《景觀設計學》2021年第5期

從黏菌到Meta——《景觀設計學》2021年第5期“主編寄語”

From Slime Mold to Meta, by Yu Kongjian

最近的兩則新聞令我腦洞大開，一則是來自《哈佛大學?？罚℉arvard Magazine）有關黏菌（Slime Mold）空間感知和決策智慧的最新研究成果[1]，另一則是臉書創(chuàng)始人馬克?扎克伯格發(fā)布的將Facebook改名為Meta的消息。這兩件事情雖風馬牛不相及，卻都挑戰(zhàn)了我們對于人類空間認知、決策和設計的許多固有觀念。

黏菌是一種沒有大腦和神經系統(tǒng)的單細胞生物，在中國古代文獻中被稱作“鬼屎”，最早記載于唐代陳藏器所著的《本草拾遺》[2]。21世紀初，日本科學家發(fā)現(xiàn)它們具有超乎人類的空間感知能力—能夠迅速設計最短取食路線，走出迷宮：首先，黏菌伸展自己的菌體以覆蓋整個迷宮平面，一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)食物，就會縮回除最短路徑之外的其余部分[3]~[5]。通過這種方法，黏菌能繪制出堪比東京地鐵線路圖般復雜且最優(yōu)的聯(lián)系網絡。如果這可以理解為最原始的刺激－反應過程的話，那么《哈佛大學?？穲蟮赖倪@項實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)則令人匪夷所思：黏菌居然能隔空感知遠方物體的質量，并以此決定菌體延展的方向，這表現(xiàn)出這種低等生物的空間感知、決策和設計能力，也就是一種盡量在避免無效消耗菌體物質與能量的條件下，提前設計行動路線的能力。同時，黏菌能夠在這一過程中形成異常優(yōu)美的菌體形態(tài)—從人類對于任何藝術的審美標準（諸如色彩、形態(tài)的對比與平衡關系）來講都可謂美不勝收。這讓我產生了多個聯(lián)想：

第一個聯(lián)想是前不久媒體曝光某快遞公司用了類似的刺激－反應方法，通過獎勵發(fā)現(xiàn)更短路線的快遞員，制造“內卷”，不斷壓縮投遞時間，試圖通過犧牲快遞員的個人利益實現(xiàn)公司整體收益的增長。這是一種聽起來有些殘酷的試錯機制，但這也是一種基于大數(shù)據(jù)的方法，在這方面，黏菌的決策能力一點不比人類差。

第二個聯(lián)想是黏菌的空間感知和決策過程如同中國圍棋這類空間游戲。2016年的圍棋人機大戰(zhàn)證明，人類在游戲空間的認知方面完全敗給了機器—可能有人會認為，人類在空間認知方面似乎既不如最低等的單細胞生物，也不如沒有生命的、只能識別0或1的機器。

第三個聯(lián)想，從進化論—也是認知心理學和景觀認知的基本出發(fā)點—的角度來看，人類的空間認知能力及審美與動物一樣，源于覓食或繁殖的本能。所以，正如黏菌用美麗的菌體形態(tài)來注解對生存的欲望及本能，人類通過其在空間中的運動軌跡和美的環(huán)境的設計，表達自身的生存欲望和本能。在這層意義上，人類與黏菌在本質上并無區(qū)別。

第四個聯(lián)想，基于對食物和生存欲望的空間感知，黏菌在實驗中表現(xiàn)出了物理上的高效性和平衡關系，進而讓人感受到美，這似乎為人類的空間和景觀審美找到了依據(jù)，這也解釋了為什么圍棋的空間布局也同樣具有美的邏輯。

正是基于這幾點聯(lián)想，第二則新聞就變得意味深長了。Facebook提倡的元宇宙（Metaverse）是一個虛擬時空集合[6]，由一系列的增強現(xiàn)實、虛擬現(xiàn)實和物聯(lián)網技術所組成，當然還要借助智慧眼鏡等工具來實現(xiàn)[7]。盡管不可回避的是，元宇宙起源于娛樂和游戲，但它將不同時空的人聯(lián)系在一起，使人類活動擺脫了時間和物理空間的約束：時空環(huán)境不再是人類活動場景的預設，而可以是某些奇幻浪漫的設計，諸如在熱帶雨林里或月球上約會、在海底或火山口聚餐、在云上開董事會，等等。作為城市空間認知的鼻祖，凱文?林奇在20世紀60年代探討了城市意象：如何增加城市的可辨識性，以幫助人們認路并形成空間認知地圖[8]。這一研究對當代城市空間的設計產生了巨大影響。而在元宇宙中，城市意象似乎失去了意義，人們也無需憑借腦中的認知地圖去尋找車站、餐廳、約會的酒吧，或造訪名勝景點，一切空間營造和景觀盡在指間以及智慧工具之中。城市空間和景觀設計的原則將面臨新的挑戰(zhàn)。

接下來的問題是，隨著元宇宙—即后宇宙、超宇宙—時代的到來，失去時間感和地域感的人類活動是否仍具有意義？失去以地域、空間和時間為載體的人類文化后，人與黏菌還有什么區(qū)別！地理學和景觀認知領域均強調空間的可辨識性、可探索性及可參與性；地理認知領域所強調的場所性和場所感取決于地域特色和認同感，以及空間的定位和方向感[9]。場所精神（Genius Loci）作為建筑與景觀設計的核心概念，取決于給定的天時及地利條件，即天地之間的立錐之地（The Given）[10]。失去了地域性和場所性，如何讓元宇宙中的人類活動具有意義？這似乎成為了一個新的設計問題。

