《景觀設計學》2021年第2期

俞孔堅?大歷史視野中的人類景觀——《景觀設計學》2021年第2期“主編寄語”

Human Landscapes in Big History, by Yu Kongjian

長達一年多的新冠肺炎（COVID-19）疫情，留給我許多不快甚至悲痛的記憶，也帶給我許多難忘的經歷和難得的思考機會。身處遠離大城市的鄉村—江西省上饒市婺源縣一個叫做巡檢司的村莊，在疫情隔離狀態中，令我擁有了體驗“寧靜以致遠”的機會；同時，也借由突破了空間和時間限制的網絡，擁有了“寬大以兼覆”的時刻。

由于疫情原因，原計劃在瑞士召開的全球頂級科學家會議“前沿論壇”不得不改為每月線上舉辦的學者系列演講。第一場演講已于3月2日舉辦，由全球著名教育家和歷史學家大衛?克里斯蒂安主講，其演講主題為“大歷史：培養能管理星球的下一代”。克里斯蒂安顛覆了狹隘的傳統歷史觀，以一種前所未有的高度和視角引導我們從異常壯闊的大歷史視野來審視人類及其存在的時空。非常有意思的是，他還借助了一幅桂林鄉村田園風景照片來表達其廣闊視野的觀點。

克里斯蒂安將大歷史概括為8個關鍵階段。他通過將宇宙學、天文學、化學、地質學、生物學、人類學、狹義歷史學等浩瀚繁雜的學科知識系統地聯系在一起，形成了一種認識世界和人類自我的全新知識體系，以作為培養人類下一代的教育框架。[1]在這樣的視野下，無論人類如何自詡其歷史的驚天動地，相較于大歷史而言，依然是如此地微不足道，人類始終只是在一個變化規律的棲居環境中適應、進化與繁衍。直到約100年前，尤其是近50年來，人類活動產生的過度碳排放將在人類時空中產生全球性的、超越自然規律和地球韌性的突變。在宇宙的歷史長河中，這也不過只是瞬時變化而已，但卻可能演變為渺小人類的滅頂之災。

當我合上筆記本電腦，穿上高筒雨靴，走入沾滿露水的田埂時，卻又獲得了星空般神奇的變換體驗，韌性且恒常，而這，正是人類的土地歸屬感與認同感的基礎。2020年7月，這里經歷了一場幾十年未遇的洪水。如今，蜿蜒的嚴溪上那些被沖毀的水堨已得到修復；坍塌的千年古道也已用舊石板進行修補；但是，溪邊不遠處那幾棵千年古樟和溪邊那口南宋時期的古井至今依然保存完好，令人感嘆奇跡的同時，也不由地感慨其間的艱辛。僅僅過去半年，眼前的景觀就已仿若未曾發生過災害一般。

從今年2月初開始，田埂上便有我熟悉卻并不知曉學名的鄉土野草陸續開花了。先是稻槎菜（Lapsana apogonoides）、碎米薺（Cardamine hirsuta）、阿拉伯婆婆納（Veronica persica）等；到了2月中旬，則是擬鼠麹草（Gnaphalium affine）、雀舌草（Stellaria alsine）、鵝腸菜（Myosoton aquaticum）等；時至2月下旬，田野里的油菜花也已開始零零星星地吐黃，并迅速進入盛花期；而到我寫作的今日（3月11日），放眼望去，三千多畝的田野已盡染金黃。而田埂也被夏天無（Corydalis decumbens）的紫色花朵所覆蓋，在燦然的油菜花中顯得異常美艷；而天葵（Semiaquilegia adoxoides）的白色小花則總是被忽視。可以想見，去年疫情期間，在人們的無限留戀與惋惜中，田野很快便會卸下油菜花盛裝，換上綠色的水稻外套，接著披上沉甸甸的、金色的稻穗秋裝，之后便是在晨霧中裹緊泛著銀光的冬襖。如此，周而復始，年復一年。

當我再次撥開山邊那些高高的茅草，閱讀一處處墳冢前的墓碑銘文時了解到，從在北亞熱帶茂密叢林中破荒開基的第一代先輩算起，他們在此繁衍的歷史已近千年；即便如此，他們每一代人所看到的宇宙星空想必與我今天所見相差無幾，他們所見到的應時令而發的野草和田間作物，也與我今天所見幾乎一樣；就連這田埂和水堨，亦是如此。但是，他們所經歷的洪水可能比去年我所見到的還要嚴峻，他們所經歷的瘟疫可能也比今天的COVID-19更為肆虐。盡管如此，這些先輩和他們的家族依然得以繁衍至今—因為自然生命始終跟隨著宇宙運行規律生長、繁衍，生死交替。正是這份對土地和生命的依賴和適應，使得浩瀚宇宙中的一方土地和棲居其上的人類及社區—亦可理解為“景觀”（landscapes）—得以以相對恒常的狀態存在。人類和社區憑借一定的韌性，適應并利用自然，并形成了對這方土地的認同感和歸屬感，最終體現為獨特的鄉土景觀。

然而，從小生長在這片田野上的我，卻已看到一種遠遠超出這方土地、這群人、這個社會，以及生命韌性范圍的全球性災難正在醞釀，并在迅速積蓄能量，甚至預感到它爆發在即。今天，水溝中已經沒有了魚，田野里已經沒有了泥鰍、蚯蚓，就連青蛙也寥寥無幾；水田已經板結，即使是在位處上游的小溪里，富營養化現象也已開始泛濫。農民兄弟背著藥箱向田野一遍一遍地噴灑農藥和除草劑，大把大把地施撒化肥。當然，這并非他們的錯，是生存的壓力使他們不得不如此。田野上的生命系統正在快速發生巨變，這種巨變將超出自然生命系統的韌性而導致系統崩潰，其災難性的后果遠非去年的洪水和延續至今的瘟疫可以相提并論。

