《景觀設計學》2022年第5期 生態系統文化服務與景觀實踐

無形的紐帶：生態系統文化服務與景觀實踐

Intangible Bonds: Cultural Ecosystem Services and Landscape Practices

（文晨，徐海韻，托比亞斯·普利寧格，《景觀設計學》2022年第5期“主編寄語”）

自古以來，人類與自然密不可分。我們改造、塑造自然，以滿足自身的需求和欲望；自然是我們的靈感與平和之源，并如此深刻地影響了人類社會，以至于我們對其產生了強烈的情感依戀，將之嵌入文化與觀念中，踐行于我們的人居環境建設。然而，當今社會的快速演變正在撼動這種人與自然聯系的基石，技術的進步、社會價值觀的轉變，以及不斷增長的人口需求都在沖擊著我們與自然間的聯系。這些改變的速度之快，已令長期以來維系人類生存的生態系統無法承載。展望未來，我們需要發展新的途徑來理解和珍視自然生態系統與人類文化依戀之間的復雜關系，并思考如何通過景觀規劃設計實踐使這二者間的紐帶關系更加可持續。

景觀設計學既關注自然的生態價值，也關注其文化和社會價值。生態系統文化服務（Cultural Ecosystem Services）是生態系統為人類社會帶來的非物質裨益與福祉，包括自然游憩、審美體驗、場所感知、文化遺產、靈感啟迪等^[1]。作為生態系統服務的重要組成部分，生態系統文化服務在休閑游憩、精神療愈，以及維護文化多樣性和特有性等方面都發揮著不可或缺的作用?！肚晟鷳B系統評估》（Millennium Ecosystem Assessment）指出，生態系統文化服務評估能揭示生態系統動態變化對人類福祉的影響，理解自然與人類社會的聯系與相互作用，并促進可持續發展。如今，生態系統服務理論逐漸成為景觀規劃的支撐理論之一，生態系統文化服務也備受國內外景觀實踐者的關注，主要議題包括如何通過有效的規劃設計實踐來理解復雜的人地關系、評估規劃方案、協調不同的利益相關方，以及有效回應社會問題等^[2]。

近年來，中國與世界多地都在經歷高速城鎮化，人口結構、生活方式及審美偏好等方面也發生著快速變化。這些變化深刻改變了人類行為，也影響了人地關系：居住形式、出行習慣、人口分布、家庭結構的改變影響了我們與景觀之間的聯系，重構了生態系統文化服務和人類的供需關系，也促使我們關注老年人、兒童、城市新移民、農村留守人員等不同的社會群體。與此同時，人們在景觀感知、審美偏好、自然游憩風尚、生活方式等方面的變化——例如共享單車的廣泛使用、社交媒體和短視頻的流行、網紅地打卡現象——也影響了我們對景觀和生態系統文化服務的理解^[3][4]。

生態系統文化服務的內涵決定了其具有橋接景觀實踐與社會變化的潛力，可為景觀設計學科提供一個審視人地關系的多學科視角。相關理論、方法和工具也能幫助從業者更好地開展景觀解讀、評估、規劃設計與管理工作^[2][5]。在本期中，我們將從理論、方法等維度探討生態系統文化服務與景觀實踐的關系。相關研究議題包括建設“全域旅游”背景下區域尺度的游憩潛力預測、運用網絡評論數據對城市公園進行生態系統文化服務的感知測定和評估，以及景觀設計師在兒童早期自然教育中扮演的角色等。本期還呈現了生態系統文化服務這一理論的發展歷程，以及為什么新技術和新概念的引入能夠幫助它進一步演化。此外，來自夏威夷的案例表明，在經年累月的環境和社會危機下，景觀設計專業應通過重塑生態和文化的關系，建設一個自主決定、公平和具有韌性的未來。

For generations, humans have been intrinsically tied to the natural world, modifying and molding it to suit our needs and desires. Nature has been a source of inspiration and peace to us, influencing our cultures and beliefs, and creating a strong emotional attachment to the natural world. However, our society’s fast evolution is testing the very foundations of this connection. Technological advancements, social values shifts, and the increasing demands of a growing population have all combined to push the boundaries of our contact with nature. The pace at which these changes are taking place is even exceeding the ecosystems that have sustained us for so long. As we look ahead, it is becoming evident that we will need to develop new approaches to understanding and appreciating the complex cultural relationships that exist between the natural ecosystem and our cultural attachment, as well as to build a more sustainable interaction via landscape practices.

