《景觀設計學》2021年第3期

俞孔堅?大河的另一種文明——《景觀設計學》2021年第2期“主編寄語”

Rescuing Big Rivers Damaged in Industrial Civilization, by Yu Kongjian

關于大河，我的心中總是充滿憧憬，這種憧憬編織于青少年時代和大學時代的閱讀體驗，穿插著陶潛的《桃花源記》、李白的《早發白帝城》、蘇軾的《石鐘山記》、王希孟的《千里江山圖》、劉白羽的《長江三日》、馬克?吐溫的《湯姆?索亞歷險記》和《哈克貝利?費恩歷險記》等著作，還有《動物世界》紀錄片中神秘的亞馬孫河。那夢幻般的迷霧和江灘叢林，礁石、瀑布和險灘激流，靜謐的水灣，植被茂盛的河中小洲和水岸沼澤；悠長的猿聲和各種鳥語，還有突然露出水面的“怪獸”；水面上漂過的漁舟，岸上矗立的城堡廢墟，炊煙裊裊的村莊，石埠岸邊的浣女，河灘上暮歸的水牛和孩童……這種憧憬一直伴隨我、呼喚我走向河流，乘著舟楫順流而下，體驗李白、蘇軾、哈克貝利?費恩等或曾有過的經歷；或如武陵漁人和西方的叢林探險者那樣駛入河灣，探索未知水源深處的秘境。

因此，不論是在哈爾濱、鄭州、武漢、南京、重慶、廣州，還是在新奧爾良、明尼阿波利斯、德里、達卡、西貢、曼谷，每到一處，我首先期待的是去看看這座城市或這個國家的母親河。但每當我身處大河河畔，那存留在心中的大河美景便被侵蝕一次：它們日益枯黃、殘缺，甚至發出惡臭、形象丑陋——恰如一軸描繪在絲綢上的《千里江山圖》，由于富豪主人的不屑、傲慢、無知和庸俗，被撂在陰暗潮濕的地下室一隅，不見天日，直至發霉潰爛、被老鼠和蠹蟲啃食。我禁不住和著眾多母親河保護者的呼聲，大聲呼喊：救救大河！

我看到沿河的高堤不斷從河流所處的城市段往上下游延伸，一直從雪山腳下延伸至入海口！堤壩的材質從泥土逐漸升級為水泥和鋼材，堅硬度和光滑度成為了工程質量的衡量標準；防洪標高也從10年一遇提升到50年、100年甚或500年一遇。這似乎已經成為城市文明程度和現代化程度的評價指標——文明到讓后輩子孫再難有機會赤腳踏入河灘！

由于這一道又一道的攔河大壩，河水的攔截效率和發電效率不斷提高，這似乎也已成為評價城市文明的另一個指標——文明到阻斷一切只有逆流而上才能繁衍后代的魚類，文明到阻隔一切借助河流廊道遷徙的野生動物！

我看到夾河修建的公路或鐵路越來越多，路幅越來越寬，車速也越來越快，快到讓渴望親近水岸的人們望而卻步，快到能瞬間扼殺一切膽敢在水陸之間遷徙和活動的生命！

我看到大河支流的命運更加悲慘，它們大多已經成為裁彎取直的硬質溝渠，自然的河流形態不復存在，河道不再蜿蜒動人；城鄉生活污水、農田面源污染從這里排入大河，河水不再清澈，更不用說魚翔淺底、鷺鳥翻飛。在世界范圍內，超過80%的污水未經任何截流處理，直接匯入大河與海洋[1]——這里已然成為工業文明的垃圾場。河灘森林不斷減少，河流被疏浚、綠洲被蠶食，河灣、濕地日漸消失——這便是工業文明對大地的定義！

面對這些曾讓我心懷憧憬的大河，我時常反問自己，人類的母親河緣何落得如此境地？是恐懼，曾經的洪水可以吞噬一切生命和財產；是欲望，大河所蘊藏的能源和道路修建所帶來的便利交通是城市經濟發展的原始動力；是自私，不論是攔壩蓄水、高堤防水，還是河道排污，都是典型的公地悲劇[2]；是無知，直至今日，人類社會仍未意識到河流生態系統的全面自然服務是人類福祉的保障；是對自然之愛的匱乏，工業社會的物質欲望剝奪了人類與水親近、熱愛生物的本性。

慶幸的是，生態文明的到來似乎為解救大河帶來了希望。首先是喚醒人們對河流、生物及一切自然世界之美的認知，將人類天性從工業文明物質欲望的桎梏和源遠流長的洪水恐懼中解放出來。這尤其需要通過對兒童和青少年的自然審美啟智來實現[3]。第二，系統認識河流生態系統及其自然服務，系統規劃并實施國土空間生態修復，推進生態城市和海綿城市建設，以及海綿田園和生態農業建設[4]。這需要依賴生態文明價值觀下大河流域水系統管理的轉變。第三，建立和完善針對大河流域的法律法規體系，保障公平的自然資產分配和水系統監護權益，杜絕損害地方和社區權益的排污行為及河堤、河壩工程建設。第四，破除冥頑不化的對灰色工業技術的迷信。需要認識到，除了構筑更高、更硬的鋼筋水泥堤壩外，并非沒有更合適的途徑來保障大河的水安全。基于自然、富有韌性、更加可持續的生態防洪是結束人水抗爭、實現人水和諧的必由之路。