^{Recently, I am inspired by two pieces of news: one is the latest findings about the spatial sense and decision-making machinery of slime molds reported by Harvard Magazine[1]; and the other is Mark Zuckerberg’s announcement that Facebook is renaming to Meta. Although the two pieces of news seem share nothing in common, they both challenge the public’s awareness about human’s ability of spatial cognition, decision, and design.}

^{Slime mold, a single-cell organism without brain or nervous system, was described as “鬼屎” (Demon’s droppings) in ancient Chinese literature and earliest recorded in Materia Medica Supplements by Chen Zangqi in the Tang Dynasty[2]. In the early 21st Century, Japanese scientists found that slime molds have an extraordinary ability of spatial sense, even better than humans’: they can quickly work out the minimum-length solutions to food and maze solving. After changing their shapes to cover the entire maze, slime molds can retract other cytoplasm except that on the shortest path to the food.[3]~[5] In this way, slime molds can come up with optimal connections as sophisticated as the Tokyo subway network. If we take slime molds’ behavior as a primal stimulus–response process, the discovery reported in the Harvard Magazine is stunning: slime molds can perceive the mass of distant objects across space, and then decide the direction for extension. All these behaviors demonstrate this unicellular eukaryote’s ability to spatially perceive, decide, and design—in other words, slime molds are able to design an optimal route in advance without extra consumption of material or energy. Meanwhile, during the process, the colony shapes are exceptionally beautiful, in respect of any aesthetic standards of human art (e.g., the contrast and balance of colors and forms).} 

^{This news arouses my profound reflections. First, a similar stimulus–response approach was employed in a Chinese express company which encourages expressmen to shorten delivery times by rewarding the ones who discovered shorter delivery routes. This might increase the company’s profits, but would lead to unhealthy competition and compromise expressmen’s benefits. This seemingly cruel trial-and-error technique, however, is a big data method. Accordingly, slime molds are not inferior to humans in ability of decision making.}

^{Second, slime molds’ spatial sense and decision-making process is similar to the playing of Chinese Go. The 2016 match between AlphaGo and Lee Sedol evidenced that machines surpass humans in the cognition of game spaces. One might argue that, in terms of spatial cognition, human beings’ ability seems to be inferior to both single-cell organisms and inanimate machines that are programed with 0 and 1.}

^{Moreover, from the perspective of Evolutionism—also the basis of Cognitive Psychology and Landscape Cognition—human’s spatial cognition and aesthetics come from their instinct for food or reproduction, as other animals. As slime molds’ behaviors for survival by changing colony shapes, humans’ desires for survival are projected in their spatial trajectories of movement and designs of beautiful environment. In this sense, there is no essential difference between human beings and slime molds.}

^{Lastly, in previous experiment, the spatial sense of slime molds, for food and survival, also represents their physical efficiency and balance, whose beauty is further appreciated by humans. This could serve as a basis for human aesthetics on spatial layout and landscapes, which also explains the beauty logic of Go board layouts.}

^{The reflections above expand my thoughts on the second piece of news. Facebook’s Metaverse is a virtual set of space–time[6], supported by artificial reality, virtual reality, and Internet of things, via the aid of tools such as smart glasses[7]. Developed from entertainment and game applications though, Metaverse connects people by breaking down temporal and physical constraints on human accessibility. The space–time scenarios for human activities can be extremely romantic, for example, dating in the rainforest or on the moon, dining together with an undersea or volcanic scenery, having a board meeting over the clouds, etc. Kevin Lynch, the founder of urban spatial cognition, discussed city image in the 1960s: how to enhance the imageability of cities so as to facilitate people in way-finding and form spatial cognitive maps[8]. This theory has significantly influenced contemporary urban spatial design. Unfortunately, in the Metaverse, the city image would become meaningless: stations, restaurants, bars or scenic spots would be erased from people’s cognitive maps. All spatial and landscape planning can be realized by fingers and with smart tools. Against this backdrop, urban and landscape design is facing new challenges.}

^{In the age of Metaverse—the post-universe or super-universe—will human activities be as meaningful as before when the sense of time and place is lost? There will be no difference between human beings and slime molds if human culture that roots in place, space, and time disappear! Both Geography and Landscape Cognition value making sense, explorability, and involvement of space. The placeness and the sense of place emphasized in Geography Cognition are defined by regional characteristics and identification, as well as spatial orientation[9]. As a core concept in Architecture and Landscape Design, Genius Loci relies on THE GIVEN temporal and geographical conditions[10]. Thus, a new questions for design is that when locality and placeness no longer matter in the Metaverse, how to make human activities still meaningful.}

^REFERENCES

^{[1] Walecki, N. K. (2021). Can Slime Molds Cogitate? Harvard Magazine, 124(2). Retrieved from https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2021/11/right-now-can-slime-molds-think}

^{[2] Chen, Z. (1983). In Z. Shang (Ed.), The Collection of Materia Medica. Anhui, China: Department of Scientific Research, Wannan Medical College.}

