《景觀設計學》2021年4期

構建和修復一個健康的水生態系統——《景觀設計學》2021年第4期“主編寄語”

Building and Restoring a Healthy Aquatic Ecosystem, by Yu Kongjian

剛剛過去的7月，除了持續變異升級的新冠肺炎（COVID-19）疫情威脅著世界各地的人民以外，洪澇肆虐的報道亦成為各國媒體的頭版頭條。從7月12日到7月底，在德國、比利時、荷蘭等歐洲最富裕的地區發生的發洪澇災害已吞噬228條生命，其中有184人喪生于素有“工程師故鄉”之譽的德國，而這也是德國自1962年北海洪水以來最慘烈的一次自然災害^[1]；7月20日，中國鄭州的特大暴雨事件中，截至8月2日12時已致292人遇難^[2]。這些洪澇災害幾乎都發生在經濟發達的國家和地區——這或許就是我們常常將自然災害與人類文明相提并論的原因。在遭受災害的城市中，包括地鐵、公交在內的交通系統，手機、寬帶等通訊系統，以及水電系統等人類文明的象征一度癱瘓，城市脆弱性暴露無遺。此外，在許多城市公園完好無損、許多內部河道也并未出現過大洪水的同時，一些與人民生命安全密切相關的服務設施卻面臨著巨大風險，如鄭州阜外醫院恰恰處在城區最低洼地帶^[3]。

反思之聲在業界和外界哄然而起。筆者以為最應反思的是現代城市缺乏應對不確定的自然“災害”的韌性，這反映了整體水生態系統的病態。對于韌性較高的城市而言，這些“事件”并不足以構成洪澇災害。殊不知，正是人類引以為豪的鋼筋水泥所構筑的、堅不可摧的灰色基礎設施（如堤壩和大型水庫等復雜的工程設施），將自然過程轉變為了“災害”。其實，與水相關的災害何止洪澇，工業化、城鎮化，以及全球氣候變化正使世界范圍內（尤其是在中國）的人水關系矛盾日益尖銳，水和以水為主導因子的生態系統的安全和健康問題已經威脅到人類及我們賴以生存的環境的可持續性！

地球上的任何生態系統都離不開水，因此，我們很難脫離地球科學和地理學來探討水的健康。但水又不得不受到特別關注，人們一開始就試圖探討水的分布、運動和管理，從而發展出了水文學；后來，人們發現水與生物具有密切關系，并構成了相互作用的系統，即水生態系統，因而發展出了生態水文學；接著，發現水和人類也是相互作用的系統，于是又發展出了社會水文學；再后來，干脆將研究與水相關的科學全部統一稱為水科學。然而，上述這些關于水的學科似乎仍無法涵蓋筆者關心的問題，即探討系統性的水／完全的水^[4]；既是地理學和水文學意義上的水，也是孕育生命的水。她是多尺度的空間存在，從生境和場地，到城市和區域，再到國土和全球；同時，水與大地、城市、鄉村、動植物和人類及其活動相互作用，構成了水生態系統。她既表現為水與其他景觀元素或水生態系統與其他生態系統之間的空間格局與過程的關系，也表現為水生態系統的內部結構和功能的關系，其中包括物質流、物種流、能流和信息流。在任何尺度上，人的因素都是不可或缺的，甚至是占主導地位的。

因此，我們需要從生態系統服務的視角來理解、保護和修復水生態系統／水系統，并評價其健康狀態，具體包括：支持服務，即提供棲息地，支持生物傳播、繁衍和遷徙等生命承載能力；供給服務，即提供水及水產；調節服務，即應對洪澇和干旱等環境變化的生態韌性；以及文化服務，即提供審美啟智、文化認同、歸屬感和休憩等服務。一個病態的水生態系統，不但不能給予人類良好的生態系統服務，反而會危害人類的健康甚或生存。

而要維護健康的水生態系統，最根本的措施是給水以自由。只要考察一下歷史上最嚴重的洪水災害，就會發現最威脅生命財產安全的往往都是決堤。典型例子包括：1962年德國的北海洪水事件即是洪水沖垮堤壩所致；1975年8月8日的河南駐馬店特大暴雨，堪稱世界最慘洪災，死亡人數以萬計，也是由板橋水庫、石漫灘水庫等一系列水庫連環決堤造成的^[5]；中國歷史上有記載的、造成巨大生命財產損失的黃河洪災，也都是決堤帶來的；即使是1960年建成的意大利的瓦依昂大壩，算得上是當時世界上最堅固、最高的大壩，也在1963年10月9日的深夜，遭遇了嚴重的岸坡下滑，幾乎掀翻了整個水庫，近兩千人在睡夢中喪命。所謂的“壓迫越深重，反抗也將越猛烈”，不僅適用于人類社會的關系，也適用于人與水的關系。要與水謀安全、謀和諧，首要之策便是適應和規避水的不可抗力—道理很簡單，水需要足夠的空間。雖然人類文明在一定程度上意味著從必然王國走向自由王國，即人類通過對自然的控制而獲得自身的自由；相反，若人類剝奪了自然的自由，也必將遭受自然的反抗。這并非在否定人類文明的成果，而是強調在應對不確定的自然過程時，任何對抗自然力的灰色人工技術和設施，無論它們多么堅固和復雜，最終都會因其韌性的局限而加劇自然的破壞性。

那么，水到底需要多大的自由空間？以中國為例，在宏觀的國土尺度上，早在2006年，北京大學研究團隊便探討了國土尺度水源涵養安全格局，并發現只要保護和恢復占國土面積43.6%的山脈體系，國土尺度上的水源涵養便會達到良好狀態，對于一個山地和丘陵占了近70%的國家來說，這似乎是可以實現的。而通過洪水調蓄安全格局的分析發現，在季風氣候的條件下，每年的洪水淹沒區域大約在國土面積的0.8%~2.2%之間。^[6]因此，一個聽起來浪漫的假設是：將這些洪澇頻發的土地歸還于水，困擾中國幾千年的人水矛盾便會得到徹底解決。