基于上述大河解救方案，由藝術家、文學家和探險家們所描繪和編織的自由的、豐饒的、生機勃勃的、擁有萬般詩情畫意的大河美景有望再現。生態文明正是大河的另一種文明——它意味著我們需要重新審視以往一切工業文明的成果，在懷疑中尋找新的、基于自然的出路。

大河孕育著文明，也是文明的載體和表征。大河的生機意味著文明的興盛，大河的衰退預示著文明的沒落。因此，生態文明能否在地球上發展，首先在于大河能否重現勃勃生機。

_{For me, large rivers were dreamlands. In teenage and college years, I was immersed in the stories and tales about misty rivers and forests, including The Peach Blossom Spring by Tao Yuanming, Leaving the White King’s Town at Down by Li Bai, The Stone Bell Mountain by Su Shi, A Panorama of Rivers and Mountains by Wang Ximeng, Three Days Along the Yangtze River by Liu Baiyu, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, and the documentary Animal World. The rivers and forests were described as appealing places where waterfalls and torrents carve through rocks, in striking contrast to quiet bays and verdant sandbars and marshlands; the ululation of apes and silvery bird singing heard, “monsters” emerging from the water; fishing boats floating, castle ruins standing along banks, villages filling with wisps of smoke, women washing clothes on river banks, and kids riding buffaloes along the river at sunset... All these fantasies beckoned me to experience and explore rivers.}

_{With this dream, when I arrived a new city—Harbin, Zhengzhou, Wuhan, Nanjing, Chongqing, and Guangzhou; or New Orleans, Minneapolis, Delhi, Dhaka, Saigon, and Bangkok—I was eager to visit their mother rivers. However, every time upon my arrival to the riversides, I was shocked for the heavily polluted rivers that are dirty, messy, and smelling—just like invaluable silk paintings discarded in the dark and moist basements for years by their ignorant wealthy owners. Please rescue the rivers! This is a cry from my heart with all the people who admire the mother rivers.}

_{As engineered high dikes and dams made of concrete and steels (instead of clay, for a greater height, hardness, and smoothness under construction standards to resist 50-year, 100-year, and even 500-year floods) built by cities along rivers, people are “safely protected” from floods. All these engineering giants mark the development level of a city, compromising our grandchildren’s opportunities to connect with the water.}

_{These dams indeed lower flood risks and increase power generation efficiency, cities become “civilized” barriers cutting off the river corridors for fishes and other wildlife to reproduce and migrate.}

_{As more highways and railways built along rivers, vehicles run at an increasingly faster speed, scaring any life who wants to or has to access the water.}

_{Conditions of tributaries are much worse. Most of them are no longer free flow but end up as hard ditches. As domestic sewage and agricultural non-point source pollution are dumped into rivers, fishes or birds no longer home there. Globally, over 80% of wastewater is discharged to rivers and oceans without treatment[1], making them into garbage dumps of industrial civilization. As the industrialization process continues, forests, oases, river bends, and wetlands are being damaged and eroded.}

_{I often ask myself that how did all these tragedies happen? It is the fear of floods which claims lives and property; it is the rapacity for energies generated by rivers and for convenient traffic to facilitate urban economic development; it is human selfishness that leads to the “Tragedy of the Commons”[2], whether for dike and dam construction or sewage discharge; it is the ignorance of the ecosystem services provided by rivers that ensure human well-beings; or, it is the lack of love and respect for nature that results in human’s avarice for materials in the industrial civilization and the low willingness to connect with nature.}

_{Nevertheless, it is fortunate that ecological civilization brings hope to rescuing large rivers. The first step is to encourage people to appreciate the beauty of nature, spiritually liberating them from material desires and dispelling the long-lasting fear of floods which especially relies on the aesthetic enlightenment for children and the youth[3]. Secondly, a thorough understanding on river ecosystems and the ecosystem services, accompanied by systematic planning and implementation of territorial ecological restoration, can propel the construction of ecological cities, sponge cities, and sustainable agriculture[4]. This requires mindset changes towards holistic water system management of large rivers and basins. Thirdly, laws and regulations on large river management should be put in place to guarantee the equitable distribution of natural resources and water system supervision rights, and to control sewage discharge and dam construction that undermine local and community benefits. Finally, efforts should be made to break the worship of grey engineering approaches to flood control. It is expected that nature-based, resilient, and sustainable ecological approaches to flood control can be more effective to ensure water safety.}

_{In this way, we could restore the free, fertile, vigorous, and poetic landscapes along rivers as depicted by artists, litterateurs, and adventurers. Living in the age of ecological civilization, we shoulder the responsibility to reexamine all that we have achieved in industrial civilization and dare to explore a new nature-based path.}

_{Rivers and civilizations are closely bound up—big rivers not only nourish human civilizations, but also symbolize and reflect the prosperity or decline of civilizations. In other words, the development and promotion of ecological civilization will first manifest in the rescuing and revitalization of large rivers.}

_REFERENCES

_{[1] UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme. (2017). The United Nations World Water Development Report 2017, Wastewater: The Untapped Resource. Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/water/wwap/wwdr/2017-wastewater-the-untapped-resource/}

_{[2] Hardin, G. (1968). The Tragedy of the Commons. Science, 162(3859), 1243-1248. doi:10.1126/science.162.3859.1243}