^{[3] Nakagaki, T., Yamada, H., & Toth, A. (2000). Intelligence: Maze-Solving by an Amoeboid Organism. Nature, 407(6803), 470. doi:10.1038/35035159} 

^{[4] Nakagaki, T., Yamada, H., & Toth, A. (2001). Path finding by tube morphogenesis in an amoeboid organism. Biophysical Chemistry, 92(1), 47-52. doi:10.1016/S0301-4622(01)00179-X}

^{[5]Nakagaki, T., Lima, M., Ueda, T., Nishiura, Y., Saigusa, T., Atsushi, T., ... Showalter, K. (2007). Minimum-risk path finding by an adaptive amoebal network. Physical Review Letters, 99(6), 068104. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.068104}

^{[6] Bosworth, A., & Clegg, N. (2021, September 27). Building the mataverse responsibly. Meta. Retrieved from https://about.fb.com/news/2021/09/building-the-metaverse-responsibly/}

^{[7] TechFacebook. (2021, October 28). Connect 2021: Our vision for the metaverse. TechFacebook. Retrieved from https://tech.fb.com/connect-2021-our-vision-for-the-metaverse/}

^{[8] Lynch, K. (1960). The Image of the City. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.}

^{[9] Relph, E. (1976). Place and Placelessness. London, England: Pion Limited.}

^{[10] Norberg-Shulz, C. (1979). Genius Loci: Toward A Phenomenology of Architecture. New York, NY: Rizzoli.}

主編寄語

從黏菌到Meta（俞孔堅）

認知科學推動的建成環(huán)境：從審美判斷到智慧管控（陳箏）

論文

修復利用游客受雇拍攝法和云圖標注應用程序接口探究均質化景觀的識別與分類——以日本東京橋區(qū)河流景觀為例（施佳穎，本條毅，矢澤優(yōu)里子，古谷勝則）

不同視覺感知自然度水景照片對個體認知的影響（王曉博，金穎，宋旸）

基于機器視覺識別的戶外環(huán)境情緒感受測度研究（付而康，周佳玟，姚智，李西）

深圳市城市居住單元綠化水平與空間差異研究（古維迎，湯子雄，陳義勇，戴牧野）

觀點與評論

以生態(tài)健康的文化可持續(xù)性為目標進行審美體驗設計（李佳陽，瓊?艾弗森?納索爾）

復雜景觀的認知與設計：Mapping的作用、邏輯與機制研究（劉京一，張夢晗，李欣怡，陳崇賢）

美杜莎的倒影——《想象之城》書評（陳崢能）

主題實踐

基于場所體驗的空間營造——深圳市國際山公園街區(qū)公共開放空間設計（江湘蓉，秦曉晴，卡特里娜?奧爾蒂茲）

探索與過程

培育數(shù)字化集成城市系統(tǒng)：以加拿大卡雷拉瓦爾公園為例（馬丁娜?馬扎雷洛，法比奧?杜阿爾特，西蒙娜?莫拉，里卡多?阿爾瓦雷斯，卡洛?拉蒂）

撤稿

【中文刊名】《景觀設計學》——認知科學與景觀設計

【英文刊名】Cognitive Sciences and Landscape Design

【作者】陳箏（CHEN Zheng），施佳穎（SHI Jiaying），王曉博（WANG Xiaobo）等

【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司

【頁碼】152頁彩色印刷

【刊號】ISSN 2096-336X

【出版日期】2021年10月

【定價】68.00元

利用游客受雇拍攝法和云圖標注應用程序接口探究均質化景觀的識別與分類

——以日本東京橋區(qū)河流景觀為例

Recognition and Classification of Homogeneous Landscape With Visitor–Employed Photography and Cloud Image Annotation API—An Example of the Riverscape in Nihonbashi, Tokyo, Japan

作者：施佳穎，本條毅，矢澤優(yōu)里子，古谷勝則  SHI Jiaying, Tsuyoshi HONJO, Yuriko YAZAWA, Katsunori FURUYA

摘要

對景觀照片進行有效的分類是數(shù)據(jù)處理和環(huán)境分析中至關重要的一步。隨著地理信息的收集逐漸采用眾包模式，越來越多的研究開始利用帶有地理標記的照片，將人們對場所的感知與互動可視化，并探究場所的美學、文化和游憩價值。近年來，圖像識別機器學習算法的應用極大提高了關鍵詞匹配的效率，并實現(xiàn)了大批量照片的自動分類。然而，這類方法在景觀分類實踐中—尤其是針對具有相似特點的均質化景觀—應用仍顯不足。本研究利用谷歌云視覺API和多層次聚類法，研發(fā)了一種半自動化的分類器來識別均質化景觀照片，并將其應用于日本東京橋區(qū)城市河流均質化景觀照片的分類中。分類器將所有河流景觀劃分為9個特征組，這些特征組的視覺印象與人們的直觀感知一致。研究中所應用的混淆矩陣顯示，分類器分類結果總體上的準確性達82.61%，表明機器分類與人工分類的結果十分相近。因此，該分類器對均質化河流景觀照片的分類切實有效。這種方法可大力推動評估過程中的公眾參與及城市旅游管理。