然而，這些適合作為生態蓄洪區的國土，也正是河漫灘上最為肥沃的土地，它們占全國耕地面積的6%~15%左右^[7]。歸還河漫灘在幾十年前都是不可接受的，因為在當時，保護一畝三分地，就是保護一家人的生存機會。但在今天，這不再是個奢侈的假設。僅從經濟角度來講，如今的中國，農業產值僅占全國GDP的8%，事實上，大量土地撂荒已成為廣大農村的普遍現象。間隙性淹沒可以滋潤河漫灘與洪泛區因被用作農田而日漸貧瘠的土地，并修復其所在的水生態系統。與動輒以億元計的灰色防洪工程投資相比，哪一個更具經濟性已不辯自明。更重要的是，通過釋放水域空間，數千年來被破壞的國土水生態系統將會逐漸修復。有人會問：淹沒區的數千萬人口如何安置？宏觀層面的城鎮化發展機遇、中觀層面的生態優先的新城鎮選址和規劃、微觀層面的高臺避洪策略，以及與水共生的生態智慧和健全的洪澇災害防控體系的建立，都將為此戰略的可行性做出貢獻。然而，當前泛濫全球的、粗暴的大型水工設施，包括攔河大壩、防洪高堤、大型水庫、長距離跨流域調水、侵占水域，以及低洼地的造城行為等，正在為保障國土和區域的水生態系統健康帶來巨大壓力。

在中觀的城鎮和鄉村尺度上，一個健康的水生態系統體現在如何使水在建成區內擁有足夠的自由空間，以及如何尋找合適的地方就地滯蓄，自然積存、自然凈化、自然滲透并補充地下水，以保持地下水平衡，并保證濕地與溪流擁有足夠的水來滋養與其共生的生物群落。鑒于缺水乃是中國、也是世界范圍的人水矛盾的關鍵，建設并維護像海綿一樣具備韌性、能適應極端暴雨事件的水生態基礎設施，是人工干預下的城鄉水生態系統達到健康狀態的標志——而這也正是海綿城市的出發點。關于這方面的智慧，世界上的許多古老文明都為我們留下了豐厚的遺產，包括在高山上建造梯田以涵養水源，在平原上挖掘坑塘以調節旱澇，在河漫灘和三角洲營造桑基魚塘以利棲居和生產，在沼澤水域上堆土成垛、營建水上田園，在城市和鄉村聚落中修建水塘溝瀆，以適旱澇之變。從黃泛平原兩千多年的水城關系來看，城市中足夠的“海綿體”（如水塘濕地）是保障城市韌性的水生態基礎設施^[8][9]。當前，為了治理城市洪澇災害而利用灰色管道構建的集中式排水系統和鋼筋水泥式的深隧工程等設施會導致城市水生態系統問題的進一步惡化——這些都將在未來被證明是無效的，甚至是飲鴆止渴的。對這樣的灰色基礎設施的過度依賴，無疑會導致人民的生命財產安全隨全球氣候的變化和不確定性的增加而面臨巨大風險。

在微觀的水體、濕地等水生生境尺度上，一個健康的水生態系統體現在生物與水之間的良好生態關系上。生物離不開水，同樣沒有生物的水也是死水！植物的吸收和蒸騰作用讓水分得到循環；植物的生長和死亡能凈化和豐富水體中的養分；以水為媒，物種得以繁衍和遷徙擴散。濕地之群落、水岸之形態，溪流之水堨、深潭淺灘之變化等，都是一個健康的水生態系統中舉足輕重的元素。

基于上述認識，維護安全與健康的自然和人類水生態系統，離不開三大關鍵策略：1）保障水源涵養和洪水調蓄安全格局，給水自由的空間，通過水安全格局的規劃，劃定人－水交集邊界，奠定人水和諧共生的空間格局；2）提高水生態系統韌性，即構建海綿國土——包括海綿城市、海綿田園等——來實現城水相融，而核心就是源頭就地滯蓄、過程減速消能、末端彈性適應；3）修復水生環境與生境，去工業化、變灰為綠、削減人工合成化學物質的危害；重建水與田園、人與其他生物的和諧共生關系，使水生態系統藍綠交織、清新明亮。

這三大策略都是基于自然的途徑，但這并不是提倡回到傳統農業時代或漁獵時代，而是希望在批判吸收以往文明成果的基礎上，創造新的、生態的文明，唯有如此，水生態系統與國土生態系統才能健康、美麗，從而滋養出一個健康、繁榮的社會，即所謂“生態興，則文明興”。

_{In addition to the COVID-19 virus variants that keep threatening people all over the world, raging floods made headlines across the globe in July. From July 12 to the end of the month, floods in most affluent European countries, such as Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands, killed 228 lives—Germany, “the hometown of engineers,” suffered from the worst natural disaster in the country since the North Sea Flood of 1962, causing 184 deaths}^[1]_{. On July 20, 292 people died (by noon on August 2) in a cruel storm in Zhengzhou, China}^[2]_{. These floods mostly took place in developed countries or regions—Maybe this implies the relation between natural disasters and human civilization. In the disaster-stricken cities, symbols of civilization—transportation systems, communication systems, as well as water-power systems—all paralyzed overnight. While many urban parks were little damaged and no severe floods were seen in the rivers inside the parks, the city’s daily service facilities have to faced huge risks. For instance, Zhengzhou Fuwai Hospital is located in the lowest part of the city}^[3]_.