_{[3] Yu, K. (2020). What Kind of Play Space Do Children Need in the City?. Landscape Architecture Frontiers, 8(2), 4-9. https://doi.org/10.15302/J-LAF-1-010007}

_{[4] Yu, K. (2019). Large-scale Ecological Restoration: Empowering the Nature-based Solutions Inspired by Ancient Wisdom of Farming. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 39(23), 8733-8745. doi:10.5846/stxb201905311146}

主編寄語

大河的另一種文明（俞孔堅）

流域水生態保護與修復的多維視角與差異化策略（趙進勇）

論文

跨越界面的生態設計——重慶市三峽庫區澎溪河河／庫岸帶生態系統修復（袁興中，向羚豐，扈玉興，程威，黃亞洲，熊森，袁嘉，王芳）

基于生態安全格局理論的中國生態基礎設施規劃實踐綜述（1997~2019年）（司雨田，方瑾，許立言）

觀點與評論

解讀俞孔堅：通向生態文明的建設性后現代主義途徑（杰伊?麥克丹尼爾，小約翰?博斯維爾?柯布，彭曉）

主題實踐

重塑洛杉磯河：連接公共開放空間的51英里（杰西卡?M?漢森，馬克?漢娜）

基于源－網－廠－河系統理念的流域生態修復：以廣東省深圳市茅洲河（寶安片區）水環境綜合治理工程為例（魏俊，黃森軍，唐穎棟，王明銘，孫大洋，王韶伊，申屠華斌）

基于生態系統服務的黃河灘區生態修復模式探索——以鄭州黃河灘地公園規劃設計為例（俞孔堅，龔瑤）

健康的港口未來：重新審視河口景觀沉積物（特蕾薩?魯斯維克，肖恩?伯克霍爾德，布萊恩?戴維斯，馬修?莫菲特）

探索與過程

方法論途徑和具象化實踐（蔡哲銘）

關于河流與繪畫實踐（勞雷爾?麥克雪莉）

“盧尼地帶”研究：突破河流定義的“水分關鍵帶”（普拉庫?波塔普）

【中文刊名】《景觀設計學》——大河流域生態系統保護與修復

【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers ?Ecosystem Conservation and Restoration of Regional River Basins

【作者】趙進勇（ZHAO Jinyong），袁興中（YUAN Xingzhong），司雨田（SI Yutian）等

【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司

【頁碼】146頁彩色印刷

【刊號】ISSN 2096-336X

【出版日期】2021年6月

【定價】68.00元

流域水生態保護與修復的多維視角與差異化策略

Multi-dimensional Perspectives and Differentiated Strategies of Basin-Scale Water Ecological Conservation and Restoration

作者：趙進勇  ZHAO Jinyong

摘要

河湖水生態狀況事關民生福祉，而流域是開展河湖水生態治理的最佳單元，為準確把握高質量發展階段下河湖水生態治理的發力點，滿足人民日益增長的美好生活需要，需在流域單元下從自然生態系統功能過程、歷史、社會人文與藝術等多維視角，對水生態保護與修復進行立體認知，并根據不同區域的自然稟賦、經濟條件及文化底蘊等情況采取差異化策略，以生態與文化為雙內核，對流域水生態系統演替、水文化形態演進及大地景觀格局演變等多個過程進行動態耦合，合理選擇流域、區域、河流廊道、河段等作為工作尺度，以達到事半功倍之效。希望藉由本期中流域治理理念指導下的理論研究與實踐探索，推動空間規劃、水利工程與景觀設計等多學科與行業的交流互動，營造安全、潔凈、健康、美麗的河湖水系，建設造福人民的幸福河。

關鍵詞：流域；河湖；生態保護與修復；多維視角；差異化策略

_Abstract

_{The status of water ecological environment matters to the well-being of all people. A water ecological management system for high-quality development is required to meet people’s ever-growing expectations for a better life. This relies on a comprehensive understanding of water ecosystems from multi-dimensional perspectives—processes of ecosystem services, history, culture, and art—at the basin scale. Moreover, differentiated strategies should be proposed to adjust to varied natural resource endowment, and socio-economic and cultural heritage in different regions. Only by centering on both ecology and culture through multiple processes (e.g., evolution of regional river basin ecosystem, water cultures, and landscape patterns) dynamically under proper scales (basin, region, river corridor, or river reach), can the water ecosystem function more effectively. In this issue, LA Frontiers hopes to propel interaction between multiple disciplines and industries among spatial planning, hydraulic engineering, and landscape design with research and practice, so as to ensure a safe, clean, healthy, and picturesque river–lake system for people’s well-being.}

_Keywords

_{Basins; Rivers and lakes; Ecological Conservation and Restoration; Multidimensional Perspectives; Differentiated Strategies}

跨越界面的生態設計——重慶市三峽庫區澎溪河河／庫岸帶生態系統修復

Ecological Design Across Interface: Ecosystem Restoration of Pengxi River/Reservoir in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Chongqing

作者：袁興中，向羚豐，扈玉興，程威，黃亞洲，熊森，袁嘉，王芳  YUAN Xingzhong, XIANG Lingfeng, HU Yuxing, CHENG Wei, HUANG Yazhou, XIONG Sen, YUAN Jia, WANG Fang