關鍵詞

均質化景觀；景觀特征；圖像標注；照片分類；城市河流景觀；機器學習；聚類

^Abstract

^{Effective classification of landscape photographs is a vital step in data processing and environment analysis. With the popularity of crowdsourcing geo-information, an increasing number of studies have used geotagged photographs to visualize how people perceive and interact with destinations and explore the aesthetic, cultural, and recreational value of the areas. In recent years, machine-learning algorithms for image recognition have dramatically improved the efficiency of the assignment of keywords and provide possibilities for the automatic classification of numerous photographs. However, the applicability of such methods for the practical landscape classification is still not clear, especially for the photographs presenting a homogeneous landscape that has similar characteristics. This study developed a semi-automatic classifier for homogeneous landscape photographs by using Google Cloud Vision API and multi-level hierarchical clustering. The classifier was applied to the classification of urban riverscape photographs, which is a typical example of homogeneous landscapes in Nihonbashi, Tokyo, Japan. The riverscapes can be classified into 9 characteristic groups by the classifier and the visual impression of these groups matches well with our intuitive feeling. A confusion matrix showed that the overall accuracy was 82.61%, indicating a strong agreement between the classifier and manual classification. Therefore, the classifier is practical for classifying homogeneous riverscape photographs. Such methodology also provides the possibility of public participation in the assessing process, which, in turn, contributes to urban tourism management.}

^Keywords

^{Homogeneous Landscape; Landscape Characteristics; Image Annotation; Photograph Classification; Urban Riverscape; Machine Learning; Clusters}

不同視覺感知自然度水景照片對個體認知的影響

Effects of Pictures With Waterscapes of Varied Visual Perception of Naturalness on Individual Cognition

作者：王曉博，金穎，宋旸  WANG Xiaobo, JIN Ying, SONG Yang

摘要

自然環(huán)境有助于提升個體認知，而自然度是環(huán)境的一項重要特性。本研究從視覺感知自然度的視角，探究不同視覺感知自然度的水景對個體認知的影響，并嘗試通過實驗驗證如下假設：1）不同自然度水景的主觀恢復力存在差異；2）不同自然度水景對于工作記憶的影響有所不同。通過將被試隨機分配到高自然度水景、中自然度水景、低自然度水景三個實驗組及對照組，本研究采用知覺恢復力量表和恢復結果量表反映環(huán)境主觀恢復力；運用活動記憶正確率、轉換代價、Stroop任務指標反映被試個體工作記憶水平。依據(jù)研究過程中所得的不同自然度水平水景的特點和實驗結果顯示出的不同自然度水景所產生的認知效益特點，本文對指導景觀設計實踐的資源利用、資金投入等方面，以及人們以不同目的游覽水景提供以下建議：1）在資金、生態(tài)等條件允許的情況下，應考慮建設水景，發(fā)揮其認知效益；2）以高主觀恢復力、增強中央執(zhí)行系統(tǒng)抑制功能為目的時，可優(yōu)先選擇高自然度水景；3）以較高主觀恢復力、增強中央執(zhí)行系統(tǒng)刷新功能為目的時，可優(yōu)先選擇中自然度水景；4）以注重提高注意力恢復水平，提高中央執(zhí)行系統(tǒng)轉換功能為目的時，可優(yōu)先選擇低自然度水平水景。

關鍵詞

視覺感知；自然度；水景；認知；主觀恢復力；注意力；工作記憶

^Abstract

^{Natural environments can provide individual cognitive benefits, and naturalness is often regarded as a valued property of environment. This research focuses on the visual perception of naturalness and investigates the impact of waterscapes of varied naturalness levels on people’s cognition, by proposing and verifying two hypotheses: 1) subjective restoration varies across waterscapes of varied naturalness levels; and 2) waterscapes of varied naturalness levels affect people’s working memory accordingly. Through a between-subjects experiment, participants in this research were randomized into three experiment groups (waterscapes of high, medium, and low naturalness level) and the control group, and the Perceived Restorative Scale and the Restoration Outcome Scale are introduced to measure the subjective restoration of the environment. The running memory accuracy, shifting cost, and Stroop task indicators are used to measure an individual’s working memory. According to the characteristics of waterscapes of varied naturalness levels summarized upon the research and the findings on the corresponding cognitive benefits, suggestions are concluded for optimizing resource allocation and investments in landscape design practice, as well as guiding visitors’ usage of waterscapes: 1) waterscapes are recommended in spatial creation for their productive cognitive benefits, if financial and ecological conditions permit; 2) in terms of cognitive benefits, waterscapes of high naturalness level are conducive to high subjective restoration and enhanced inhibition function of central executive system; 3) waterscapes of medium naturalness level can lead to a relatively high subjective restoration and improved updating function of central executive system; and 4) waterscapes of low naturalness level can bring about a better attention restoration and better performance on shifting function of central executive system.}

^Keywords

^{Visual Perception; Naturalness; Waterscape; Cognition; Subjective Restoration; Attention; Working Memory}

基于機器視覺識別的戶外環(huán)境情緒感受測度研究

Affective Experience Measurement in Outdoor Environment via Machine Visual Cognition