這便是“大歷史”告訴我們的：由于人類的無度開采，地球生命積聚了千萬年的化石能源正被用來滿足人類各類發展欲望，釋放了超出自然規律的溫室氣體；人類用化學方法合成了超出自然生命系統韌性的新物質，包括各類化肥、農藥和塑料，使人類賴以生存的自然系統面臨崩潰。即使是在140億年的“大歷史”視野下，這也是一種可能改寫人類歷史的巨變，是當前人類所面臨的致命的生存挑戰。

_{Experienced too much bitterness in the COVID-19 pandemic, I have also been deep in thought from the lessons learned in the past year. Being in Xunjiansi village in Wuyuan County, Shangrao City, Jiangxi Province, remote from China’s metropolises, I owned an opportunity of “keeping calm and carrying on” in the quarantine, as well as a moment of “holding the world with an open mind” via the Internet, across the boundaries of time and space.}

_{Due to the COVID-19, the Frontiers Forum, an academic conference gathering global top scientists scheduled to be held in Switzerland, had to be changed into an online-lecture series every month. On March 2, the first lecture titled “Big History: Equipping Our Children to Manage a Planet” was delivered by David Christian, a famous educator and historian. Challenging conventional views of history, Christian offers us a magnificent, unprecedented Big History perspective to re-examine human beings and the space-time where they survive and develop. Interestingly, he presented a photo of Guilin’s rural scenery to illustrate his ideas.}

_{Christian generalized 8 thresholds of Big History. Combining various disciplinary systems such as Cosmology, Astronomy, Chemistry, Geology, Biology, Anthropology, and Literary History, a new vast knowledge system that helps us understand the world and human beings and serves as an educational framework for next human generation can be created. [1] Under the view of Big History, human history, no matter how earthshaking it is praised to be, is just barely even worthy of mention, in which man has always adapted, evolved, and reproduced in a regularly changing environment. In the past century, especially in the recent half, human carbon emission has posed the planet an unprecedented environmental crisis to its natural resilience. Although only a transient variation in the earth’s long history, it may lead to a catastrophe to human beings ourselves.}

_{Turning off laptop and putting on my rain boots, I walked into a ridge covered by dew, experiencing the resilience and constancy of nature—the root of people’s belonging and identity for land. In July 2020, this area suffered from the most severe flood in decades. On the winding Yan Stream, weirs destroyed by the flood have been restored, and the collapsed thousand-year ancient path repaired with old slates. Amazingly, those several ancient camphor trees standing for over 1,000 years and the ancient well built in the Southern Song Dynasty near the stream remain so intact that I cannot help imagining how many natural disasters they survived from. Only half a year passes by, the landscape has self-restored, seeming to have experienced no impact.}

_{Since the beginning of February this year, native plants, familiar to me but not known by academic names, have been blooming on the field ridges, including Lapsana apogonoides, Cardamine hirsuta, and Veronica persica; Gnaphalium affine, Stellaria alsine, and Myosoton aquaticum in the middle of February; by late February, rape flowers began to sprout and soon turned the fields into a yellow meadow—on March 11 when I write this article, it became a stunning landscape covering an area of nearly 200 hm2. Covering the ridges, purple flowers of Corydalis decumbens look gorgeous among bright rape flowers sea. In contrast, Semiaquilegia adoxoides’ small white flowers are often ignored, so were the beautiful landscape during the pandemic last year—people missed the attractive seasonal sceneries from yellow meadow of rape flowers in spring, green crops in summer, golden paddy fields in autumn to sparkling mist and snow in winter. Come and gone, year after year.}

_{Behind the tall grasses at the mountain foot, there are the tombs of my ancestors, with the inscriptions on the tombstones. Since the first generation began to settle in the dense forests of northern subtropics, human beings have been living here nearly a thousand years. The landscapes of starry sky, vibrant grasses, and crops growing in season, as well as the ridges and weirs, are persistent over centuries, just as what we see today. Although I guess that the ancestors must had suffered from more severe floods or pandemics than what we are facing today, life continues—birth, grow, thriving, death… all follow the laws of universe. The dependence on and adaption to land and life allows the earth, human beings, and their communities (which can also be understood as landscapes) to exist in a relatively constant state. By virtue of resilience, humans and their communities adapt to and make use of the nature, forming a sense of identity and belonging to the land which finally is manifested as unique vernacular landscapes.}

_{However, as a native growing up on this land, I can see a global disaster that begins to take shape and is quickly exacerbating and even to break out, which will go far beyond the resilience of the land, of the entire human beings, of the whole society, and even of the planet living system. Now, fish is disappearing from streams, and loaches, earthworms or frogs are disappearing from fields; the soil of more and more paddy fields are hardening or salinizing, and eutrophication is increasingly seen in upstream water bodies. Farmers spray the fields with plenty of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers—they have to do so, of course, down to the pressure of survival. The rapid changes on the fields are challenging the resilience of natural living system, and will eventually lead to a complete collapse and result in unpredictable disasters, far worse than the floods and the pandemic we have been suffering from today.}

_{Big History is warning us: To satisfy human beings’ desires, the immoderate exploitation of fossil energy resources that are accumulated by lives on Earth for millions of years has aggravated greenhouse gas emissions that exceed the carbon sequestration capacity of the nature; Humans have chemically synthesized new substances exceeding the resilience of natural living system, e.g. various sorts of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and plastics, which are causing environmental damages and threatening the natural system mankind rely on. Even in the Big History of 14 billion years, this is a critical moment to humans’ survival that may rewrite human history.}