_{Wide debates on the urban infrastructure construction arose since the 7?20 Zhengzhou Storm. In the eyes of the author, the most sticking problem is that modern cities often lack resilience to the uncertainty of natural disasters. In other words, on the whole, our aquatic ecosystems are sick. For cities with greater resilience, such storms would not lead to so much loss. However, it is the indestructible gray infrastructures—including the complex engineering facilities such as dams and large reservoirs—built with concrete and steel that turn these natural processes into “disasters.” In fact, besides floods, water disasters are increasingly frequent along with industrialization, urbanization, and global climate change, exacerbating the conflicts between human and water around the world, especially in China. The safety and health of the water and aquatic ecosystems has profound impacts on the sustainability of mankind and our living environment!}

_{Water is essential to all ecosystems on the earth. The study of water health is difficult in isolation from Earth Sciences and Geography, but it still requires special attention. We exploring the distribution, mobility, and management of water, Hydrology emerged; We discovering the affecting patterns of water on organisms and the causality on aquatic ecosystem, Ecohydrology was proposed; We studying the coupled human-water system, Sociohydrology came into being. Later, disciplines that study water are viewed as Water Science. However, research in these disciplines still have not explored the water as a holistic system oriented subject}^[4]_{, which is not only in the geographic and hydrologic sense, but also about the essence of life; which exists across spatial scales: habitats and sites, cities and regions, countries and the globe. Water interacts with land, cities, villages, animals, plants, humans and their activities, as the aquatic ecosystem, which covers not only the relationship of spatial patterns and processes between water and other landscape elements or water ecosystem and other ecosystems, but also the structures and functions within the ecosystem, including the interactions between the flows of materials, species, energy, and information. Human is indispensable, or even crucial to aquatic ecosystems at all scales.}

_{Therefore, we need to evaluate, protect, and restore aquatic ecosystems/water systems based on the understanding of ecosystem services. The aquatic ecosystems provide supporting services, i.e. providing habitats, and supporting species spread, reproduction, and migration; provision services, i.e. providing water and aquatic products; regulating services, i.e. maintaining ecological resilience in response to environmental changes such as floods and droughts; and cultural services, i.e. fostering aesthetic tastes, cultural identity, sense of belonging, and offering recreational spaces. Unhealthy aquatic ecosystem cannot provide sound ecosystem services for humans, or worse, endanger human health or survival.}

_{Maintaining the natural flow is critical to the health of aquatic ecosystem. In history, most damaging floods were caused by dyke bursting. Examples include the North Sea Flood in Germany in 1962 and the heavy flood in Zhumadian, China on August 8, 1975. The latter was one of the most disastrous in history, leading to tens of thousands of deaths, and also caused by serial bursting of the Banqiao Reservoir, the Shimantan Reservoir, and others}^[5]_{. Recorded floods that took place along the Yellow River and caused huge loss of life and property also resulted from dyke bursting. The Vyion Dam in Italy built in 1960 was seen as the solidest and highest dam in the world of the time. On the evening of October 9, 1963, a sudden landslide shattered the entire reservoir, and nearly two thousand people died overnight—As the saying goes, “the harder the oppression, the more violent the resistance will be.” This is also true to the relationship between man and water. To harmonize with water, it is necessary to allow sufficient space for the natural flow. Although human beings are gaining greater freedom through the control over nature, but are more terribly retaliated by the nature at the same time. I’m not denying the achievements in human history, but pointing out that gray artificial techniques and facilities which go against nature would exacerbate the destructive force of nature due to the inadequate resilience.}

_{Then, how large the space do we need for the natural flow of water? Take China as an example. In 2006, the research team from Peking University explored the security pattern of water conservation at the national scale, and found that as long as protecting and restoring the mountains, accounting for 43.6% of the total territory, the water conservation at the national scale will be greatly improved. This goal is possible for China, a country where mountains and hills account for nearly 70% of its territory. An analysis of the security pattern of flood regulation and storage showed that, under the monsoon climate, the annually flooded area ranges from 0.8% to 2.2% of the territory.}^[6] _{Therefore, a romantic hypothesis would be that, after experiencing the unprecedented urbanization in history, the flood-prone land areas would be reserved for the natural flow. Then the human-water conflicts that have troubled China for thousands of years will be addressed radically.}

_{However, this flood storage area, accounting for 0.8% to 2.2% of China’s territory}^[6]_{, is the most fertile land on the floodplain (taking up a proportion of 6% to 15% of the arable land)}^[7]_{. It was unrealistic to turn arable land into flood storage area decades ago, when agriculture product contributed to most households’ income. But today it is no longer a fantasy: Agriculture product now accounts for only 8% of China’s GDP, and a considerable amount of arable land is left uncultivated in rural areas. Being impoverished due to excessive reclamation, the farmlands of floodplains and the whole farmland ecosystem could be restored by occasional inundation. Compared with the enormous investment in gray infrastructure projects for flood control, water system restoration is much more economical. More importantly, the damaged territorial aquatic ecosystem would be restored step by step as the increase of water space. The tens of millions of residents from the inundated areas can be well resettled through smart urbanization at the macro level, ecology-prioritized site selection and planning strategies for new towns at the medium level, and flood risk control measures such as building high platform at the micro level, together with the ecological wisdom of co-living with water and the building of a sound flood security system. However, large-scale hydraulic projects like barrages, levees and reservoirs, long-distance water diversion infrastructures across watersheds, waters invasions, and construction activities in low-lying areas, are endangering aquatic ecosystems.}