Landscape Architecture concerns not only the ecological values of nature but also its social and cultural values. Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) are the intangible and non-material benefits delivered from nature to human societies, including nature-based tourism, landscape aesthetics, sense of place, cultural heritage, and spiritual inspiration^[1]. As one pillar of Ecosystem Services (ES), CES play significant roles in leisure activities, cognitive recovery, and the conservation of cultural diversity and uniqueness. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment suggests that evaluation of CES can reveal how the dynamics of the ecosystem impact human well-being, facilitate understanding their interactions, and promote sustainable development. Nowadays, ES are among the central topics in global landscape research and has become mainstream theories in supporting landscape planning. Chinese and the global landscape practitioners also pay great attention to CES, especially regarding how to understand complex human-nature relationships, how to evaluate CES for planning, how to help communicate with different stakeholders, and how to respond to social issues with effective planning and design^[2].

Recently, China, together with the world, is undergoing rapid changes, including urbanization, demographic changes, changing lifestyles, and dynamic aesthetic preference. Those changes influence both human behaviors and the human-nature relationships. On one hand, societies nowadays have different resident forms, travel behaviors, population distributions, and family structure. All are influencing how we interact with landscapes. The social dynamics reshape the supply?demand relationships between CES and people, and enhance our concerns on different social groups, including the elderly, children, new citizens, and left-behind people in rural areas. On the other hand, human behaviors are expressed in terms of landscape perception, aesthetic preferences, fashions of nature-based recreation, and lifestyles^[3][4]. For example, the widely-use of shared bikes, social media, short videos, and web celebrities’ sites also impact how we understand landscapes and CES.

The nature of CES demonstrates that they can be the potential bridge between landscape architecture and social changes. Since CES are multi-disciplinary, they can better help Landscape Architecture understand the meanings of human-nature relationships. Their theories, methods, and tools can help support understanding, assessing, planning, designing, and managing landscape^[2][5]. This special issue covers broad topics related to CES and the landscape practice, ranging from theories, methods, and others. There are research articles on topics such as predicting recreational potential at the regional scale within the context of “all-for-one tourism,” the use of online comment data to assess perceptions and evaluations of urban parks’ ecosystem cultural services, and the role of landscape architects in early childhood nature-based education. We also present the evolution of the theory of ecosystem cultural services and the reasons why the introduction of new technology and concepts can aid in its evolution. Another case from Hawaii highlights how landscape architecture should reconstruct the interaction between ecology and culture to establish a self-determined, fair, and resilient future in the face of environmental and social catastrophes.

REFERENCES

[1] Fish, R., Church, A., & Winter, M. (2016). Conceptualising cultural ecosystem services: A novel framework for research and critical engagement. Ecosystem Services, (21), 208-217.

[2] Plieninger, T., Bieling, C., Fagerholm, N., Byg, A., Hartel, T., Hurley, P., López-Santiago, C. A., Nagabhatla, N., Oteros-Rozas, E., Raymond, C. M., van der Horst, D., & Huntsinger, L. (2015). The role of cultural ecosystem services in landscape management and planning. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, (14), 28-33.

[3] Bauer, N., Wallner, A., & Hunziker, M. (2009). The change of European landscapes: Human-nature relationships, public attitudes towards rewilding, and the implications for landscape management in Switzerland. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(9), 2910-2920.

[4] Balázsi, á., Riechers, M., Hartel, T., Leventon, J., & Fischer, J. (2019). The impacts of social-ecological system change on human-nature connectedness: A case study from Transylvania, Romania. Land Use Policy, (89), 104232.