_REFERENCES

_{[1] Christian, D. (2021, March). Big History: Equipping Our Children to Manage a Planet. Frontier Forum 2021. Symposium conducted at the meeting of Frontiers Media S.A.. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?index=3&list=PLpCH1XIO3lYtRELTupGHOfrbylNlPhPKR&v=JhowXxz_uAs}

主編寄語

大歷史視野中的人類景觀（俞孔堅）

景觀的“變”與“不變”（羅濤）

論文

縣級城市居住街區空間形態地域特征的時空差異研究—以慶城縣、武安市、長興縣、連江縣、金堂縣為例（黃圳，劉江，羅濤，洪昕晨）

美國密歇根州麥克斯頓平原矮化植被群叢視覺指標研究［艾米麗?艾夫斯（普瑞斯康），喬恩?布萊恩?伯利，凱倫?拉舍爾，羅伯特?舒茨基，周璟］

蘇州鄉村水域空間生態系統文化服務評價及其優化策略研究（劉宇舒，王振宇，單卓然）

21世紀以來國際視野下的中國園林研究—基于《園林與設計景觀史》與敦巴頓橡樹園的歷時性考察（張亦弛，王珺哲）

觀點與評論

倫理導向下的看護實踐和看護人—美國北卡羅來納州公共景觀看護案例研究（劉亞東）

遺址生境管理：空間規劃中考古遺址管理的跨學科方法（霍爾格?貝姆，劉江）

物聯網視角下的建成景觀設計項目運行信息管理：從空缺到途徑（周懷宇，劉海龍）

主題實踐

始于原型設計與試驗—瑞典哥德堡禧年公園的景觀設計（馬丁?埃里克）

探索與過程

恒久的記憶（陸小璇）

暗物質：密蘇里州圣路易斯墓地景觀演變研究（約翰?惠特克）

虛位以待的“景觀提白”：發掘塑造大淹地的持久性因素（陳嘉誠）

【中文刊名】《景觀設計學》——持久性景觀

【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers ?Persistent Landscapes

【作者】羅濤（LUO Tao），黃圳（HUANG Zhen），劉江（LIU Jiang）等

【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司

【頁碼】144頁彩色印刷

【刊號】ISSN 2096-336X

【出版日期】2021年4月

【定價】68.00元

景觀的“變”與“不變”

The “Change” and the “Constancy” of Landscapes

作者：羅濤  LUO Tao

摘要

科學辨識與主動介入景觀的演變是景觀設計學領域的重要話題。“變”是客觀的、絕對的，“不變”則是主觀的、相對的。因此，景觀的演變是絕對的，但人類對這一表象的衡量則是相對的。基于這一認識，我們提出具備時間維度的連續性與穩定性，和空間維度的穩定差異化表征的“持久性景觀”，指出理解這一概念的關鍵在于對自然生態系統的穩定與人文社會脈絡的融合的觀察。然而，隨著城鎮化進程的加速推進，城鄉特色喪失、環境污染、生態破碎、文化斷裂等問題相繼產生，如何重新認識人地關系，并科學制定可持續發展策略，成為需要景觀設計學界重點研討的話題。希望藉由本期的探索，推動景觀設計師適應時代需求，賦予景觀新的內容與形式，創造更加健康、詩意，且具有文化底蘊與空間特色的高品質人居環境。

關鍵詞：持久性景觀；景觀演變；景觀韌性；景觀評價；可持續景觀

_Abstract

_{Scientifically recognizing and wisely intervening the evolution of landscape is an important topic in Landscape Architecture, since evolution (change) is absolute. For human, landscape changes, however, can be measured in a relative sense. Upon such an understanding, the concept “persistent landscape” highlights the landscape’s continuity and stability over time, as well as the stable variety of physical environment. The key to understand this concept lies in landscape architects’ observation of not only the stability of natural ecosystems but also the harmony of cultural-social contexts. However, the rapid urbanization has caused many pressing problems such as the loss of characteristics in urban and rural area, environmental pollution, ecological fragmentation, and cultural fracture, which calls for landscape architects who can re-recognize the man-land relationship and formulate scientific strategies for sustainable development. In this issue, LA Frontiers hopes to offer landscape architects with insights to meet contemporary needs by embracing new landscape forms and implications, so as to create healthier and more poetic-quality living environments with cultural and spatial characteristics.}

_{Keywords:Persistent Landscape; Landscape Evolution; Landscape Resilience; Landscape Assessment; Sustainable Landscape}

縣級城市居住街區空間形態地域特征的時空差異研究——以慶城縣、武安市、長興縣、連江縣、金堂縣為例

Research on the Spatial–Temporal Changes of Regional Morphology of Residential Neighborhoods in County-Level Cities of China: Cases Studies on Qingcheng County, Wu’an City, Changxing County, Lianjiang County, and Jintang County