作者：付而康，周佳玟，姚智，李西  FU Erkang, ZHOU Jiawen, YAO Zhi, LI Xi

摘要

良好的戶外環(huán)境有利于改善人群身心健康，環(huán)境中個體情緒感受的實時測度能客觀反映人群對戶外環(huán)境品質的滿意程度，但目前應用于戶外環(huán)境中的情緒感受測度方法還較少，且無法在場地面積大、樣本量較多的情境下實現(xiàn)大范圍的高效測度。人工智能領域的機器視覺識別可通過視頻數(shù)據(jù)實現(xiàn)對動態(tài)面部表情特征的準確識別，使得開展高精度、長周期的戶外環(huán)境情緒感受測度成為可能。本文以城市社區(qū)廣場環(huán)境為實證實驗場地，基于卷積神經網絡算法模型，同步收集人群在戶外環(huán)境體驗時的面部視頻數(shù)據(jù)和皮電數(shù)據(jù)，訓練生成和檢驗測試可判別戶外環(huán)境中個體面部情緒的深度學習算法模型——編解碼器－SVM優(yōu)化模型，并在街頭綠地環(huán)境中展開拓展實驗檢驗模型可靠性。研究結果表明：1）實證實驗和拓展實驗中的人群情緒感受測度準確度分別達到82.01%、65.08%；2）拓展實驗證實該算法模型具備推廣應用潛力；3）模型對于人群行為豐富、視野開闊的空間更具適用性。因此，基于機器視覺識別的戶外環(huán)境情緒感受測度將有助于在場地面積較大、樣本量較多的情境下揭示人群在環(huán)境體驗中的心理狀態(tài)，提升景觀品質優(yōu)化策略的有效性，同時也將為存在溝通或閱讀障礙的特殊人群的情緒感受識別提供技術支撐，有望推動智慧城市建設的精細化轉型。

關鍵詞

機器視覺識別；戶外環(huán)境體驗；情緒感受測度；卷積神經網絡算法模型；健康促進；設計研究

^Abstract

^{Outdoor environments with quality landscapes can benefit people’s physical and mental health. Real-time assessment on individuals’ environmental affective experience can improve the scientism in measuring the quality of outdoor environments. Existing measurement methods are often insufficient for the cases of a larger site area or sample size. The machine visual cognition of Artificial Intelligence can realize the recognition of facial expressions and the changes in video images, which supports high-precision and long-cycle measurements on individuals’ affective experience in outdoor environments. Taking an urban community square as the study site, this research simultaneously collects participants’ facial data from video images and their electrodermal activity data, wherein Convolutional Neural Network algorithm model is trained with a deep learning algorithm, i.e. codec–SVM optimized model, whose reliability is tested through an additional experiment. The research reveals that: 1) The accuracy rate of the main and additional experiments in measuring individuals’ affective experience is 82.01% and 65.08%, respectively; 2) The additional experiment verifies the application potential of the codec–SVM optimized model; And 3) the model works more effective for outdoor scenarios with varying usage behaviors and open views. Therefore, machine visual cognition can be used for emotion measurement in a larger site area or sample size and contributes to the effectiveness of landscape optimization efforts, especially as an instrumental tool to study the affective experience of the ones who have communication or reading disability. The findings also demonstrate the model’s great potential in building Smart Cities with refined public services.}

^Keywords

^{Machine Visual Cognition; Outdoor Environments Experience; Affective Experience Measurement; Convolutional Neural Network Algorithm Model; Health Promotion; Design Research}

深圳市城市居住單元綠化水平與空間差異研究

Research on the Greening Rate and Spatial Differences of Urban Residential Neighborhoods in Shenzhen

作者：古維迎，湯子雄，陳義勇，戴牧野  GU Weiying, TANG Zixiong, CHEN Yiyong, DAI Muye

摘要

居住區(qū)綠地是城市居民使用最多的城市綠地類型之一。鑒于既有綠化指標無法準確衡量城市居住區(qū)綠化水平的空間差異，本文提出居住單元綠化覆蓋率、綠視率、500m范圍內的公園綠地率三項居住單元綠化指標，旨在探討城市綠地服務的公平性問題。研究以2017年的深圳市建成區(qū)居住單元為例，利用土地覆被圖、街景圖片等建立了包含14 196個居住單元的綠化數(shù)據(jù)庫，并測算了每個居住單元的三項綠化指標值，衡量了居住單元綠化水平及其空間差異的影響因素。研究表明：1）三項指標均可獨立反映居住單元內部或周邊綠化水平；2）居住單元的綠化覆蓋率、500m范圍內的公園綠地率均較低，綠視率較高；3）不同居住單元內部、500m范圍內的公園綠地，以及不同房屋產權類型的居住單元的綠化水平存在較大空間差異，綠地服務的公平性不足；4）居住單元綠化水平受開發(fā)強度、房屋產權類型、海拔和區(qū)位等地理空間因素影響。研究建議城市綠地布局應考慮與居住單元的空間關系，關注弱勢群體的綠地服務質量，并重視居住區(qū)綠化指標的多維化，尤其可將500m范圍內的公園綠地率作為現(xiàn)有居住區(qū)綠化指標體系的補充指標。