[5] von Haaren, C., Lovett, A. A., & Albert, C. (2019). Landscape Planning and Ecosystem Services: The Sum Is More Than the Parts (pp. 3-9). In C. von Haaren, A. A. Lovett, & C. Albert (Eds.), Landscape Planning With Ecosystem Services: Theories and Methods for Application in Europe. Springer.

主編寄語

無形的紐帶：生態系統文化服務與景觀實踐／文晨，徐海韻，托比亞斯·普利寧格

論文

“全域旅游”導向下鄂西游憩服務的空間潛力預測研究——基于集成模型的機器學習方法／文晨，茶靜，徐利權，徐海韻

基于網絡評論數據分析的城市公園生態系統文化服務感知研究／姜芊孜，王廣興，梁雪原，劉娜

景觀設計師在兒童早期自然教育中的引導作用／唐冬蕊，張高超

觀點與評論

生態系統文化服務的發展推動“人與自然”的研究視角多元化——對話托比亞斯·普利寧格／托比亞斯·普利寧格，郭天禹，徐海韻

探索與過程

處于崩潰中心的樹木：多型鐵心木與夏威夷的未來／威廉·希弗斯

【中文刊名】《景觀設計學》

【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers

【作者】文晨（WEN Chen），徐海韻（XU Haiyun），托比亞斯·普利寧格（Tobias PLIENINGER），姜芊孜（JIANG Qianzi）等

【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司

【頁碼】92頁彩色印刷

【刊號】ISSN 2096-336X

【出版日期】2022年10月

“全域旅游”導向下鄂西游憩服務的空間潛力預測研究——基于集成模型的機器學習方法

Spatial Potential of Recreational Services in Western Hubei Region in Light of the “All-for-One Tourism” Development—A Machine Learning Approach Based on Ensemble Model

作者：文晨，茶靜，徐利權，徐海韻 WEN Chen, CHA Jing, XU Liquan, XU Haiyun

摘要

在建設“全域旅游”的背景下，區域尺度的游憩服務發展將從單一景點景區的建設轉向旅游目的地的綜合統籌，助力鄉村振興和區域協調發展。然而，在全域旅游“連點成片”的過程中，如何根據本地獨特的環境稟賦識別出具有較高游憩潛力的區域并據此評估發展的優先程度，仍是研究與實踐的熱點和難點?；诖耍狙芯恳远跷鞯貐^為例，引入生態系統文化服務理論中潛力評估的研究方法，運用社會－生態多源數據構建了一個結合集成機器學習的SDM模型。該模型對研究區域內336個已知游憩服務熱點的環境特征進行了剖析，并預測了連續空間中高游憩潛力區域的概率分布。本研究提供了一條從環境特征變量數值關系角度理解區域尺度游憩空間規律的技術路徑，旨在為全域旅游和鄉村振興的空間發展策略提供參考。

關鍵詞 

全域旅游；游憩服務；生態系統文化服務；空間潛力預測；機器學習；鄂西

ABSTRACT  

Under the call for “all-for-one tourism” development, the focus of regional-scale recreational services is shifting from the construction of individual scenic spots and tourist areas towards the comprehensive planning of tourist destinations, so as to propel China’s rural revitalization and regional coordinated development. In research and practice, however, it is still challenging to identity and evaluate spatial locations for developing tourism according their cultural and environmental resource and characteristics and prioritizing the high-potential ones. Employing the whole western Hubei region as a case study, this paper proposes a method of assessing recreation potential within the research framework on cultural ecosystem services, and uses multi-sourced social-ecological data to develop an SDM model via ensemble machine learning. Through analyses of the environmental features of 336 recreational hotspots in the study area, the model predicts the areas with high recreation potential in continuous areas. This study intends to establish a technique path to examine the regional-scale pattern of recreational spaces via numerical analysis of environmental features, and to provide a reference for relevant spatial development strategies of all-for-one tourism and rural revitalization.