作者：黃圳，劉江，羅濤，洪昕晨  HUANG Zhen, LIU Jiang, LUO Tao, HONG Xinchen

摘要

城市粗放式開發促使城鎮特色丟失，并促使人居環境愈發趨向“千城一面”。為此，本研究以位于中國不同氣候區的縣級城市為研究對象，以其居住街區空間形態為切入點，借助ArcGIS 10.2、SPSS 22與Origin 2021軟件對60個代表性居住街區的空間形態以12個形態學指標進行主成分分析與相關性分析，借此判別、描述并解讀了地域特征的時空差異。研究表明：1）60個樣本街區的建設年代與中國住房制度改革的歷史變遷存在一定協同性；2）不同氣候區的縣級城市居住街區空間形態存在差異，可借助街區形狀、開發強度、街區規模、平面秩序和聚集程度5個表征因子進行描述；3）同一氣候區的縣級城市居住街區空間形態在不同時期存在差異，主要表現在建筑密度、街區面積和綠地率這三個形態學指標上，而不同氣候區的縣級城市居住街區空間形態在同一時期也存在顯著差異，主要表現在綠地率、建筑角度紊亂度和建筑距離紊亂度這三個形態學指標上；4）縣級城市居住街區空間形態地域特征的時空差異與住房政策制度、氣候條件、居住建筑布局方式、城市自身發展進程等因素有關，為未來的政策、規劃、建設等提供了尊重地域差異的參考依據。

關鍵詞：空間形態；中國縣級城市；居住街區；地域差異；主成分分析；相關性分析

_Abstract

_{The extensive growth in most Chinese cities at the expense of local identities of living settlement. Taking the 60 residential neighborhoods in county-level cities of varied climate zones in China as examples, this paper explores their spatial–temporal changes and differences in morphology, based on 12 morphological indicators through Principal Component Analysis and correlation analysis by ArcGIS 10.2, SPSS 22, and Origin 2021. The results show that 1) the construction dating of the 60 sample neighborhoods conforms to the development of China’s housing reform; 2) the spatial morphology of residential neighborhoods in county-level cities of different climate zones could be charaterized by 5 factors, i.e. neighborhood shape, development intensity, neighborhood size, layout order, and aggregation degree; 3) the disparities in the spatial morphology of residential neighborhoods in the same climate zone in different period of time are mostly indicated with 3 morphological indicators, i.e. Building Density, Neighborhood Area, and Green Space Ratio; rather, the morphology of residential neighborhoods built during a same period of time varies largely between climate zones, mainly indicated with Green Space Ratio, Degree of Building Angle Disorder, and Degree of Building Distance Disorder; and 4) China’s housing policies, climatic conditions, residential building patterns, and the urbanization of each city together influence the spatial–temporal changes in the spatial morphology, offering references to policy making, planning, and construction to protect the regional characteristics in the future.}

_{Keywords:Spatial Morphology; County-Level Cities in China; Residential Neighborhoods; Regional Differences; Principal Component Analysis; Correlation Analysis}

美國密歇根州麥克斯頓平原矮化植被群叢視覺指標研究

Visual Metrics for the Maxton Plains Alvars in Michigan, USA

作者：艾米麗?艾夫斯（普瑞斯康），喬恩?布萊恩?伯利，凱倫?拉舍爾，羅伯特?舒茨基，周璟  Emily IVES (PRIESKORN), Jon Bryan BURLEY, Karen RUSSCHER, Robert SCHUTZKI, ZHOU Jing

摘要

在美國，規劃師、設計師、環保主義者、熱心市民和政府官員對保護和管理擁有獨特生態環境的小型自然區域充滿熱忱。相關研究表明，土地利用類型與視覺質量評價指標之間聯系密切；在同一個連續區間中，相較于人造元素居多的用地類型，受訪者更偏好自然元素更多的用地類型。本研究評估并記錄了在美國密歇根州德拉蒙德島麥克斯頓平原矮化植被群叢中植物群落的視覺指標情況。大尺度的有關視覺質量的制圖項目通常以城市區域、林地、水體、耕地、牧場和草原為評估對象，矮化植被這類小型卻獨特且稀有的景觀類型較少被關注。本研究采用了兩個版本的預測模型來評估視覺指標。基于對60張現場照片的研究，麥克斯頓平原矮化植被群叢的視覺指標評估結果顯示，研究區域在視覺感官上擁有中等水平的吸引力和視覺一致性：由方程（1）計算出的結果在52～58分之間，由方程（2）計算出的結果在47～53分之間。相較于許多其他的景觀和土地利用類型，研究區域的環境具有中等水平的視覺偏好。若得分的浮動在平均值的±2.5分區間之外，那么與現狀相比，可預測到顯著的（p≤0.05）視覺質量變化。視覺指標系統為矮化植被群叢自身及其周邊區域的空間管理提供了一個定量評估框架。研究表明，建筑物、入侵林地、農業用地、鋪裝等景觀元素對視覺質量均具有顯著的負面影響（超過±2.5分范圍）。

關鍵詞：環境設計；景觀設計學；植物生態學；景觀評價指標；視覺評估

_Abstract

_{Planners, designers, environmentalists, concerned citizens, and government officials are interested in the management and preservation of small rare and unique ecological environments. Scholars have discovered that land-use and visual quality metrics often co-vary together and that various land-uses reside on a continuum scale from high respondent preference (biospheric land-uses) to low respondent preference (noospheric land-uses). This study assessed and documented the visual metrics for the Maxton Plains alvar/alvar grassland plant communities found on Drummond Island, Michigan, USA. These unique, small, and rare landscape types are not usually studied by large-scale visual quality mapping efforts which assess urban areas, woodlands, water, farmland, pastureland, and prairies. The visual metrics were assessed using two versions of predictive visual quality assessment models. Results from 60 field photographs reveal that the visual metrics assessment for the Maxton Plains alvars/alvar grasslands have a moderate visual preference, consistent visual quality scores: ranging from the low to middle 50s with the first equation and high 40s to low 50s with the second equation. Compared to many landscape and land-uses, these environments have scores that indicate a moderate visual preference and appreciation. Scores beyond ± 2.5 of the mean would indicate a significant (p ≤ 0.05) perceivable drift from the existing conditions. The visual metrics provide a numerical framework for managing the spatial contents within and adjacent to the alvars. Landscape features such as buildings, invasive woodlands, agriculture, and pavement would all decrease the visual quality beyond the ± 2.5 score range.}