摘要

河岸帶是典型的生態交錯區，是聯系陸地和水生生態系統的重要界面，環境脅迫最易富集，河流自然調節也最為活躍，故而也是河流與景觀環境耦合的核心部位。然而，水壩的建設及因此形成的水庫的運行調節方式使得多數河段單一的河岸界面變成河／庫交替的界面，由此對流域水文及水環境，以及流域整體生態系統產生巨大影響。本文在探討河岸帶界面概念、界面生態特征的基礎上，提出了河／庫岸帶界面生態設計策略及基本技術框架，并以重慶市三峽庫區澎溪河流域為例，探討了河／庫岸帶界面生態系統修復設計實踐。該項目從綜合要素設計、結構設計、功能設計與過程設計4個方面，進行了適應水位變化的河／庫岸界面生態系統修復設計與實踐研究。生態績效分析結果表明，修復后的烏楊壩河／庫岸界面生態系統生境類型多樣性增加明顯，生物多樣性提升效果顯著，植物群落適應水位變化能力強，對面源污染具有明顯的凈化功能，實現了界面生態修復與濱水空間景觀建設和優化協同共生。該項目是河／庫岸帶界面生態系統修復設計和實踐的創新探索，其設計策略及模式可應用于受水位調節影響的河／庫岸帶生態系統修復。

關鍵詞：生態設計；生態系統修復；河／庫岸帶生態界面；澎溪河流域；三峽庫區；季節性水位變化

_Abstract

_{Riparian zone is a typical ecotone that connects terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. At the same time, environmental stress magnifies here and the natural regulation of rivers is extremely active. In other words, the most dynamic and vibrant interactions between rivers and landscapes occur in riparian zones. However, the construction of dams and the operation of reservoirs have turned many riparian zones into river/reservoir alternation interfaces, influenced the shaping of hydrological and water environment, and the basin ecosystem as well. By introducing the definition and ecological characteristics of river/reservoir interface, this paper proposes the strategies and technical framework for the ecological design of river/reservoir interface. By studying the ecosystem restoration project of river/reservoir interface of Pengxi River in Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Chongqing, which emphasizes the comprehensive element design, structural design, functional design, and process design, this paper aims to provide a reference for related research and practice on river ecosystem restoration. The results of ecological performance analysis showed that the restored ecosystem of the Wuyangba river/reservoir interface has an obvious increase in habitat type diversity and biodiversity, a strong ability of plant communities to adapt to seasonal water level fluctuation, and an improvement in purifying non-point source pollution. The project demonstrates the coordination and symbiosis of interface ecological restoration and waterfront landscape construction and optimization. The project offers an innovative effort in exploring ecosystem restoration design and practice of river/reservoir interfaces. The design strategies and framework can be a reference for other ecosystem restoration cases that are affected by water level fluctuation in river/reservoir interfaces.}

_Keywords

_{Ecological Design; Ecosystem Restoration; River/Reservoir Ecological Interface; Pengxi River Basin; Three Gorges Reservoir Area; Seasonal Wate}r Level Fluctuation

基于生態安全格局理論的中國生態基礎設施規劃實踐綜述（1997~2019年）

Review of Ecological Infrastructure Planning Practices Based on the Ecological Security Pattern Theory in China (1997 ~ 2019)

作者：司雨田，方瑾，許立言  SI Yutian, FANG Jin, XU Liyan

摘要

本研究梳理了北大景觀和土人設計團隊20余年來在生態安全格局理論指導下的生態基礎設施規劃設計項目，探索了生態安全格局理論在各生態類型區和特殊生境中，以及各種生態過程分析方法在實踐中的應用及拓展。由于本研究涉及的近百個實踐項目所處生態類型區不同，因此在將生態安全格局理論應用于生態問題時存在一定的地域性差異。然而，類似生境內的項目需要應對的重點生態問題存在共性。目前，該理論已從最初的面向生物棲息地保護的“試驗性”理論，發展到包含所有重要生態過程及其子過程的龐大理論體系。本文重點關注生態安全格局理論在區域和城市尺度上的實踐，試圖梳理：1）當該理論應用至更廣泛的生態類型區后，生態基礎設施規劃如何能夠針對性地解決地方性生態問題，以及該理論在不同生態類型區中應用情況的異同；2）針對典型生境的規劃，利用該理論來協調人地關系、尋求協同發展的方法；3）該理論在空間廣度上的拓展對理解生態過程、建立生態安全子格局，以及更新分析技術的影響。本研究通過實證分析表明，不論是就方法論還是實踐應用而言，生態安全格局理論均為我國生態文明建設做出了貢獻，為國土空間規劃提供了寶貴的技術支持和理論依據。

關鍵詞：生態安全格局；生態基礎設施；生態區劃；生態問題；生物棲息地；中國生態文明建設

_Abstract

_{This paper reviews the ecological infrastructure planning practices by LA PKU and Turenscape over the past two decades, discussing the application and development of the ecological security pattern theory in different types of ecoregions and typical habitats, and that of ecological process analysis methods in practice. Nearly 100 studied projects employed this theory to address different local ecological problems. But similarities could be found regarding the key ecological issues among similar habitats. Far from mainly addressing habitat protection issues at its early stage, the ESP theory by now has expanded its application to all important ecological processes and sub-processes. This paper focuses on related application at urban and regional scales, attempting to summarize 1) approaches to solving local ecological problems via ecological infrastructure planning in a wider geographic range, and differences concerning the application modes in varied ecoregions; 2) ways to harmonize man–land relations and to achieve synergic development in typical habitats; and 3) influence brought by the wider spatial range to the application on the understanding of ecological processes, the establishment of sub-security-patterns, and the renewal of analysis techniques. The empirical analysis in this study suggests that both the methodology and application of the ESP theory contribute to China’s ecological civilization construction, providing valuable technical support and theoretical basis for territorial spatial planning.}