KEYWORDS 

All-for-One Tourism; Recreational Services; Cultural Ecosystem Services; Spatial Potential Prediction; Machine Learning; Western Hubei

基于網絡評論數據分析的城市公園生態系統文化服務感知研究

Research on the Perception of Cultural Ecosystem Services in Urban Parks via Analyses of Online Comment Data

作者：姜芊孜，王廣興，梁雪原，劉娜 JIANG Qianzi, WANG Guangxing, LIANG Xueyuan, LIU Na

摘要

公園綠地是城市生態系統的重要組成部分，能夠為城市居民提供有益的生態系統文化服務（CES）。地理空間與網絡點評數據的融合與挖掘已成為CES感知研究的重要方法，但目前研究多聚焦CES感知類別識別與空間分布，較少關注不同CES類別感知間的關聯性。研究以濟南市主城區10個典型城市公園為例，爬取旅游網站上用戶的公開評論數據，基于內容分析法獲取高頻CES感知詞和感知頻率，分析不同城市公園的CES感知異同，并應用FP－關聯規則揭示CES感知間的關聯性。研究表明：1）審美欣賞、休閑／生態旅游是最易被公眾感知到的城市公園CES類別。2）不同城市公園中公眾對CES類別的感知存在差異。百花公園與五龍潭中的審美欣賞服務，濟南森林公園中的休閑／生態旅游服務，泉城公園、中山公園、華山湖公園與動物園中的教育／知識服務可被公眾較好感知。3）城市公園CES感知具有關聯性：審美欣賞和休閑／生態旅游服務關聯性最強，常與文化遺產、精神／宗教價值、藝術靈感啟發等服務被共同感知。研究充實了基于網絡評論數據的CES感知實證研究，闡明了城市公園CES公眾感知特征，有助于為公園綠地規劃設計與管理提供科學依據，對于提升城市公園CES供給與空間品質具有重要意義。

關鍵詞 

城市公園；生態系統文化服務；景觀感知；網絡點評數據；FP－關聯規則；濟南

ABSTRACT  

Urban parks are an important part of urban ecosystems and can provide beneficial cultural ecosystem services (CES) to urban residents. The integration of geospatial and online comment data and relevant data mining have become a mainstream approach to the research on CES perception. This paper takes 10 typical urban parks in the central districts of Jinan, China as examples, and collects park users’ online comment data from tourism websites. Based on content analysis, high-frequency CES perception words and their perception frequencies are obtained to reveal the disparity of CES perception in different urban parks. FP-association rules are applied to examine the correlations between the perception of CES categories. Main findings are as follow. 1) Aesthetics and leisure/ecotourism services are the most easily perceived CES categories in urban parks. 2) There are differences in public’s perception of CES categories in different urban parks: aesthetics service in Baihua Park and Wulongtan Park, leisure/ecotourism service in Jinan Forest Park, and education/knowledge service in Quancheng Park, Zhongshan Park, Huashan Lake Park, and Jinan Zoo can be better perceived by the public. And 3) the perception of CES categories of urban parks is correlated. Aesthetics and leisure/ecotourism services have the strongest correlation and are often perceived with the services of cultural heritage, spiritual/religious value, and artistic inspiration. The study enriches the empirical research on CES perception via analyses of online comment data, clarifies the patterns of public’s CES perception in urban parks, and provides a scientific reference for the planning, design, and management of urban parks, showing a significance for improving CES supply and spatial quality of urban parks.

KEYWORDS 

Urban Parks; Cultural Ecosystem Services; Landscape Perception; Online Comment Data; FP-Association Rule; Jinan

景觀設計師在兒童早期自然教育中的引導作用

Attentive Allies: Landscape Architects as Facilitators to Promote Early Childhood Nature-Based Educational Programs