_{A healthy aquatic ecosystem in cities, towns, or villages requires sufficient spaces for flood retention and storage in the built-up areas. Natural water storage, purification, and infiltration, as well as recharging of groundwater, ensures water circulation and stable water supply for wetlands and streams to nourish aquatic species. As water shortage is critical to China and other countries across the world, it necessitates the construction of resilient water ecological infrastructures to adapt to extreme rainstorms like “sponges,” thus guarantee the health of urban and rural aquatic ecosystems—This is also the goal of Sponge City construction. Many ancient civilizations left behind vast legacies in smart water management, such as developing terrace fields to conserve water, building ponds to regulate droughts and floods, creating mulberry-fish ponds in floodplains and deltas to foster local aquiculture, piling up soil on marshes to build water gardens, and digging ponds and ditches in urban and rural settlements. The history of the water-city co-existence in the Yellow River Basin tells that creating sufficient “sponges” (such as ponds and wetlands), as important water ecological infrastructures, can ensure urban resilience}^[8][9]_{. The centralized drainage systems built with gray pipelines and deep tunnels made of concrete and steel are introduced to control urban flooding. But they often prove to be ineffective and unsustainable in urban water system management. Over-dependence on such infrastructures will put people’s lives and property at huge risks due to the global climate changes and uncertainties.}

_{At the micro-scale of hydrophytic habitats such as water bodies and wetlands, a healthy aquatic ecosystem sees dynamic interactions between organisms and water. Organisms and water are interdependent. The absorption and transpiration of plants facilitate water circulation. The growth and decay of plants clean and enrich the nutrients in the water body. Species can multiply and migrate via water. To build a healthy aquatic ecosystem, we need to pay attention to the communities in wetlands, forms of waterfronts, courses of streams, and changes in beaches.}

_{There are three strategies on how to build safe and healthy aquatic ecosystems: 1) Ensure the security pattern of water conservation and flood regulation, allow for water’s natural flow, and define the interface between human and water through water security pattern planning to rebuild human–water harmony; 2) Enhance the resilience of aquatic ecosystems by building “Sponge Land” —including Sponge City and Sponge Countryside, increasing on-site flood storage, slowing down water flow processes, and improving the resilience of tail-end sponges; and 3) Restore aquatic and hydrophytic habitats, promote deindustrialization, minimize the use of synthetic chemicals, rebuild the harmony between water and fields, human and the nature, and enhance the integration of blue–green spaces.}

_{These strategies are all nature-based solutions. Instead of calling for reintroducing of the lifestyles or production modes of the agricultural age or the fishing-hunting age, the author encourages building a new ecological civilization upon legacies. Only in this way could we have healthy and beautiful water systems and territorial ecosystems, for a greater societal prosperity.}

_REFERENCES

_{[1] Lamb, H. H., & Frydendahl, K. (1991). Historic Storms of the North Sea, British Isles and Northwest Europe. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.}

_{[2] The People’s Government of Henan Province News Office. (2021, August 2). The death toll from floods in Henan, China rose to a heart-wrenching 302. Xinhua News. Retrieved from http://m.xinhuanet.com/ha/2021-08/02/c_1127722682.htm}

_{[3] Ewaters Engineering Environments Shanghai Co., Ltd. (2021, July 28). Urban flood risk management based on Zhengzhou, China flood inundation model. EwatersEnvironment. Retrieved from https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/uZxdKPLeD18J889koBm-hA}

_{[4] Yu, K. (2014). Complete Water. In A. Mathur, & D. Da Cunha (Eds.), Design in The Terrain of Water (pp. 57-65). San Francisco Bay Area, CA: Applied Research & Design Publishing.}

_{[5] Local Chronicles Office of Zhumadian City. (n.d.). Local Chronicles of Zhumadian City. Retrieved from http://www.zmdsqw.com/news/fzg/article/95.html}

_{[6] Yu, K., Li, H., Li, D., Qiao, Q., & Xi, X. (2009). National scale ecological security pattern. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 29(10), 5163-5175. doi:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2009.10.001}

_{[7] Ministry of Natural Resources of the People’s Republic of China, & National Bureau of Statistics. (2016, August). Major data bulletin of the second National Land Survey. Retrieved from http://www.mnr.gov.cn/dt/zb/2017/tdbgdc/beijingziliao/201608/t20160811_2127729.html}

_{[8] Yu, K., Zhang, L., & Li, D. (2008). Living with Water: Flood Adaptive Landscapes in the Yellow River Basin of China. Journal on Landscape Architecture, 3(2), 6-17. doi:10.1080/18626033.2008.9723400}

_{[9] Yu, K., & Zhang, L. (2008). Preservation and development of water cities adaptive to the areas flooded by the Yellow River. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 39(6), 688-696. doi:10.3321/j.issn:0559-9350.2008.06.008}

主編寄語

構建和修復一個健康的水生態系統（俞孔堅）

論文

基于動態演變過程的城市河流修復：以艾爾河與伊薩爾河為例（G?馬蒂亞斯?康道夫，喬治?德貢布，奧德?贊格拉夫-哈梅德）

徽州傳統水文化景觀的結構特征與當代價值（史書菡，俞孔堅）

從河灘到新城——京西稻地河灘的水適應性歷史與愿景（張晉，劉蔚）

屏幕使用時間與步行活動關系的探索性研究（陳純，龍瀛，黃貴愷）

觀點與評論

對中國海綿城市建設再出發的若干問題反思（佘年，謝映霞，李迪華）

主題實踐

以基于自然的解決方案修復圩田生境——鑒洋湖濕地公園首啟區景觀實踐（陶練，熊斯頓）

探索與過程

重煥新生：基于水文地形網絡的礦場景觀再生設計（莎緹達?阿達瓦庫恰伊）

社區催化劑：加納溫尼巴市以社會包容為導向的可持續水衛生設施系統建設（陳心慧，黃國平）

【中文刊名】《景觀設計學》——水生態修復與績效研究

【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers ?Water Ecosystem Restoration and Performance Research