_Keywords

_{Ecological Security Pattern; Ecological Infrastructure; Ecological Zoning; Ecological Problems; Habitats; China’s Ecological Civilization}

解讀俞孔堅：通向生態文明的建設性后現代主義途徑

On YU Kongjian: A Constructive Postmodernism Approach Towards Ecological Civilization

作者：杰伊?麥克丹尼爾，小約翰?博斯維爾?柯布，彭曉  Jay McDANIEL, John Boswell COBB Jr., PENG Xiao

摘要

5月29日，2021年約翰?柯布共同福祉獎頒獎典禮在線舉行，該獎項是世界范圍內生態哲學領域的最高榮譽之一，北京大學建筑與景觀設計學院教授俞孔堅獲此殊榮。在頒獎儀式上，杰伊?麥克丹尼爾博士致辭，總結了俞孔堅的景觀設計思想和實踐；小約翰?博斯維爾?柯布及其他多位學者也對俞孔堅的作品給予了高度評價。本文是對這些致辭和評價的記錄和補充。致辭嘉賓表示，俞孔堅的作品體現的是一條“建設性后現代主義”的途徑，將現代的理想生活方式與過去的智慧相結合，指向一種更綠色、宜居的未來。他們認為，在當前生態危機背景下，俞孔堅的景觀設計思想和實踐的確是一門“生存的藝術”。從建設性后現代主義的視角來看，俞孔堅將傳統知識融入其前瞻性思想，幫助人類和地球設計了一種更具光明前景的未來。本文探討了生態文明理念如何通過審美、規劃和設計觀念的轉變“落地”，以及俞孔堅的景觀設計思想和實踐探索是如何幫助中國在世界生態文明轉型中確立其引領地位的。

關鍵詞：約翰?柯布共同福祉獎；景觀設計；建設性后現代主義；生態文明

_Abstract

_{On May 29, the 2021 John Cobb Common Good Award presented online was awarded to Yu Kongjian, professor of College of Architecture and Landscape of Peking University. This award is one of the highest honors in the field of Ecological Philosophy offered throughout the world. In the award ceremony, Dr. Jay McDaniel gave a speech to summarize Yu’s ideas and practices; and other scholars, including John Boswell Cobb Jr. also commented on Yu’s works. This article is a record and supplement of the speech and these comments. The speakers showed that Yu’s works reflect an approach they call “constructive postmodernism,” which combines poetic modern ways of living with wisdom from the past, pointing toward a greener and more habitable future. In light of the current ecological crisis, the speakers proposed that Yu’s Landscape Architecture is indeed “an art of survival.” In the spirit of constructive postmodernism, Yu combines traditional knowledge with a forward-looking attitude, helping to design a more promising future for humanity and the Earth. This essay explores ways that the idea of ecological civilization can “come down to earth” through shifts in attitude towards planning, designing, and aesthetic appreciation, showing how Yu’s thoughts and explorations will help China establish its leading role in the world’s transformation toward global ecological civilization.}

_Keywords

_{John Cobb Common Good Award; Landscape Architecture; Constructive Postmodernism; Ecological Civilization}

重塑洛杉磯河：連接公共開放空間的51英里

The Los Angeles River Reimagined: 51 Miles of Connected Public Open Space

作者：杰西卡?M?漢森，馬克?漢娜  Jessica M. HENSON, Mark HANNA

摘要

因其特殊的混凝土河道，洛杉磯河可能是世界上最具辨識度的河流之一。隨著洛杉磯地區的城市化逐漸推進，這條河流為降低洪水發生風險而被渠化，在一些人眼中，這是建筑工程史上的豐功偉績，而在另一些人眼中則是一場生態災難。洛杉磯河流經17個城市，其中不乏洛杉磯縣境內環境最惡劣、公園最稀缺、服務水平最差的一些社區。在河道的通行權范圍內有超過930多公頃的公共用地可以用來重塑洛杉磯河，這將會影響河道周圍1.6km范圍內100萬人的生活。

洛杉磯河總體規劃由洛杉磯縣主導，計劃于2021年秋季完成。該規劃提議建設長約51英里（約82km）相互連接的公共開放空間，其中包括一系列多效益項目，共響應了9個總體目標，從防洪韌性到房屋經濟實用性，再到生態功能、藝術、教育和文化等。在這一面向未來25年的基于數據的規劃中，進行了一項針對全流域的研究，致力于記錄和理解與環境和社會問題相關的水質、水源地保護與洪水風險的話題。規劃還提出了兼具傳統與創新策略的“工具包”，配置了棲息地橋梁、干旱河谷側渠等在內的65種設計工具，旨在提升生態系統服務、形成一個欣欣向榮的城市居所和相互連接的濱河公園網絡。