_{Keywords:Environmental Design; Landscape Architecture; Plant Ecology; Landscape Metrics; Visual Assessment}

蘇州鄉村水域空間生態系統文化服務評價及其優化策略研究

Research on Evaluation and Optimization Strategies of Cultural Ecosystem Services of Rural Water Spaces in Suzhou

作者：劉宇舒，王振宇，單卓然  LIU Yushu, WANG Zhenyu, SHAN Zhuoran

摘要

蘇州“以水成聚，因水而興”的地域特征是影響廣域范圍城鄉空間發展演進的關鍵要素。水域空間是城鄉公共空間的重要組成部分，其所能提供的美學、游憩、教育、文化等生態系統文化服務（CES）是公眾需求的核心指向。伴隨著城鎮化的快速推進，如何通過CES的有效供給實現水域空間存量更新與文化復興，是當下亟待解決的現實問題。本研究通過識別蘇州水域空間CES類型，以當地典型水域空間為研究案例，引入重要性–績效分析法，進而建立CES類型與景觀要素及特征之間的聯系。研究采集了公眾對景觀要素及特征的CES重要性和績效水平的評價數據，實現了對水域空間CES供需關系的測度與評價，進而依據“繼續維持–過度表現–毋須優先–重點改善”的優化需求策略分區，從水網生態治理、挖掘水鄉特色資源、強化在地項目策劃三個方面提出促進蘇州水域空間CES有效供給的規劃策略與建設指引。

關鍵詞：水域空間；生態系統文化服務；重要性–績效分析法；景觀要素及特征；優化策略；蘇州

_Abstract

_{Suzhou City enjoys its regional water networks as a driver to promote the evolution of urban-rural landscapes, where water space is an important part of urban-rural public spaces that defines spatial characteristics, supports public health, and offers recreational opportunities. Cultural ecosystem services (CES) ranging from aesthetics, recreation, education to culture are the core public demands and a key aspect in shaping the identity and vitality of water spaces. However, along with the rapid urbanization, the historical city-water spatial pattern, social connections and relations, and regional cultural spirit have gradually faded away. Such problems can be addressed through inventory renewals and cultural revivals of water spaces based on CES enhancement. This research introduces the Importance–Performance Analysis to study CES of water spaces by examining representative water spaces of Suzhou, in order to examine the correlations between CES types and landscape elements/factors. By collecting the residents’ assessment data on the importance and performance of a series of landscape elements/factors, this research measures and evaluates the demand–supply relations of the studied water spaces, conducts a strategic zoning to identify the landscape elements/factors to maintain, of over-supply, needs no priority or to improve, respectively. Finally, the paper proposes planning strategies and construction guidance for enhancing water space CES in Suzhou in the aspects of ecological management of water network, highlighting of water town image, and planning and scheming of local projects.}

_{Keywords:Water Spaces; Cultural Ecosystem Services; Importance–Performance Analysis; Landscape Elements and Factors; Optimization Strategies; Suzhou}

21世紀以來國際視野下的中國園林研究—基于《園林與設計景觀史》與敦巴頓橡樹園的歷時性考察

Chinese Garden Research in the 21st Century International Academia—A Diachronic Analysis of Journal Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes and Dumbarton Oaks Library and Collection

作者：張亦弛，王珺哲  ZHANG Yichi, WANG Junzhe

摘要

中國園林研究正成為國際景觀設計行業的研究熱點與關注對象，而如何在卷帙浩繁的國際學界中把握中國園林研究的學術潮流則成為進一步促進中國景觀研究發展的關鍵所在。本文旨在對《園林與設計景觀史》（Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes）和哈佛大學敦巴頓橡樹園（Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection）這兩個引領國際學術潮流的期刊和學術機構基金項目進行歷時性考察，探討21世紀以來國際景觀設計視野下中國園林研究的動態趨向。借助文獻計量法，本文首先運用統計方法分析國際話語體系下中國園林研究的發展規律和增長趨勢，再以此為基礎，拾取出這些規律中的歷史時間因子，將其代入相關學術背景對其源流進行解構。經過探討，本研究指出在華人學者的主導下，國際學界內中國園林研究展現出穩中有升的趨勢，并吸引了多學科背景學者的參與；其不僅形成了中國和英國兩大學術重鎮，還在研究范式上呈現出從古典到近代、從單一到多元、從中國到跨國的轉變。

關鍵詞：景觀研究；《園林與設計景觀史》；敦巴頓橡樹園；中國園林；研究趨勢；21世紀

_Abstract

_{In response to increasing attention from international academia on Chinese gardens, this article advances China’s landscape studies by exploring international research trends on Chinese gardens during the 21st century. It mainly adopts a diachronic perspective to examine the journal Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes—a leading journal, and Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection (Trustees for Harvard University)—international academia’s leading institution on landscape studies. Using a bibliometric approach, it first carries out a statistical analysis of the rules and trends of development to explore the distribution patterns of Chinese gardens. Based on this analysis, it uses time series analysis to study the relationships of related academic discourses and contexts. The study reveals that Chinese garden studies led by Chinese scholars has attracted increasing attention from international academia and has involved growing numbers of scholars from various disciplines. Consequently, it has not only shaped much of the output from China and Britain, but is also driving a paradigm shift away from studying Chinese classical gardens to modern designed landscapes, drawing upon a monolithic approach to investigate the pluralistic, and from focusing on Chinese national interaction to transnational interaction.}