【作者】G?馬蒂亞斯?康道夫（G. Mathias KONDOLF），史書菡（SHI Shuhan），張晉（ZHANG Jin）等

【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司

【頁碼】140頁彩色印刷

【刊號】ISSN 2096-336X

【出版日期】2021年8月

【定價】68.00元

基于動態演變過程的城市河流修復：以艾爾河與伊薩爾河為例

Restoring Dynamic Fluvial Processes in Urban Rivers: Learning from the Aire and Isar Rivers

作者：G?馬蒂亞斯?康道夫，喬治?德貢布，奧德?贊格拉夫-哈梅德  G. Mathias KONDOLF, Georges DESCOMBES, Aude ZINGRAFF-HAMED

摘要

過程修復的河流修復方法并非直接創造出復雜的河流形態，而是通過少量人工干預“促進”河流動態過程的發生，以促進其自愈。河流生態條件的改善實際上是借助洪水的沖擊（水流的能量）和河岸植被的生長（太陽輻射的能量）來實現的。在日內瓦的艾爾河上，通過“還水以自由”，恢復了艾爾河被開鑿為運河前的生態功能。在谷底挖掘出的溝渠網絡允許河流自由地淹沒土地、侵蝕河床與河岸，泥沙可在此淤積成堤壩，復雜的水生棲息地得以形成，豐富著河流生態系統的食物網。在溝渠網絡之間突出的菱形島嶼隨著河水流動而逐漸被侵蝕，最終演變成了復雜的河道形態。在慕尼黑伊薩爾河的修復策略中，利用粗泥沙將原有的固化駁岸替換為可侵蝕的河床和堤岸，預留出河流演變、侵蝕和淤積作用的空間，并重塑了8km長的可達河岸線。自修復策略實施以來，通過泥沙的自然輸移過程形成了礫石灘，其形態又在洪水的沖擊中發生著演變，孕育了多樣的棲息地。這兩個項目均滿足了過程修復的4個評價指標——空間、能源、材料和時間——且都可展示出通過修復河流動態演變過程來修復城市河流，并實現生態和社會效益的可能性。

關鍵詞：河流修復；城市河流；河流過程；過程修復；績效評估；艾爾河；伊薩爾河

^Abstract

^{In process-based restoration, the objective is not to create a complex river form directly; instead, interventions are intended to “prompt” the natural processes to restore such forms. The improvements in ecological conditions are actually made over time by flowing water during floods (using the stream’s energy), and by the growth of riparian vegetation (using incoming solar energy). On the Aire River in Geneva, ecological function was restored to a formerly canalized river by providing the river with an espace de liberté. A grid of channels cut into the valley bottom allowed the river to freely flood, erode its bed and banks, and deposit bars, creating complex surfaces on which riparian vegetation established to support the food web of the riverine ecosystem. The diamond-shaped bits of land left between these channels (“lozenges”) gradually erode and evolve as the river migrates, creating complex channel forms. The Isar River in Munich restoration involved adding coarse sediment load, creating erodible bed and banks in place of formerly rigid boundaries, expanding process space for river migration, erosion, and deposition, and increased human access to the river over 8 km. Since restoration, natural transport of sediment has resulted in deposition of gravel bars, whose forms evolve during floods, supporting diverse habitats. The Isar and Aire Rivers provide compelling examples of process-based restoration meeting 4 criteria for process-based restoration: space, energy, materials, and time. They demonstrate the possibilities of urban river restoration to achieve both ecological and social goals through restoration of fluvial process.}

^Keywords

^{River Restoration; Urban River; River Process; Process-Based Restoration; Performance Evaluation; The Aire River; The Isar River}

徽州傳統水文化景觀的結構特征與當代價值

Structural Characteristics and Contemporary Value of Traditional Water Cultural Landscapes in Huizhou Region

作者：史書菡，俞孔堅  SHI Shuhan, YU Kongjian

摘要

水文化是水生態文明建設的重要方面，而傳統水文化景觀作為水文化的重要載體，其研究和保護具有重要的現實意義。本文提出水文化景觀概念，即人類通過水事活動對其所處環境進行改造而產生的景觀，是人類對水利用、改造和管理的綜合結果。徽州傳統水文化景觀持續了上千年，作為一個系統概念，集中展現了徽人的生態智慧：以塘、堨、水口為代表的各構成要素相互依存，形成了聚落、農田、河流等景觀組分，并適應了盆地、溪谷、山丘等地貌條件，構建了城鎮、村落及生產的水安全格局。徽州傳統水文化景觀依賴于長期的維護和管理，是徽人的生活基礎和徽文化的表征。徽州傳統水文化景觀是當代水利建設和管理的重要補充，是海綿國土的重要生態基礎設施，也是遺產保護和旅游融合發展的重要資源。

關鍵詞：水文化景觀；徽州；塘－堨－水口；結構特征；當代價值；海綿國土

^Abstract

^{Water culture is one of the key issues in Water Ecological Civilization. China’s traditional water cultural landscape embodies rich water cultures, and have a significance in related research and protection practice. This paper proposes the concept of “water cultural landscape,” that is, the landscape formed through humans’ environmental alteration during water activities—including how people use, transform, and manage it. The traditional water cultural landscapes in Huizhou Region have developed over hundreds of years, reflecting the locals’ wisdom in sustainable water use. The water cultural landscape in Huizhou Region should be interpreted as a systematic notion, in which all landscape elements such as ponds, weirs, and shuikous are interdependent, composing the landscape components e.g. valleys, hills, and basins, and establishing water security patterns for cities, towns, villages, and for production. The traditional water cultural landscape in Huizhou Region requires local generations’ long-term maintenance and management, and in turn it is also vital to Huizhou people's life and Huizhou culture. Today, it acts as an ecological infrastructure for sponge countryside and sponge city construction, and an important resource for heritage protection and tourism development.}