關鍵詞

居住單元；居住單元綠化覆蓋率；綠視率；500m范圍內的公園綠地率；綠化水平；空間差異；深圳

^Abstract

^{Residential green spaces are one of the most frequently used urban green space types. Aiming at filling a gap in the existing greening indicators with considerations on the spatial differences of residential green spaces, as well as to inform the improvement of urban green space service, three greening indicators, i.e. residential unit’s green coverage rate, green view index, and park ratio within a 500 m service radius, are proposed in this paper. This study selects 14,196 residential units in built area of Shenzhen City in 2017 to measure the greening rate and the geographic spatial factors of the units upon multi-sourced geographic databases such as land cover maps and street view images. The research reveals that: 1) the three indicators can all independently measure the greening rate within or around residential units; 2) the studied residential units are low in residential unit’s green coverage rate and park ratio within a 500 m service radius, but high in green view index; 3) there are significant disparities of the greening rate and the surrounding parks in 500 m service radius among the studied units, and among different housing property rights, showing a disequilibrium in green space service; and 4) the greening rate of residential units is mainly impacted by factors such as development intensity, types of housing property right, altitude, and location. In conclusion, it is suggested that urban green space layout should prioritize improving the spatial distribution and layout of residential green spaces, especially for the socially vulnerable population. Finally, the study points out that the park ratio within a 500 m service radius can be adopted as a supplement to existing greening indicators for residential areas.}

^Keywords

^{Residential Neighborhoods; Residential Unit’s Green Coverage Rate; Green View Index; Park Ratio Within a 500 m Service Radius; Greening Rate; Spatial Difference; Shenzhen}

以生態(tài)健康的文化可持續(xù)性為目標進行審美體驗設計

Designing Aesthetic Experiences for the Cultural Sustainability of Ecological Health

作者：李佳陽，瓊?艾弗森?納索爾  LI Jiayang, Joan Iverson NASSAUER

摘要

保障人類福祉和促進生態(tài)健康是當代景觀設計實踐和氣候變化適應的兩個核心目標。認知科學認為，情緒和情感會極大影響決策過程。本文則討論了審美體驗如何對能夠提升或削弱生態(tài)健康的決策產生影響。雖然眾多實踐已經證實令人愉悅的景觀體驗有益健康，但是這些體驗不一定會促進生態(tài)健康。如何推動審美體驗與生態(tài)健康二者相輔相成仍處于探索階段?；凇拔幕沙掷m(xù)性”概念，本文闡釋了如何在設計策略中利用審美體驗，鼓勵公眾接納高性能的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，避免其因吸引力較弱或不被人熟悉而遭到破壞或抵制。本文從小尺度、可以被人迅速識別的景觀特征出發(fā)，以“關懷線索”（cues to care）為例，剖析了如何通過改變人們的感知和情感反應來促進生態(tài)健康，并結合三個中國和美國的項目進行了討論。本文期望引導讀者思考：當城市面臨氣候變化帶來的全新挑戰(zhàn)時，審美體驗在保護、恢復和營造生態(tài)良好景觀的努力中能夠發(fā)揮何種作用？如何通過設計人們可以迅速識別的景觀特征來影響審美體驗？

關鍵詞

美學；景觀感知；城市生態(tài)系統(tǒng)；基于自然的解決方案；綠色基礎設施；生態(tài)設計

^Abstract

^{Ensuring human wellbeing and promoting ecological health are two central objectives in contemporary landscape architecture practice and adaption to climate change. Cognitive sciences recognize that affect and emotion play a critical role in human decision-making. This article describes how aesthetic experiences could affect decisions that support or undermine ecological health. While the wellbeing benefits of pleasant landscape experiences have been demonstrated empirically, aesthetic experiences may or may not promote ecological health. The question of how to better align the two remains under debate and investigation. Building on the concept of cultural sustainability, this article elucidates how aesthetic experiences can be used in design tactics to encourage societal acceptance for highly functioning ecosystems that otherwise may be destroyed or resisted for their unappealing or unfamiliar appearance. With examples from China and the United States, this article illuminates how fine-scale, immediately noticeable landscape characteristics, such as “cues to care,” can change perceptual and affective responses to promote ecological health. This article invites readers to reflect on what role aesthetic experiences may play in conserving, restoring, and creating ecologically sound landscapes as we face new challenges in the urban era of climate change, and how design can help construct aesthetic experiences with immediately noticeable landscape characteristics.}

^Keywords

^{Aesthetics; Landscape Perception; Urban Ecosystems; Nature-Based Solutions; Green Infrastructure; Ecological Design}

復雜景觀的認知與設計：Mapping的作用、邏輯與機制研究

Cognition and Design of Complex Landscapes: The Function, Logic, and Mechanism of Mapping

作者：劉京一，張夢晗，李欣怡，陳崇賢  LIU Jingyi, ZHANG Menghan, LI Xinyi, CHEN Chongxian

摘要

Mapping為當代復雜景觀研究與實踐提供了新機遇，然而其自由多樣的形式與復雜晦澀的內容也在一定程度上造成了困惑與質疑。深入探究Mapping的作用、邏輯及其啟發(fā)設計的機制將有助于厘清其價值，促進其理解與應用。通過文獻綜述與案例歸納、實踐與教學研究，本文試圖具體回答三個問題：Mapping如何在表達與探索之間取舍、以何種邏輯結構組織信息、以何種機制啟發(fā)設計？本文主要結論包括：1）Mapping雖具有面向觀者表達的功能，但主要作用是服務制圖者自身的探索活動，即設計者在構建既有信息復雜關系的過程中，形成新的認識、創(chuàng)造新的可能。2）雖然Mapping的形式、媒介與方法等千差萬別，但它們組織信息的邏輯可大致歸納為五類，從簡單到復雜依次為序列、矩陣、并行、網絡與解構，它們在不同程度上反映了復雜景觀自身的邏輯。3）Mapping通過一定邏輯框架下的信息與想法的匯集和連接，自下而上生成對場地的認知與設計，為根植于場地自身結構與演化過程的設計提供了可視化的操作載體。Mapping在實踐與教學中的推廣有助于增進設計師對復雜景觀結構與過程的認知，跳出標準流程和強加文化符號的窠臼。