作者：唐冬蕊，張高超 TANG Dongrui, ZHANG Gaochao

摘要

在森林幼兒園的環境中，結構性或非結構性的自然教育項目可以提高兒童的身體活動水平、運動技能、社交技能和環保行為等。大部分相關研究都將教師、家長和研究人員列為兒童戶外學習項目的引導者，而景觀設計師卻很少被考慮在內。實際上，景觀設計師除了參與環境的設計與建造外，還可以長期發揮更深遠的作用。本研究以日本宮之丘森林公園為例，旨在證明將景觀設計師作為自然環境教育項目的引導者，可以使這些項目在多方面受益，產生持久的效果。宮之丘森林幼兒園與日本高野景觀規劃事務所團隊開展了長達16年的學齡前兒童自然教育項目合作。在這個項目中，景觀設計師采取了多種策略來改進既有教育項目并協助開發新項目。其中參與式設計是最為關鍵的策略，在改造（2006~2008年）及后續合作（2009年至今）階段，通過設計師與教育工作者的共同參與合作，使戶外自然環境和教學項目的可持續發展得到了保證。

關鍵詞 

參與式設計；自然教育；景觀設計；森林幼兒園；教育效益

ABSTRACT  

In a forest kindergarten context, young children can get boost on their level of physical activity, motor skills, social skills, pro-environmental behaviors, etc. through structured and/or unstructured nature-based educational programs. Most studies mentioned teachers, parents, and researchers as facilitators in the early childhood outdoor learning programs, while landscape architects were rarely considered. However, beyond just being involved in the design and construction of the physical environment, landscape architects can play a more profound role in the long run. This study aims to show that involving landscape architects as facilitators in the nature-based educational programs can benefit the programs in many ways and the effect can be long-lasting. The study is based on the 16 years of collaboration between Miyano-oka, a forest kindergarten, and a team of landscape architects from Takano Landscape Planning in Japan to conduct nature-based educational programs to preschoolers. It presents examples of programs in Miyano-oka and the strategies applied to develop them. In this project, landscape architects employed various design strategies to improve the existing programs and help develop new programs. Among those strategies, participatory design is the primary one. During both the renovation (from 2006 to 2008) and follow-up (from 2009 to now) phases, active participation and collaboration between designers and the educators help achieve the sustainable development of both the outdoor natural environment and educational programs.

KEYWORDS 

Participatory Design; Nature-Based Education; Landscape Architecture; Forest Kindergarten; Pedagogical Benefits

生態系統文化服務的發展推動“人與自然”的研究視角多元化——對話托比亞斯·普利寧格

Development of Cultural Ecosystem Services Contributes to a Plural Perspective for Human-Nature Studies—Interview With Tobias Plieninger

作者：托比亞斯·普利寧格，郭天禹，徐海韻 Tobias PLIENINGER, GUO Tianyu, XU Haiyun

摘要

托比亞斯·普利寧格是生態系統文化服務研究的重要先驅者之一。他通過一系列在歐洲與亞洲的森林和農業生態系統的實證研究，為生態系統文化服務的框架構建做出了貢獻。在本文中，普利寧格介紹了生態系統文化服務是如何作為新興領域被納入《千年生態系統評估》中的。生態系統文化服務作為生態系統服務的一部分，在最開始卻因缺乏充分內容來體現而受到忽視?；谄渌芯康恼n題，普利寧格探討了如何為生態系統文化服務建立指標，以及介紹了公眾參與地理信息系統這一方法是如何將景觀中的文化價值納入研究的。受生態系統文化服務本身的限制，“自然對人類的貢獻”等新的更具包容性的術語逐漸興起。隨后，普利寧格指出了使用社交媒體數據來拓展研究范圍的新趨勢，同時分享了他對印度、中國等國家生態系統文化服務研究領域發展的見解。他建議不應局限于在技術上或純粹的學術活動中應用這些方法，而要著眼于處理現實世界的問題。最后，他鼓勵年輕一代進一步深入研究前沿課題，如探索生態系統文化服務在日漸失穩的時代中可發揮的作用。

關鍵詞 

生態系統文化服務；自然對人類的貢獻；公眾參與地理信息系統；文化景觀；人類－自然關系

ABSTRACT  

Tobias Plieninger has contributed to framing Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) by his studies in Europe and Asia from forest to agricultural ecosystems. He introduced how the term of CES as a part of ecosystem services was raised by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment but largely neglected at the beginning. From his projects, he explored how to set up indicators and the development of a method Public Participation Geographic Information Systems to map cultural values in landscapes for CES assessment. Because of the limitation of CES, the new inclusive concepts like Nature’s Contributions to People arose. Plieninger gave us his perspective about the new tendency to use social media data to broaden the research scale, and shared his opinions about CES research in developing countries, like India and China. He suggested people should apply the methods not only in technocratic or purely in academic exercises, but to deal with real-world problems. He encouraged the young generation to further explore the frontier topics such as the role of CES in increasingly unstable times.