^Keywords

^{Water Cultural Landscape; Huizhou Region; Pond–Weir–Shuikou; Structural Characteristics; Contemporary Value; Sponge Land}

從河灘到新城——京西稻地河灘的水適應性歷史與愿景

From Flood Land to New Urban Area: Water Adaptation History and Visions for Daodi Flood Land in the West of Beijing

作者：張晉，劉蔚  ZHANG Jin, LIU Wei

摘要

稻地河灘位于北京市門頭溝區境內，東臨永定河，屬京西永定河下游區域一片相對獨立的洪積灘地，也是京西永定河沿線最大的一片河灘景觀特征區域，蘊含了豐富的人－水互動歷史信息，同時又面臨典型的鄉村城鎮化趨勢與問題。本文以稻地河灘為實證對象，以適應性作為研究視角，介紹了適應性的概念及基本研究框架，從空間尺度、時間尺度和參與者三個方面梳理了適應性的研究趨勢，同時對研究區域的典型性進行分析，針對研究地域缺乏連續、準確歷史數據的現狀，運用空間制圖、問題和解決方案樹等參與式方法，對洪水、農業灌溉、水資源利用等方面的問題進行文獻資料與實地驗證相結合的證據收集與分析，在此基礎上提出一系列面向未來的基于景觀與文化層面的水適應性發展愿景，最后對適應性問題、自然系統和社會系統、消極適應和積極適應、有計劃適應和無計劃適應之間的結構性關系進行了進一步深入探討，以期為類似地域的研究及適應性方法的應用提供借鑒。

關鍵詞：水適應性；河灘；京西；參與式方法；空間制圖；問題和解決方案樹；景觀；文化

^Abstract

^{Daodi Flood Land, located in Mentougou District of Beijing, is a relatively separate flood land in the lower reaches and on the east of Yonding River. This largest landscape character area in the west of Beijing along the river illustrates the history of human–water interaction and discloses the trends and problems of rural urbanization. Focusing on Daodi Flood Land, this paper expands the research on adaptation by introducing basic concepts and research framework, and reviews the research trends from spatial, temporal, and participant aspects. Considering the typical characters of the study area, this research employed participatory approaches, such as mapping and problem and solution trees, due to the lack of continuous and accurate data. Basing on literature review and field investigation on issues of floods, agricultural irrigation, and water resource utilization, water adaptive development visions for the study area were proposed from perspectives of landscape and culture. Finally, the paper further analyzes the structural relations between adaptation problems, natural and social systems, passive and active adaptations, and planned and unplanned adaptations, with the aim to provide reference for relevant studies and applications of adaptation approaches in other cases.}

^Keywords

^{Water Adaptation; Flood Land; West Beijing; Participatory Approach; Mapping; Problem and Solution Trees; Landscape; Culture}

屏幕使用時間與步行活動關系的探索性研究

An Exploratory Research on the Correlation Between Screen Time and Walking

作者：陳純，龍瀛，黃貴愷  CHEN Chun, LONG Ying, HUANG Guikai

摘要

信息技術的革命極大地改變了現代人的生活方式，智能手機的出現成為越來越多人的生活必需品，人們比之前花費更多時間關注屏幕上的虛擬世界。本文梳理了現有的研究，假設智能手機屏幕使用時間與步數存在相關性，并通過探索性研究對此進行驗證：研究聚焦“步行”和“屏幕使用”兩種行為，借助線上線下問卷向大眾收集數據并進行分析，研究發現：1）每日屏幕使用時間與每日步數之間存在相關性。當每日屏幕使用時間在4.99～15.25小時范圍內時，兩者呈負相關關系，即屏幕使用時間增加，步行數會相應減少；2）人們每日平均使用屏幕的時間是6.3小時，且更多用在社交上（2.8小時），每日平均步數是6 750步（近0.8小時）；3）人們周末的每日屏幕使用時間與步數要低于工作日；4）高學歷、高個人收入或低齡的群體每日使用手機的時間較少，高學歷、低運動頻次或較年輕的群體每日步數較少，故這些因素均有可能影響每日屏幕使用時間和每日步數之間關系。未來需要進一步探討兩者間關系及其影響因素，并關注物質空間要素對步行行為的影響。

關鍵詞：屏幕使用時間；步行；步數；智能手機；體力活動；虛擬空間；物質空間

^Abstract

^{With the revolution of information technology greatly changing contemporary’s lifestyle, smartphone becomes a necessity to more and more people, and individuals’ screen time is increasing as people are spending more time on the virtual world. Through literature review, this paper proposes a hypothesis that there is a correlation between smartphone screen time and walking step counts, which is verified through an exploratory research: data of walking step counts and screen usage were widely collected by online and onsite questionnaires, and the analyses reveal that 1) when daily screen time ranges from 4.99 to 15.25 hours, it is negatively correlated with daily walking step counts; 2) the respondents’ average daily screen time is 6.3 hours, more of which (2.8 hours) is spent on social Apps, and their average daily walking step counts are 6,750 (takes nearly 0.8 hour); 3) daily screen time and walking step counts at weekends are less than those on weekdays; 4) people with higher education level, higher income, or younger age use screen less daily; people with higher education level, lower exercise frequency, or younger age walk less daily, so these factors are likely to affect the correlation between daily screen time and daily walking step counts. The correlation of both behaviors and the affecting factors need to be further clarified, and the impact of physical environmental elements on walking also requires more attention.}

^Keywords

^{Screen Time; Walking; Walking Step Counts; Smartphone; Physical Behaviors; Virtual World; Physical Space}