關鍵詞：流域分析；目標驅動的規劃框架；基于數據；生態功能；工具包；生物多樣性；洪水風險

_Abstract

_{The concrete channel of the Los Angeles (LA) River is probably one of the most recognizable rivers in the world. Channelized to manage the risk of flooding as the Los Angeles region urbanized, the river today is an architectural and engineering feat in the eyes of some people but an ecological disaster to others. The river flows adjacent to 17 cities and among some of the most environmentally burdened, park poor, and underserved communities of LA County. With over 2,300 acres of largely publicly owned land within the river right-of-way, a reimagined LA River can impact the lives of the one million people that live within a mile of the river.}

_{The LA River Master Plan, led by Los Angeles County and scheduled to be completed in fall 2021, proposes 51 miles of connected public open space with multi-benefit projects supporting nine goals ranging from flood resilience to housing affordability, to ecological function, and to arts, education, and culture. The data-based plan for the next 25 years includes a watershed-wide research effort to document and understand water quality, water conservation, and flood risk in relation to environmental and social issues. The plan includes traditional and innovative strategies within a “kit of parts,” interventions that include over 65 components ranging from habitat bridges to dry arroyo side channels demonstrating opportunities for enhancing ecosystem services to create a thriving urban habitat and connected network of parks along the river.}

_Keywords

_{Watershed Analyses; Goal-Driven Planning Framework; Data-Based; Ecological Function; Kit of Parts; Biodiversity; Flood Risk}

基于源－網－廠－河系統理念的流域生態修復：以廣東省深圳市茅洲河（寶安片區）水環境綜合治理工程為例

Basin-Scale Ecological Restoration Based on the “Source–Network–Plant–River” Concept: A Case Study of Maozhou River (Baoan Section) Water Environmental Remediation in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province

作者：魏俊，黃森軍，唐穎棟，王明銘，孫大洋，王韶伊，申屠華斌  WEI Jun, HUANG Senjun, TANG Yingdong, WANG Mingming, SUN Dayang, WANG Shaoyi, SHENTU Huabing

摘要

中國的城市建設高強度開發占用水系空間，增大了水系污染負荷，導致以黑臭水體為典型的流域水污染加劇，水生態環境遭受嚴重破壞。本文以廣東省深圳市茅洲河（寶安片區）水環境綜合治理工程為例，在充分研判場地現狀、全面開展水環境要素摸排的基礎上，梳理了流域內入河污水量大、生態基流不足、河底淤積嚴重、岸線硬化率高等關鍵問題；項目創新性地提出了基于“源－網－廠－河”系統理念的生態修復技術框架，建立了水環境綜合治理、河流底質棲息環境優化、多目標生態補水及濱水生態修復的全要素治理技術體系，開展了源頭海綿城市建設、管網雨污分流、底泥清淤及資源化利用、生態補水等系列工程。此外，項目進一步推進全域法制化、精細化、智慧化創新管理模式建設。項目實施后，河流水質明顯提升，流域內黑臭水體悉數消除，生態系統逐步改善。本項目先行探索的“源－網－廠－河”系統理念可為中國流域水生態修復實踐提供有益參考。

關鍵詞：流域；茅洲河；“源－網－廠－河”系統治理；黑臭水體治理；生態修復；水環境綜合治理

_Abstract

_{In China's urban construction, intensive development increasingly encroaches the city’s water space and exacerbates water pollution problems including black-odor water bodies, seriously damaging the water ecosystem. This article demonstrates the Maozhou River (Baoan Section) Water Environmental Remediation project in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, which is a latest practice case of representativeness in comprehensive on-site investigation and problem-finding of all kinds of water environmental elements. Identifying main problems including the large amount of sewage discharging into the river, insufficient ecological base flow, severe river siltation, and high hardening rate of the waterfront, the project innovatively proposed an ecological restoration technology framework based on the “source–network–plant–river” concept, developed a full-element-treatment technique roadmap for water environment management, improvement of riverbed habitat, multi-objective eco-water recharge, and waterfront ecological restoration, and carried out a series of measures such as sponge city construction for pollution source control, rainwater-sewage diversion system, sediment dredging and resource utilization, and eco-water recharge. In addition, the project further promotes the legislation, refined management, and intelligent basin governance mode. The ecological restoration has significantly improved the water quality of the river, eliminated all black-odor water bodies in the basin, and enhanced the ecosystem resilience. The “source–network–plant–river” concept demonstrated in this project can provide a reference for the practice of water ecological restoration in China's river basins.}

_Keywords

_{Basin; Maozhou River; Source-Network-Plant-River Remediation System; Black-Odor Water Body Remediation; Ecological Restoration; Comprehensive Water Environmental Remediation}

基于生態系統服務的黃河灘區生態修復模式探索——以鄭州黃河灘地公園規劃設計為例

Exploration on Ecological Restoration Model for the Improvement of Ecosystem Services of Yellow River Floodplains—A Case Study of Zhengzhou Yellow River Floodplain Park Planning and Design

作者：俞孔堅，龔瑤  YU Kongjian, GONG Yao

摘要

黃河流域是中國重要的生態屏障和經濟帶，黃河生態系統是一個有機整體，下游的黃河灘地對流域生態系統健康和生物多樣性具有重要意義。然而，當前黃河下游灘區自然環境相對復雜，加之受到防洪政策、農業活動、村莊建設、生產堤等諸多因素的影響，自然生態系統遭受到較大破壞，生態系統服務功能受損嚴重，影響黃河流域的健康發展。鄭州黃河灘地公園規劃設計項目通過科學識別黃河嫩灘、二灘和高灘的特征，落實分區、分類施策的三灘生態修復措施，突出黃河灘地原真性和自然特色，完善供給、調節、支持、文化全方位的生態系統服務；同時引入沿黃慢行系統與休閑創意產業，基于生態系統服務提升獲得高品質的文化感知與休閑體驗，推動綠色生產和生活方式，統籌應對黃河灘區防洪安全、生態安全、綠色發展等問題，滿足人民群眾對美好生活的向往，為黃河下游灘區生態治理與綠色發展提供參考。