關鍵詞

復雜景觀；Mapping；認知邏輯；設計方法；非線性；景觀設計

^Abstract

^{Being rich in form and obscure in content, mapping brings not only new opportunities, but also confusion and doubts to the research and practice of contemporary complex landscapes. Therefore, deep exploration of mapping’s function, logic, and mechanism in inspiring design is needed to help recognize the value of Mapping and promote its understanding and application. Through literature review, case studies, and the authors’ practice and teaching, this article attempts to answer three questions: Which function does Mapping emphasize, representation or exploration? What is the logic of mapping in arranging information? And what is the mechanism of mapping in inspiring design? The main conclusions of this article include: 1) Rather than viewer-oriented representation, mapping more often serves the cartographers themselves in their exploration activities, in which they develop new understandings and create new possibilities while constructing the complex relationship of existing information; 2) Despite the various forms, media, and methods, mapping’s logical structures in organizing information would converge into five types: sequence, matrix, parallel, network, and deconstruction reflecting to various degrees the logic of complex landscapes themselves; And 3) through collecting and connecting information and ideas with certain logical frameworks, mapping helps with bottom-up generation of cognition and design of the site, which provides a visual operation carrier that reflects the site’s structures and evolutionary processes. Applying mapping in teaching and practice can promote designers’ cognition on structures and processes of complex landscapes and get rid of the dogma of following standardized workflows or imposed cultural symbols.}

^Keywords

^{Complex Landscape; Mapping; Cognitive Logic; Design Method; Non-linearity; Landscape Design}

美杜莎的倒影——《想象之城》書評

The Reflection of Medusa: A Review of The City of Imagination

作者：陳崢能  Albert Zhengneng CHEN

摘要

瓦萊里奧?莫拉比托最近出版的《想象之城》一書質疑了景觀解讀的圖像性概念，并探索了通過講故事來閱讀和呈現(xiàn)景觀的可能性，這種景觀強調景觀設計學的文學性和交流性傾向。本文包括4個部分，分別從歷史、認識論、方法，以及相關文學淵源（尤其是書中受到伊塔洛?卡爾維諾啟發(fā)的部分）等方面對《想象之城》進行評述。作者認為，《想象之城》描繪了在圖像與語言傳統(tǒng)之間進行景觀表現(xiàn)的歷史范例；體現(xiàn)了旅行見聞的真實性，以及莫拉比托處理旅行記憶的方法；講述了莫拉比托如何將故事敘述中認知的不完美性應用到他的經驗主義方法中，以平衡對景觀的實證主義解讀；凸顯了莫拉比托視覺語言中形式自治與詩歌傳統(tǒng)之間的張力。本文探討并進一步開啟了可感知存在與虛構景觀之間的本質對話，對人類棲居深層意義的解讀與消費，以及實證主義與人文主義立場在這一學科中的認知矛盾與調和。

關鍵詞

伊塔洛?旅行見聞；景觀表達；閱讀；會說話的繪畫；故事講述；伊塔洛?卡爾維諾

^Abstract

^{The lately published The City of Imagination by Valerio Morabito challenges the pictorial idea of landscape interpretation and explores the possibilities of storytelling to read and represent the landscape that focuses on the literary and communicative aptitudes of Landscape Architecture. The article reviews the book from the perspective of history, epistemology, method, and reception regarding its literary root, which is notably inspired by Italo Calvino. The review consists of four sections: First, word and image: the historical exemplars of landscape representation between pictorial and verbal tradition. Second, memory and foresight: the authenticity of travelogue and Morabito’s method of working with his travel memories. Third, truth and myth: how Morabito applies the cognitive imperfection in storytelling to his empirical approach that counterbalances the positivist reading of the landscape. And fourth, form and language: the tension between the formal autonomy and the bardic tradition in the visual language of Morabito. The article approaches and further opens the essential dialogues between the palpable existence and fictive landscape, the interpretation and consumption of the thick meanings in human inhabitation, and the cognitive antinomy and reconciliation of positivist and humanistic stances in the discipline.}

^Keywords

^{Travelogue; Landscape Representation; Reading; Verbal Drawings; Storytelling; Italo Calvino}

基于場所體驗的空間營造——深圳市國際山公園街區(qū)公共開放空間設計

Placemaking Based on Site Experience—Landscape Design of Parkhill Commons in Shenzhen