對中國海綿城市建設再出發的若干問題反思

Reflections and Suggestions on China’s Sponge City Construction

作者：佘年，謝映霞，李迪華  SHE Nian, XIE Yingxia, LI Dihua

摘要

本文首先梳理了近幾十年來中國水系統管理工作及海綿城市建設的發展歷程。總體而言，呈現出工作目標由單一轉向綜合，行動緣起從問題導向轉向研究和目標導向，評價指標從關注問題解決的數量向系統的績效評估轉變等特點。本文進而反思了中國自2015年推行海綿城市建設試點以來所引發的公眾質疑的原因，并探討了海綿城市建設所存在內涵解讀、公眾感知的績效指標和施工質量等現狀問題。作者借此指出，海綿城市作為城市水系統管理的綜合手段之一，應當明確場地核心問題、目標和關鍵技術手段，提出針對性的、能夠同時整合場地水相關問題和滿足公眾使用需求的解決方案。基于此，作者解析了進一步推進海綿城市建設工作的主要難點：1）統籌海綿城市建設與城市洪水風險管理的關系；2）建立海綿城市建設全過程的工程管理體系；3）明確主管部門、設計團隊和施工單位的責任；4）轉變認知和技術觀念。與此同時，作者建議加強知識鏈接與人才培養，指出培養“專才”與“全才”的必要性。最后，強調了引入雨水收費等市場機制、優化現有政策和推進海綿城市建設常態化是未來水系統管理工作的重點議題。

關鍵詞：海綿城市建設；城市水系統管理；雨洪；跨專業合作；人才培養；海綿城市建設常態化；政策；公眾需求

^Abstract

^{This article first introduces the development of China’s urban water system management and the Sponge City construction. Generally speaking, China’s urban water system management has progressively turned into addressing water problems with integrated solutions, with the focus shifting from problem finding towards objective-setting and emphasizing theoretical significance. Meanwhile, the evaluation criterion has adopted more indicators valuing the quality and efficiency of projects’ actual performance, rather than a rough quantitative measurement. Then this article addresses the potential reasons for the public questioning China’s Sponge City construction since the implementation of pilot projects in 2015, such as the misunderstanding of its connotation, public perception of the projects’ actual environmental performance, and construction quality. Only by recognizing the reality and identifying difficulties and primary goals, can the targeted and systematic solutions solving on-site water relevant problems and meeting public needs be proposed. In response, the authors put forward the major difficulties in future Sponge City construction promotion, which include 1) coordinating the Sponge City construction and urban storm water management to facilitate on-site runoff retention and address urban waterlogging problems; 2) establishing a whole-process management system for China’s Sponge City construction projects that involves a series of stages; 3) identifying the accountability and responsibilities of the administration, design, and construction parties; and 4) updating knowledge and technical perception. Furthermore, the authors emphasized the importance of expertise collaboration and talent training to provide professionals with ability in practice, in-depth inter-professional and technical coordination, and active learning. Finally, the authors encouraged the key topics in the future—introduction of new market mechanisms such as storm water billing system, optimization of the current policy mechanism, and institutionalization of Sponge City construction.}

^Keywords

^{Sponge City Construction; Urban Water System Management; Storm Water; Inter-professional Cooperation; Talent Training; Institutionalization of Sponge City Construction; Policies; Public Needs}

以基于自然的解決方案修復圩田生境——鑒洋湖濕地公園首啟區景觀實踐

Research Trends of Ecosystem Services From the Perspective of Landscape Planning—Summary on the 10th Ecosystem Services Partnership World Conference

作者：陶練，熊斯頓  TAO Lian, XIONG Sidun

摘要

曾經的漁業養殖歷史與周邊地塊的持續開發，對鑒洋湖的生態資源造成了強烈沖擊，使場地面臨著自然肌理受損、水質污染、水生環境惡化、鷺鳥棲息地流失等問題。為使鑒洋湖的水質重歸清澈，再現鷺飛鳥鳴的繁鬧景象，項目團隊借助基于自然的解決方案對廢棄圩田濕地進行改造，打造了占地16hm2的鑒洋湖濕地公園首啟區。項目以“保留–打破–整合”為設計理念，建立起包含林–塘–田–湖–島的復合生態系統，在有限的場地內引入了一套與區域風貌融合、緊湊高效且低維護的濕地凈化系統，提升了鷺科鳥類的棲息地環境。同時，通過后期的監測和維護保障濕地凈化系統的有效運行，引導場地植物群落的自發性演替。首啟區的建設思路和運營績效，為鑒洋湖濕地公園其他區域后續的修復工作提供了借鑒與經驗。

關鍵詞：鑒洋湖；圩田；基于自然的解決方案；生態修復；濕地凈化；鷺鳥棲息地

^Abstract

^{The historical fisheries and the speedy urban development have dramatically threatened the ecological resources of Jianyang Lake in Zhejiang Province—the original texture of the site was largely damaged, the lake was severely polluted, and the Ardeidae habitats were badly degraded. To improve the water quality and restore the habitats of Jianyang Lake, as well as represent the scenery of groups of Ardeidae inhabiting there, the design team restored existing polder wetlands through Nature-Based Solutions and set up a 16 hm2 Start-up Area of the Jianyang Lake Wetland Park. Applying the proposed design concept of “Retaining-Breaking-Integrating,” an integrated ecosystem composed of forest, pond, farmland, lake, and island was formed. The design team also introduced a high-efficiency wetland purification system which is harmoniously embedded with the local image and resilient to climate changes with low maintenance, facilitating the optimization of the Ardeidae habitats. The long-term monitoring and maintenance would ensure the efficiency of the wetland purification system and spontaneous succession of the plant communities. The design concept, construction process, and performance of the Start-up Area can further offer references to restoration of the other parts of the park.}

^Keywords

^{Jianyang Lake; Polder; Nature-Based Solutions; Ecological Restoration; Wetland Purification; Ardeidae Habitats}

重煥新生：基于水文地形網絡的礦場景觀再生設計

Rejuvenated Prominence: Reclaiming the Landscape of Extraction Based on Hydro-topographic Network