KEYWORDS 

Cultural Ecosystem Services; Nature’s Contributions to People;  Public Participation Geographic Information Systems;  Cultural Landscape; Human-Nature Relationship

處于崩潰中心的樹木：多型鐵心木與夏威夷的未來

The Tree at the Center of Collapse: ‘ōhi‘a Lehua and Hawaii’s Future

作者：威廉·希弗斯 William SHIVERS

摘要

長期以來，除了大氣環流與洋流、火山活動以及氣候危機帶來的環境壓力之外，夏威夷群島還面臨來自于美國本土的壓力：由于夏威夷群島的自然環境與風土人情有著獨特而鮮明的熱帶特征，其農作物及當地文化表演等也成為了重要的經濟與文化產品，以滿足美國本土的物質與精神消費需求。

19世紀初，夏威夷群島便被用作試驗與發展島嶼種植業的基地，島上的原生植被被大量砍伐，美國本土也由此建立了對夏威夷群島的支配地位；第二次世界大戰結束后，美國本土開始以商品拜物教的形式對夏威夷群島進行同化。如今，夏威夷雖然名義上已是美國轄州，但本質上仍是一處象征著消費、享樂與熱帶風情的邊緣之地。

種植園體系使夏威夷的自然生態及文化穩定性都遭到了破壞，島上歷史悠久的樹木種群也深受其害，“鐵心木快速死亡”（ROD）就是其表現之一。這種樹木疾病由三種以上來源未知的真菌造成，主要侵襲當地的特色植物物種——多型鐵心木。多型鐵心木是夏威夷群島的先鋒物種，也是當地森林的重要組成部分，能夠吸收空氣中的二氧化硫，增肥土壤；多型鐵心木更是夏威夷當地文化的象征，在民間傳說和傳統服飾中都能看到它的身影。因此，ROD的蔓延不僅給夏威夷帶來了自然生態危機，也使原住民與自然環境之間的紐帶瀕臨斷裂。

為此，本文呼吁以治理ROD為契機，采取修復性景觀干預措施，通過面向未來的土地管理措施，保護夏威夷群島的自然生態系統及原住民文化。這種土地管理方法旨在幫助原住民復興傳統知識、重拾對島嶼發展的話語權，使夏威夷群島擺脫歷史上從經濟、文化、政治等多個層面形成的刻板印象，這也是對全球化資本主義的一種反抗。

關鍵詞 

文化景觀；美國研究；森林生態學；島嶼研究；環境研究；氣候變化

ABSTRACT  

Hawaii is on the threshold of collapse. Over a century of American colonization and exploitation of the islands and their people has resulted in the island chain facing critical environmental and cultural catastrophe. This article examines the emergence of Rapid ‘ōhi‘a Death as a critical aeolian pathogen capable of wiping out the most culturally and ecologically significant species representing over 50% of Hawaii’s forests. Plantation histories are unpacked as foundational tools which directly led to deep alteration to the cultural fabric and landscape of the islands, accelerating the complex issues faced by Hawaii and Hawaiians today. This crisis offers landscape architects and the design professions grounds for a new methodology to approach both ecological and cultural issues as one to tackle the issues stemming from ongoing climate change. Furthermore, the article underscores the need to rethink the American fetishization of the Hawaiian Islands and look instead to how land stewardship and landscape practices can facilitate a self-determinant, equitable, and resilient future.

KEYWORDS 

Cultural Landscapes; American Studies; Forest Ecology; Island Studies; Environmental Studies; Climate Change