關鍵詞：黃河下游灘區；生態修復；生態系統服務；慢行系統；高質量發展

_Abstract

_{The Yellow River Basin is one of the greatest and most important ecological barrier and economic belt in China. When the Yellow River Basin is seen as an ecosystem in whole, the floodplains in the lower reaches are critical to the basin’s health and biodiversity. However, due to the extreme complexity of the natural environment of the floodplains, current flood control policies, long-term agricultural activities, and extensive rural construction and production dikes, the river ecosystem has suffered from considerable damage and a serious decline of ecosystem services. In the planning and design project of the Zhengzhou Yellow River Floodplain Park, the characteristics of the lower, intermediate, and higher floodplains have been carefully identified, site-specific ecological restoration measures for each floodplain type were implemented, highlighting the authenticity and natural qualities and improving the overall ecosystem services. In addition, a slow traffic system and innovative industries along the Yellow River are introduced to enable high-quality cultural perception and recreational experience of the improved ecosystem services, promote green production and lifestyle. These measures help make the Yellow River a river that truly benefit the locals. In the context of ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River, as a national agenda, the ecological restoration planning strategies proposed in this article provides a reference for the development of ecological management and green economy in other sections of the lower reaches of the Yellow River.}

_Keywords

_{Floodplains in Lower Reaches of the Yellow River; Ecological Restoration; Ecosystem Services; Slow Traffic System; High-Quality Development}

健康的港口未來：重新審視河口景觀沉積物

Healthy Port Futures: Rethinking Sediments for Rivermouth Landscapes

作者：特蕾薩?魯斯維克，肖恩?伯克霍爾德，布萊恩?戴維斯，馬修?莫菲特  Theresa RUSWICK, Sean BURKHOLDER, Brian DAVIS, Matthew MOFFITT

摘要

在整個五大湖地區，港口城市往往位于河口區域。河口曾經將河流沉積物分揀、塑形，并運輸到湖中，如今被用作工業航道，需要定期進行機械疏浚維護工作。以往的沉積物管理實踐要么將近岸的河流沉積物封存在封閉式處理設施（CDF）中，要么釋放于更深的開放水域。這兩種處理方式都從近岸系統中清除沉積物，使得其無法在岸線保護、棲息地營造、波能削減和填沙護灘等方面發揮潛在用途。綜合上述兩種封閉式（如封存于CDF）和低成本開放式（釋放于開放水域）的處理方式，新型河口濕地得出了處理和運用沉積物的策略。本文描述了由五大湖保護基金支持的“健康的港口未來”項目所進行的一項嘗試。通過協作設計和研究，本項目使用了系列工具集來生成、推測、建模、可視化和測試多個不同社會、生態和水文條件下的濕地形態。該項目可以被形象地稱作“月牙”，它提出了一種半圓形、部分開放的單元式濕地設計，以應對河口環境的復雜性。在整個設計－研究過程中，項目試圖接納不確定性、評估風險并探索相應結果，以重新定義公眾對濕地營造和修復的期望，并重新構想五大湖沿岸的新面貌。

關鍵詞：河口；沉積物；疏浚；濕地；五大湖區域；設計結合研究

_Abstract

_{Throughout the Great Lakes, port cities are often located on the rivermouth and where rivermouths once sorted, shaped, and moved the riverine sediment into the lake. Their current use as industrial navigation channels requires cyclical mechanical maintenance dredging. Past sediment management practices have either placed the riverine sediment nearshore in confined disposal facilities (CDFs) or out in deeper open water. Both practices remove the sediment from the nearshore system, preventing its potential use in coastal protection, habitat creation, wave attenuation, and sediment nourishment. However, novel rivermouth wetlands can draw from both strategies of containment (as in a CDF) and cost-efficiency of non-containment (open lake disposal) to allow for the processing and use of sediment. This article will describe one such attempt, conducted by the Great Lakes Protection Fund-supported Healthy Port Futures project. Through a collaborative design-research process, Healthy Port Futures used a range of tools to generate, speculate, model, visualize, and test wetland forms under a range of social, ecological, and hydrological conditions. This project, understood colloquially as “the Crescent,” proposed a semi-circular, partially open-cell wetland design as a response to the complexity of rivermouth conditions. Throughout this design-research process, the project sought to acknowledge uncertainty, assess risk, and explore a range of outcomes in order to redefine the public expectations around wetland creation and restoration, and reimagine innovation along the Great Lakes coast.}