_{Keywords:Landscape Studies; Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes; Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection; Chinese Garden; Research Trends; 21st Century}

倫理導向下的看護實踐和看護人——美國北卡羅來納州公共景觀看護案例研究

Ethics-Based Stewardship Practices and the Stewards—Case Studies on Public Landscape Stewardship From North Carolina, USA

作者：劉亞東  LIU Yadong

摘要

公共景觀的持久性是實現社區韌性和可持續性的重要途徑，但其在中國景觀設計行業的“前期”規劃設計和“后期”運營管理均未得重視。本文引入西方視角下的“看護”概念，通過研究美國北卡羅來納州的三個公共景觀看護案例，將當代公共景觀看護實踐勾勒為以景觀師對場地的長期責任和主動關心為主要驅動力的場地景觀可持續經營，并得出看護概念的內核在于其倫理范疇—景觀師（即看護人）對景觀和土地的眷戀、責任和關愛，以及在面對復雜多變的社會生態系統時保持謙遜、敏銳和熱忱。案例研究指出，為適應社會經濟形勢的變化而制定和落實新的著眼于場地長期利益的總體規劃設計方案是公共景觀看護成果的典型表現，并總結出景觀師實現公共景觀看護實踐的一系列工作原則和方法。最后，基于與案例有關的討論，本文認為看護的倫理和實踐對正步入存量發展階段的中國城市將產生社會、經濟和環境等方面的積極影響，并提出了公共景觀看護應用于中國景觀設計行業的建議。

關鍵詞：景觀看護；公共景觀；景觀師；持久性；可持續性；倫理

Abstract

The persistence of public landscapes is a critical approach to community resilience and sustainability. But in China’s landscape architectural field, it is neglected in both planning and design, and post-occupancy operations and maintenance. With the case studies of three public landscape sites in North Carolina, the United States this article introduces the concept of stewardship, and  outlines the contemporary public landscape stewardship practice as management efforts predominantly driven by the landscape architect’s long-term duty and proactive care to create a sustainable landscape for the site. This article emphasizes that the essence of stewarding public landscapes lies in the ethics—the attachments to and the responsibilities and care of the land and the landscape; and modesty, discernment, and enthusiasm when facing the ever-changing socio-ecological systems—and the outcome of public landscape stewardship typically takes the form of developing and implementing new and future-oriented master plans for the sites. This article also summarizes a set of site-based principles and approaches to public landscape stewardship. Finally, based on the discussion about the case studies, this study points out the practical implications of public landscape stewardship for Chinese cities which are progressively entering into an era of inventory development. Recommendations for its application to the Chinese landscape architectural profession are further addressed.

Keywords:Landscape Stewardship; Public Landscape; Landscape Architect; Persistence; Sustainability; Ethics

遺址生境管理：空間規劃中考古遺址管理的跨學科方法

Managing Archaeotopes: 

An Interdisciplinary Approach to Archaeological Sites Management in Spatial Planning

作者：霍爾格?貝姆，劉江  Holger BEHM, LIU Jiang

摘要

在空間規劃中，以考古遺址為代表的多維景觀歷史發展常被忽略。本文通過提出“遺址生境管理”的新概念，將考古學研究與空間規劃聯系起來。該概念主張通過跨學科方法來幫助構建考古遺址的“遺址生境”，從而將場地中的考古學、美學和生態價值相互融合。作者認為，考古遺址在時間維度，尤其是歷史變遷和重要事件中留下的痕跡（即景觀史），以及遺址景觀的動態變化應被視為空間規劃的必要信息。因此，本文指出綜合多學科知識的必要性，包括能夠反映景觀發展和動態變化的學科，如地質學、古生物學、考古學和歷史地理學；能夠提供地方特征信息的相關學科，如生物學和專名學；以及與人類需求相關的學科，如社會學和心理學。最后，從5個方面提出了與“遺址生境管理”相關的當前和未來議題，并強調了認識和實現跨學科協作對于成功規劃所發揮的關鍵作用。

關鍵詞：空間規劃；時間維度；考古遺址；遺址生境管理；跨學科知識

_Abstract

_{The multifaceted historical development of a landscape typically represented by archaeological sites are often overlooked in spatial planning. In this article, Managing Archaeotopes was proposed as a new concept connecting archaeological research with spatial planning. The concept advocates that an interdisciplinary approach could help to build the “Archaeotopes” of archaeological sites, which brings together their archaeological, aesthetic, and ecological values in the landscape. The authors argue that the temporal dimension, i.e. landscape history, especially in terms of the remaining relics of historic development and events in the landscape today, and the dynamics of landscape changes should be treated as necessary information for spatial planning. Thus, knowledge should be acquired from relevant disciplines reflecting the timeline and dynamics of a landscape, such as Geology, Paleontology, Archaeology, Historical Geography, as well as other relevant sources and disciplines providing local characteristic information such as Biology and Onomastics. Knowledge from Sociology and Psychology would be needed when considering human requirement. At last, topics in the present and future were proposed in five aspects to facilitate Managing Archaeotopes, and emphasized the key role of the acceptance and realization of interdisciplinary work for a successful planning in the future.}

_{Keywords:Spatial Planning; Temporal Dimension; Archaeological Site; Managing Archaeotopes; Interdisciplinary Knowledge}

物聯網視角下的建成景觀設計項目運行信息管理：從空缺到途徑

IoT-Based Operational Information Management for Built Landscape Projects:From Vacancy to Approaches

