子銀行的信息以及真實的種子傳遞到公司員工和來訪者的手中，以鼓勵他們分享信息和傳播種子。種子地圖介紹了本地植物的種類，并向讀者介紹了什么是種子銀行、種子的傳播方法以及實際種植的最佳方法。

種子銀行與公司總部建筑的其他元素實現了融合，促進了種子在空間中的傳播。屋頂空間還設置了兩個小型花園，內部種植了種子銀行中重點介紹的物種。植物的布局旨在測試物種的傳播模式，尤其是鳥類和風媒傳播。這也是屋頂花園所具備的一個令人興奮的潛力：各種植物可以從屋頂向下移動，以它們自己的方式進入城市結構中的那些未被種植的角落和縫隙。項目團隊還將繼續對這些植物在屋頂以及周圍街區中的運動軌跡進行監視和測繪。

種子銀行還促進了植物、人、生態系統以及種子供應商的聯合。它從實體和觀念兩個層面實現了種子的“傳播”，策略性地將本地植物穿插在城市結構當中，同時提高了建筑商和開發商的生態意識，使其在未來的建筑環境營造中發揮重要的作用。通過學習和推廣本地植物和種子對于生態的種種益處，我們得以在后院和社區等不同類型的區域創造具有恢復力的生境，從而更好地應對森林火災、氣候變化和水土流失等更大規模的危機。

^{The seed bank concept is scalable and conceptually accessible. It has brought direct positive impact with every step of the design, build, and education process. Our goal with the Seed Map, the interactive take-away brochure, and the Seed Bar, is to physically put the information and the seeds from the Seed Bank into the hands of employees and visitors, so they can share information and spread seeds. The Seed Map identifies the native plant species and educates viewers about seeds banks, seed dispersal methods, and best planting practices.}

^{The Seed Bank is integrated with other elements in the headquarters that facilitate seeds traveling through space. Two small green roofs are planted with the species highlighted in the Seed Bank. The plant layout was organized to test dispersal patterns, particularly from birds and wind. This is an exciting potential for green roofs – the idea that species can move down from roofs, finding their way into unplanted nooks and crannies within the urban fabric. Our team looks forward to monitoring and mapping the movement, both on the roof and in the neighborhood blocks surrounding the headquarters.}

^{The Seed Bank supports communities of people, plants, ecosystems, and seed suppliers. It disperses seeds both literally and figuratively, tactically inserting native plants into the urban fabric, while raising ecological awareness to an audience of builders and developers that play a huge role in the future of our built environment. By learning about and promoting the crucial benefits of native plants and native seed, we can all be better poised to solve larger-scale crises like forest fires, climate change, and erosion by building resilient habitat in our backyards and communities.}

^{▲種子地圖：與種子銀行配套的種子地圖更加細致地描述了該項目的概念、應用和具體的植物。設計團隊希望為這個小冊子賦予互動性，使它們與種子銀行的排列位置保持一致。The Seed Map: A Seed Map accompanies the Seed Bank and describes the concept, application, and specified plants in more detail. We designed the handout to be interactive and to orient and align with the Seed Bank. ?Kai Skye}

^{▲本地種子的傳播：打開種子地圖后可以看到一幅圖解，它介紹了種子的傳播技術以及墻面上展示的植物。Dispersal of Native Seeds: The Seed Map opens to a diagrammatic map that describes seed dispersal techniques and identifies the plants highlighted on the wall. ?Miridae}

^{▲屋頂花園實驗：項目團隊將屋頂綠化植物按照系統網格排布，從而更容易對每個物種的生長和繁衍狀況進行檢測。其目的是為客戶創造一個先例，使其可以在未來的建筑項目中沿用和推廣。A Green Roof Experiment: We laid the green roof plants out in a systematic grid so that we can more easily monitor how each species grows and spreads. The goal is to set a precedent for the client to replicate in future construction projects. ?Miridae}

^{▲屋頂花園：從種子銀行所在的大廳可以看見兩個小型的花池。花池內的種子最終將傳播至周圍的街區，在薩克拉門托市中心創造更多的本地生境。The Green Roof: Two small green roof planters are visible from the lobby where the Seed Bank resides. Seeds from these plants will eventually spread into the surrounding neighborhoods, creating even more native habitat in Downtown Sacramento. ?Kate Hayes}

^{▲變化的種子：種子銀行與公司員工的日常生活產生了密切的聯系，并延伸至建筑之外，融入到客戶（建筑公司）所做的項目當中。每位訪客在離開總部大樓時都會帶走實際的種子以及與種子相關的信息，隨后在他們生活的社區中傳播。Seeds of Change: The Seed Bank ties into the daily lives of the company’s employees and extends beyond the building walls, into their construction projects. Everyone who visits the headquarters leaves with information and actual seeds to spread in their own neighborhoods. ?Miridae}

^{▲大家的種子銀行：種子銀行懸掛在定制的酒吧臺后方，這里是公司員工們時常舉行聚會和社區活動的場所。這樣的安排也將促進員工們進行對于生態意識、生態恢復力以及未來建筑環境的最佳實踐方法等話題的討論。A Community Seed Bank: The Seed Bank hangs behind a custom wine bar and is the site of frequent office happy hours, community gatherings, and larger events that include discussions around ecological awareness, resilience, and best practices for the future of our built environment. ?Kai Skye}

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