_Keywords

_{Rivermouth; Sediment; Dredging; Wetlands; Great Lakes; Design Research}

關于河流與繪畫實踐

On Rivers and Drawing Practice

作者：勞雷爾?麥克雪莉  Laurel McSHERRY

摘要

本文所述的筆者作品源于兩個論題：一是場地和環境相互依存；二是理解“為什么”和“怎么做”是景觀設計的基礎和必要條件，并且以蘇格蘭裔美籍景觀設計師伊恩?麥克哈格和蘇格蘭城市規劃師帕特里克?蓋迪斯的項目及研究成果為創作基礎。盡管兩人提出理論的年代相隔近半個世紀，但由于同樣看重地域性知識對于當地設計和規劃實踐的重要作用，他們的實踐主題和方法也秉持相似的準則。筆者近期的一項研究對比了對麥克哈格的研究成果頗有影響的兩條河流—克萊德河和特拉華河。受這項研究的啟發，本文展現了表達增量變化、疊加以及時間推移的橫斷面模型及相關繪圖實踐。文章首先討論了地形圖及其在美國、意大利和英國蘇格蘭的河流流域研究中的應用；隨后，簡要回顧了麥克哈格和蓋迪斯對區域規劃理論和實踐的貢獻；進而介紹了以橫斷面為基礎的實踐項目對于其他學科領域觀察和分析景觀現象的實用意義，相關結論亦成為了筆者近期一次基于拓印和數字繪圖技術的展覽的理論基礎。文章最后重申了實地考察對景觀設計和其他基于環境的創造性作品的重要意義。

關鍵詞：流域；景觀歷史；橫斷面模型；持續性繪圖實踐；景觀演變

_Abstract

_{This work flows from two propositions: sites and settings are interdependent, and understanding why and how is fundamental and inexhaustible for landscape architecture. It builds on the work of Scottish–American landscape architect Ian McHarg and Scottish town planner Patrick Geddes. Although separated in time by nearly half a century, their shared belief in the role of regional knowledge for local design and planning led to parallels in their canon relative to subject matter and approach. Prompted by a recent comparative study of two rivers influential to McHarg’s work—the Clyde and the Delaware—the essay reflects on transect modeling and related drawing practice that engage incremental change, accumulation, and time. It begins with a discussion of relief maps and their application to river basin research in the United States, Italy, and Scotland. This is followed by a brief retrospective on the contributions of McHarg and Geddes to regional planning theory and practice. The interdisciplinary usefulness of transect-based practice for observing and analyzing landscape phenomena is then presented, and provides context for a recent exhibition by the author, which explored both analog and digital drawing techniques. The essay concludes by reasserting the importance of field study to landscape architecture and other works of environmental imagination.}

_Keywords

_{Drainage Basins; Landscape History; Transect Models; Durational Drawing Practices; Landscape Change}

“盧尼地帶”研究：突破河流定義的“水分關鍵帶”

Engaging Luni: A Critical Zone of Wetness rather than a River

作者：普拉庫?波塔普  Prakul POTTAPU

摘要

在地理視角下，盧尼河是一條穿越印度塔爾沙漠的季節性河流，此時的沙漠即為一片毫無生機或極度缺水的區域，需要通過管道和運河向其輸送水源。但若將這一場地理解為處于云層和含水層之間的“水分關鍵帶”，“盧尼”便可被定義為一處擁有豐富多彩文化的開敞空間，這里孕育著制鹽、陶藝、音樂、木版印刷和印染等多種受季風影響的傳統技藝。2018年，由賓夕法尼亞大學斯圖爾特－韋茨曼設計學院阿努拉達?馬圖爾教授組織并主持的設計課程通過模擬圖像、壓印和蒙太奇等方式，利用后一種范式來研究“盧尼”，以構建另一種“場地”。有別于從“河流”的視角來理解盧尼河，此設計方法所探究的是另一種視角下的“盧尼地帶”—無處不在的水分。設計方案“共鳴樂器”即為此課程的成果之一，方案摒棄了一般地圖中將場地局限為地理表面的傳統，運用繪畫、攝影、版畫和蒙太奇等方法，將場地打造成為一處“水分關鍵帶”。針對“盧尼地帶”的具體研究應用這些方法建造了“水分關鍵帶”中的“樂器”裝置。在這里，協商溝通、靈活變通和容許差異的設計方式比刻板固定、一刀切、嚴格劃定和精準定義的模式更加適用。

關鍵詞：河流景觀；降雨地帶；水分；音樂；模擬圖像；蒙太奇

_Abstract

_{When the ground is understood as a geographic surface, Luni is articulated to be a seasonal river that flows through the Thar Desert in India. In this paradigm, the desert is perceived as empty or as a place of scarcity to which water must be brought in pipes and canals. However, when situated within a “critical zone of wetness” that extends from clouds to aquifers, Luni is a culturally vibrant open terrain where various traditional practices of habitation—salt production, pottery, music, block printing, and dyeing—are acutely tuned to the monsoon. The design studio organized and instructed by Professor Anuradha Mathur in 2018 at the Stuart Weitzman School of Design, University of Pennsylvania engages the latter through analog prints, imprints, and montages to construct another ground. This approach pursues Luni as ubiquitous wetness, rather than understanding the Luni-as-a-river differently. The design project “Resonating Instruments” is an outcome of this studio. Instead of working with maps that construct the ground as a geographic surface, the project uses drawing, photography, printmaking, and montage as techniques of negotiation to construct the ground as a “critical zone of wetness.” These techniques were used to engage Luni and to construct the instruments in a “critical zone of wetness,” where negotiation, flexibility, fluidity, and gradients are favored over rigidity, separation, and strict delineations and definitions.}

_Keywords

_{River Landscapes; Rain Terrain; Wetness; Music; Analog Prints; Montage}