作者：周懷宇，劉海龍  ZHOU Huaiyu, LIU Hailong

摘要

伴隨著第四次工業革命下新一代數字技術的快速更迭，數字景觀與智慧景觀設計已逐步成為設計領域研究的前沿和熱點。物聯網作為新興的數字工具，擁有被用于建成景觀項目的運行信息管理的巨大潛力。本文以建成景觀設計項目的運行階段為研究對象，以空缺分析及研究述評的方式探討物聯網（IoT）技術輔助項目運行信息管理的途徑。本文首先提出運行信息管理的主要目標為開展景觀績效評估和精細化后期管理，進而指出兩大數字工具的缺失：生態數據監測工具缺乏和動態景觀信息建模工具缺失。本文而后結合已有案例，重點探討IoT技術輔助生態數據在線監測及動態信息建模的應用路徑與相關注意事項。本文同時強調，景觀設計師和項目管理者不僅要關注IoT技術的研究動向，更重要的是要明確學科本身的實踐需求，以避免落入“為了應用而應用”的陷阱；而面向學科研究的未來時，本文意在揭示行業技術升級將引發需求升級的發展過程，這一升級也將帶來景觀設計師定位和培養模式的轉變，以及景觀設計和研究工具的革新。

關鍵詞：在線監測；景觀信息建模；績效評估；空缺分析；智慧景觀設計；運行信息管理

_Abstract

_{With the rapid advance of digital technology under the fourth industrial revolution, digital landscape and smart landscape architecture have gradually become the research hot spots in design professions. The Internet of Things (IoT), as an emerging digital tool, has shown great potential to assist operational information modeling for built landscape projects. This article, focusing on the post-operation for built projects, deliberates IoT-based approaches to operational information management (OIM)through vacancy analysis and literature review. It first argues that OIM’s main goals are performance evaluation and refined management, and points out the absence of effective monitoring tools for ecological performance and dynamic modeling tools for data storage, analysis, and visualization. Combing with existing cases, it also demonstrates and summarizes the methods for IoT-based ecological performance monitoring and dynamic information modeling, as well as the principles for related application. In addition, landscape architects and project managers should pay attention to emerging research trends of IoT technology, and more importantly, emphasize authentic application scenarios to avoid blind practice. As for the future of Landscape Architecture, this article attempts to reveal the profession development trajectory that technological upgrade leads to demand upgrade, which will also bring about changes in landscape architects’ contemporary mission and the methods for talent training, and about the innovations of landscape design and research tools.}

_{Keywords:Online Monitoring; Landscape Information Modeling; Performance Evaluation; Vacancy Analysis; Smart Landscape Architecture; Operational Information Management}

始于原型設計與試驗—瑞典哥德堡禧年公園的景觀設計

Prototyping a Park—Landscape Design of Jubileumsparken in Gothenburg, Sweden

作者：馬丁?埃里克  Martin ALLIK

摘要

瑞典哥德堡禧年公園的設計采用“雙軌并行”模式—其永久性園區將于2021年底竣工并開放；自2014年起，一系列臨時公園和設施將隨著若干公眾工作坊的開展陸續建成。場地的逐步演化給了生態系統適應的時間，也使公眾有機會直接參與建設和種植活動，同時間接表達自己對公園的關注點以及期望，幫助優化永久性公園的最終設計。針對場地原本以荒草為主的脆弱濱水生態系統以及社會文化遺產，在公眾的配合下，一座1:1比例的景觀實驗室—“水岸園”得以建立，用于測試各類新材料、工作方法，以及種植和維護技術，以便應用于永久性“嬉學園”的建設。該設計過程強調觀設計師與場地維護人員的緊密合作，以期在長遠的未來實現可持續發展目標、創造美學價值，亦強調了景觀設計師持續參與公園維護以及數字工具應用的重要性。該項目還采用巖土工程技術建造了一片緩坡濕地，并創建本土與引進物種混合的植物群落，促進其自然演替以應對氣候變化，為生物多樣性的長期提升創造先決條件。通過這樣的原型設計和測試，廣大公眾、維護人員和專家都參與到項目中，從城市生態系統、荒野景觀和美學角度促成了一場有關景觀持久性的對話。

關鍵詞：港口更新；場所營建；城市生態系統；漸進式設計過程；城市綠地維護

_Abstract

_{The design of Jubileumsparken in Gothenburg, Sweden runs on two parallel tracks—a permanent park will be completed and opened in late 2021, and before that a series of temporary parks and installations had been set up during several public workshops since 2014. The gradual evolution of the site allows ecosystems to adapt and invites the public to leave their imprint on the park through not only directly building and planting, but even more importantly, indirectly voicing their interests and desires which impacts the final design of the permanent park. With a focus on the existing fragile ruderal and coastal ecosystems, as well as the socio-cultural heritage of the site, a 1:1 scale landscape laboratory—the Shoreline Park—was built up together with the public. It allowed for testing new materials, work methods, planting and maintenance techniques that would then be used in the permanent Play & Learn Park. The design process also highlights the need for a closer collaboration between landscape architects and maintenance staff to achieve the sustainability goals and the aesthetic value of the park over a longer period, as well as the importance of landscape architects’ continuous involvement in park maintenance and the use of digital tools. The project also adopted geotechnic infrastructure to create a gently sloping wetland and proposed a mixed planting plan of indigenous species, natural succession and exotics to address climate change, and to create preconditions for high biodiversity even in the long term. Through such prototyping and testing, the wider public, maintenance staff, and experts got engaged in this project, which initiated a dialogue about the persistence in landscape between urban ecosystems, wildscapes, and aesthetics.}

_{Keywords:Harbor Regeneration; Place Building; Urban Ecosystems; Evolutive Design Process; Urban Greenspace Maintenance}