作者：莎緹達?阿達瓦庫恰伊  Satida ADSAVAKULCHAI

摘要

進行中的“重煥新生”項目旨在為泰國南邦府湄墨礦場的表土景觀探索一套可行的水文地形設計方案。這座占地135km2的礦場位于汪河源頭的湄墨盆地內。自1969年以來，已開采了5億多噸褐煤，而剩余的2.24億噸儲量僅可支撐接下來29年的開采。為恢復當地生態系統以及維持周邊社區之后的發展，泰國國家電力局已發布2020~2049年間的后礦山開采時期的規劃方案。基于此規劃，本項目旨在通過復刻復雜自然地形的方式，徹底解密自然結構、功能和變化，以改造32km2已被塑造為矩形的表土堆場。依照《湄墨礦場總體規劃》中的開采時序，項目團隊制定了一套整合水文地形干預，并輔以土壤生物工程技術的行動方案，以激活地形景觀的地質營力，從而復興這片場地。重新設計的地貌結構可降低徑流速度，從而減輕土壤侵蝕作用、分散土壤水分、補充表層土壤，這里將成為具有復雜水文地形網絡的動態景觀，并逐漸融入上游源頭景觀，最終實現湄墨盆地的韌性。

關鍵詞：礦場景觀；后礦山開采景觀；水文地形網絡；土壤生物工程；地形規劃；湄墨礦場

^Abstract

^{As an ongoing project, Rejuvenated Prominence aims to explore operative and hydro-topographic strategies for the overburdened layer landscape of Mae Moh Mine in Lampang Province, Thailand. The 135 km2 mine is located inside Mae Moh Basin, the headwater of Wang River. Since 1969, over 500 million tons of lignite have been extracted, while the remaining reserve of 224 million tons will last for the next 29 years. To recover ecosystems and maintain sustainable development of surrounding communities, the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand developed post-mining alternatives from 2020 to 2049. As a part of this research, Rejuvenated Prominence focuses on the 32 km2 overburden dump, where rectangular surfaces completely replaced with complex natural terrains, to thoroughly decode the nature’s structure, function and change. Time-based strategies in accordance with the Mine Master Plan deploy hydro-topographic operations combining soil-bioengineering techniques to activate topographic agents and reclaim the land. Re-engineered geomorphic structures would be initiated to moderate rapid runoff, mitigate mass wasting, disperse soil moisture and replenish the topsoil. This dump would be transformed into an operative landscape with complex hydro-topographic networks and reconnected as a part of the projected headwater landscape over time—to realize the resilience of Mae Moh Basin.}

^Keywords

^{Mining Landscape; Post-Mining landscapes; Hydro-topographic Network; Soil-Bioengineering; Topography Planning; Mae Moh Mine}

社區催化劑：加納溫尼巴市以社會包容為導向的可持續水衛生設施系統建設

Community Catalyst: Building a Water Sanitation System for Social Inclusion in Winneba, Ghana

作者：陳心慧，黃國平  CHEN Xinhui, HUANG Guoping

摘要

溫尼巴市位于西非國家加納的幾內亞灣沿岸地區，擁有被列入《濕地公約》的重要生態濕地，卻面臨嚴重的環境、經濟和社會問題，比如水衛生危機、公共設施缺乏、環境退化、不平等經濟條件下的性別差異、社會沖突等。長期以來，這些問題互相作用，形成了難以解決的惡性循環。本項目通過舉辦合作研討會、“群眾外包”決策活動、實地調研、交互式網頁地圖制作等方法對溫尼巴市社會背景和傳統風俗進行了深入研究，提出了一個集排水溝系統、雨水花園、取水站、果園、公共沼氣衛生間、有機垃圾收集站于一體的，能促進生態環境與社會良性變革的水衛生設施系統。項目劃分為“建立公共空間概念–通過協作勞動營造場地–連接社區”三個實施階段，引入自下而上、鼓勵社區參與的獎勵制度，通過激發集體的合作和勞動熱情，鼓勵居民以社區為單位主動參與到社區公共綠地的建造與維護過程中，從而改善社區內部乃至整個城市的生態、經濟和社會環境。項目所提供的不僅是一類公共空間節點的設計，抑或是一項城市綠色系統的規劃，更是一條發展中國家通過居民和社區參與實現可持續的水衛生設施系統管理的治理途徑。

關鍵詞：水衛生設施；社會包容性；社區參與；公共空間；加納

^Abstract

^{Located on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea in Ghana, West Africa, the city of Winneba boasts one of the important ecological wetlands inscribed on the list of Ramsar Sites. However, Winneba faces daunting environmental, economic and social challenges—e.g. water sanitation crisis, infrastructure deficiency, environmental degradation, gender inequality, and social conflicts—interacting with each other to create a vicious cycle. Based on a collaborative workshop, a “crowd-sourcing” decision-making process, on-site fieldworks, and an Interactive Web Map, the project team develops in-depth study of the social context and traditional customs of Winneba. A water sanitation system, also as a network of public spaces that facilitates ecological and social improvement, is proposed. It includes drainage systems, rain gardens, water kiosks, orchards, public biogas toilets, and organic waste collection stations. Combining a three-phase implementation, i.e. establish the concept of public space, create a site through collaborative work, and connect communities, the project team introduces a bottom-up incentive system that encourages local community residents to collaborate and participate in constructing and maintaining the public space system for their communities, so as to improve the wellbeing of the communities and the city. Not just proving a design strategy for a kind of public space or a plan for a network of urban green space system, this project sets an exemplar to long-term sustainable management of water sanitation system through self-government of residents and communities in developing countries.}

^Keywords

^{Water Sanitation; Social Inclusion; Community Participation; Public Spaces; Ghana}