作者：江湘蓉，秦曉晴，卡特里娜?奧爾蒂茲  JIANG Xiangrong, QIN Xiaoqing, Katrina ORTIZ

摘要

社區(qū)公園和街道等公共開放空間是居民日常進行社交和休閑活動的重要場所，其空間環(huán)境設計直接影響居民的場所體驗。盡管已有較多學者從注意力恢復、壓力舒緩等視角探究公共開放空間場所體驗對使用者行為和身心的影響，但在設計實踐中，這些理論成果較少被應用于相關設計實踐中。本文以深圳市國際山公園街區(qū)公共開放空間設計項目為例展開探討。項目團隊梳理了相關研究成果，總結出具有健康促進作用的療愈環(huán)境及社會資本友好型社區(qū)的相關空間特征；進而以此為設計目標，從空間分區(qū)、種植設計、服務設施、慢行街區(qū)方面制定了相應的設計策略，期望通過提升場所體驗吸引和服務社區(qū)居民，創(chuàng)造富有活力、令人身心愉悅的公共開放空間，使社會效益最大化，進而形成具有凝聚力的慢行街區(qū)。項目建成后，項目團隊通過實地回訪了解了場地的實際使用情況和公眾評價，評估了設計策略的成效。問卷調查和實地觀察結果顯示，項目的整體設計效果符合預期目標。本項目結論為社區(qū)級公共開放空間的設計實踐提供了設計參考和依據(jù)，以期促進相關理論研究與設計實踐的有效橋接。

關鍵詞

社區(qū)公園；場所體驗；公共開放空間；空間感知；注意力恢復；戶外活動；慢行街區(qū)

^Abstract

^{Placemaking of public open spaces, such as community parks and streetscapes that are foundational to residents’ daily social and recreational life, can significantly influence their site experience. Scholars have explored the influence of such kind of experience on users’ behavioral, physical, and mental conditions from multiple perspectives including attention restoration and stress reduction. However, the findings are seldom applied in practice to convey certain design concepts. This article introduces the landscape design project of Parkhill Commons in Shenzhen. The project team reviewed relevant research findings, and characterized the health-promoting restorative environment and social-capital-friendly communities. Accordingly, strategies for activity zones, planting design, service facilities, and slow-traffic neighborhoods were proposed to enhance site experience and serve nearby residents by creating vital and pleasant community-level public open spaces, and to maximize the social benefits and reinforce community cohesion. After completion, the project team has investigated the site usage and the public’s evaluation, in order to stimulate reflections on design strategies. Results from the questionnaire survey and field observation show the effect of placemaking strategies on users’ site experience. This article provides references for placemaking practice of community-level public open spaces and is expected to help bridge the gap between theoretical research and design practice.}

^Keywords

^{Community Parks; Site Experience; Public Open Spaces; Spatial Perception; Attention Restoration; Outdoor Activities; Slow-Traffic Neighborhoods}

培育數(shù)字化集成城市系統(tǒng)：以加拿大卡雷拉瓦爾公園為例

Fostering Urban Digital Integrated Systems: The Case of Carrè Laval, Canada

作者：馬丁娜?馬扎雷洛，法比奧?杜阿爾特，西蒙娜?莫拉，里卡多?阿爾瓦雷斯，卡洛?拉蒂  Martina MAZZARELLO, Fabio DUARTE, Simone MORA, Ricardo ALVAREZ, Carlo RATTI

摘要

許多城市的政府部門應用數(shù)字技術來提高城市軟硬件設施系統(tǒng)，以培育創(chuàng)業(yè)型社會，開創(chuàng)新型服務，提高市民生活質量，優(yōu)化城市體驗，提振地方經濟。建設有傳統(tǒng)基礎設施的城市系統(tǒng)往往天然具有壟斷性，而基于數(shù)據(jù)的數(shù)字平臺可以促進多元利益相關方的參與。本文提出了混合型數(shù)字化集成城市系統(tǒng)的概念以及設計方法論，旨在將數(shù)字技術和實體設施融入到城市環(huán)境中。而后介紹了由麻省理工學院可感知城市實驗室學生設計、筆者指導的設計項目，以加拿大拉瓦爾市卡雷拉瓦爾公園建設與改造項目為例，整合了數(shù)字技術并提出設計方案—6名學生在課程中每人提出一項設計方案，分別為“屏幕激活”“無限記憶”“論壇”“智能桌”“我的AR世界”和“飲食足跡”，這些設計能夠促進公園改造項目建設進程中的公眾參與。以人為本、因地制宜地進行方案設計可以促進數(shù)字技術與城市系統(tǒng)更好地融合，并增加城市對本地新興利益相關方的吸引力，為他們營造新的城市體驗。

關鍵詞

城市環(huán)境；城市體驗；公眾參與；以人為本設計；數(shù)字化平臺；教育；卡雷拉瓦爾公園

^Abstract

^{City governments are embracing digital technologies to improve hard and soft urban systems, so as to create and improve urban experiences, foster an entrepreneurial city, as well as devise novel services that can improve the livability of citizens and boost the local economy. Unlike traditional infrastructure and urban systems, which tend to be natural monopolies, data-driven digital platforms can engage multiple stakeholders simultaneously. This article, introducing the notion of hybrid urban digital integrated systems, proposes a methodology aims at the integration of digital and physical elements in urban environments. We based our discussion on the work developed by students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Senseable City Lab, which focused on the integration of the digital-technology-based solutions in Carré Laval of the city of Laval, Canada. As the result of the workshop, six projects have been developed by students, namely, “Activating Surface,” “Infinite memories,” “Fora,” “iTable,” “MinecARft,” and “Foodprint.”These designs aim at promoting civic engagement as intrinsic elements of the re-appropriation and redesign of this severely underutilized site. The human-centered designs rooted in specific context will help digital technologies embedded in the city and increase the attractiveness of the city to local and new stakeholders.}

^Keywords

^{Urban Environment; Urban Experiences; Civic Engagement; Human-Centered Design; Digital Platforms; Education; Carré Laval}