暗物質：密蘇里州圣路易斯墓地景觀演變研究

Dark Matter: Research on an Evolving Funerary Landscape in St. Louis, Missouri

作者：約翰?惠特克  John WHITAKER

摘要

畢業設計《暗物質》研究了遺體的生態價值及其對促進城市墓地生物多樣性的潛在作用。該項目采用地上腐熟加速技術（即“自然有機還原”），將人體組織和骨骼轉化為富含養分的類土壤。遺體隨著時間的推移逐漸腐爛、與生態環境融合，對逝者的吊唁和緬懷就此永恒。能量和物質在轉化的過程中轉移至鄰近的其他生命，整個自然系統和生態生產力都成為了紀念逝者的載體。于是，墓地景觀從靜態的紀念場所分散為一個不斷演變的紀念體系，使生者參與其中。

在這個疫情橫行、物種大規模滅絕、氣候危機不斷加深的時代，致力于環境倫理的殯葬儀式將個體的消逝與全球生態破壞和環境衰退格局聯系起來。人類在不同時間尺度上對逝者的哀思也不盡相同，這意味著需要一種新型紀念景觀，將人類生命置于更長久的自然周期中—出生、死亡、腐爛并蛻變。當紀念程序、生態保護和集體行動的場所合而為一時，紀念儀式、管理和行為模式將發生難以預料的變化。《暗物質》提出了一個具有高生物多樣性的公共景觀網絡，為肉體的消亡賦予助推生態系統中生命再生的意義。

關鍵詞：墓地景觀；紀念體系；分解作用（腐熟）；生態損失；生物多樣性

_Abstract

_{Dark Matter, a research by design thesis, investigates the ecological value of human remains, and their latent agency for advancing biological diversity in urban cemeteries. The project proposes an expedited aboveground decomposition process (Natural Organic Reduction) to convert human tissue and bone into nutrient-rich soil-like materials. Following decomposition, human remains merge with non-human ecologies over time to offer mourners an extended period of ceremony and remembrance. Transference of energy and matter to adjacent non-human life is emphasized in the transition, and a memorial’s embodiment in physical space is expanded to include natural systems and ecological productivity. The funerary landscape is thus decentralized from a static site of memorial to an evolving memorial system that invites engagement with the living.} 

_{In an age of pandemic, mass extinction, and deepening climate crises, a commitment to an environmentally ethical funeral practice connects the loss of the individual to global patterns of ecological ruin and environmental decline. These layered scales of grief are experienced at divergent timescales, suggesting the need for a new typology of memorial landscape that positions the human life within larger natural cycles of birth, death, decay, and metamorphosis. Rituals of commemoration, management, and activism would be alchemized to unexpected outcomes when the program of memorial, ecological preserve, and a theater for collective actions are merged. Dark Matter proposes a network of biodiverse public landscapes where bodily death events meaningfully contribute to ecological systems of propulsive regenerative life.}

_{Keywords:Funerary Landscapes; Memorial System; Decomposition; Ecological Loss; Biodiversity}

虛位以待的“景觀提白”：發掘塑造大淹地的持久性因素

“Landscape Prompts” Awaiting Attendance:Uncovering the Persistent Factors That Shape the Drowned Lands

作者：陳嘉誠  CHEN Jiacheng

摘要

美國紐約州的黑土農業區素以出產口味獨特的洋蔥聞名遐邇，而這得益于土壤中80%以上的有機質。但近年，當地僵化的經濟模式制約了地區發展，同時本地農業生產也在日趨頻繁的洪災影響下愈發脆弱。當“盛產農作物”逐漸成為這一地區的標簽時，人們便忽視了形成黑土農業區景觀背后的持久性因素。而它的別名“大淹地”（the Drowned Lands）或許能更好地表征這片土地與水之間的糾葛關系。

本文立足于美國的鄉村現狀與歷史沉積，將水文地質的動態與人的需求視為景觀連續性與穩定性的兩大因素，并重新勾畫出當地景觀自末次冰盛期以來的圖景。設計方案為黑土農業區開辟了一條兼具生態功能與游逸價值的復合路徑。沿途的一系列“景觀提白”講述了鮮為人知的地質學知識與史前文化。通過設計干預，鄉村景觀的其他可能性獲得了檢驗，農業用地的意義變得觸手可及，更為和諧的人地關系得以修復。

關鍵詞：持久性因素；（去）冰川化；水文地質學；景觀演變；景觀提白；氣候變化；地質倫理

_Abstract

_{The Black Dirt Region in the State of New York has been well-known for the unique taste of its onions, which is attributed to the organic matter that weighs over 80% in the soil. In recent years, however, the rigid economic pattern restrains the development of this area. In the meantime, local agricultural production is more and more vulnerable to flooding. When this region is labeled as “highly productive of crops,” the persistent factors that have been shaping the black-dirt landscape are omitted. The other name of the place, “the Drowned Lands,” may better capture its entangled relationship with water.}

_{In this article, hydrogeological dynamics and human desire are regarded as the factors that sustain landscape continuity and stability. Based on the research on historical sedimentation in the Drowned Lands, this article attempts to delineate a local scenario of covert landscape evolution since the Last Glacial Maximum. The proposal initiates a composite pathway of ecological functions and touristic values in the agricultural region. Within a series of “landscape prompts,” a lesser-known tale of local geology and prehistoric culture is told. Through design interventions, alternative possibilities of rural landscape are tested, embedded meaning of the agricultural land becomes tangible, and a more adaptive human–land relationship is restored.}

_{Keywords:Persistent Factor; (De)glaciation; Hydrogeology; Landscape Evolution; Landscape Prompt; Climate Change; Geological Ethics}