《景觀設(shè)計學(xué)》2021年第1期

俞孔堅?城市荒野：另一種文明——《景觀設(shè)計學(xué)》2021年第1期“主編寄語”

^{Urban Wildness as Another Civilization, by Yu Kongjian}

景觀滋養(yǎng)了人類的身體和心靈，連同人類的欲望——從生存和生理需求，到歸屬感與認(rèn)同感的獲得，再到自我價值的實現(xiàn)，也都應(yīng)景觀而生。

城市中的荒野是工業(yè)文明桎梏下的野性遺漏，是由金屬與玻璃構(gòu)建的寂寥城市的凄美回眸和慰藉。好奇與探索的天性讓人類文明在發(fā)展的道路上一往無前：從非洲草原走向亞洲叢林、歐洲凍原、美洲荒漠……于是，粗糙的礦石被打磨成光滑的玉器，黏土變作了潔白的瓷具，燧石的火星燒去了原野的荒蕪，殖民地中的野花經(jīng)過培育成為了貴族花園中的奇葩，自由流淌的溪流被改造為光滑的河渠，沼澤被開墾為田園和城鎮(zhèn)……這是一條逐漸背離荒野的文明之路，城市、農(nóng)田和園林在化石能源和機(jī)械力的推動下，不斷取代原生的自然；自然的野性被日益馴化。“光滑”“精致”“高雅”和“溫順”等漸漸成為當(dāng)代文明的重要特征。現(xiàn)代城市是當(dāng)前最高層次文明的載體和象征，卻已被演繹為用塑料、金屬和玻璃搭建的宮殿——光鮮亮麗、不著塵埃，野草和昆蟲失去容身之所，自然和野性只存在于電子屏幕和聲光電的感官刺激之中。失去野性的人類，正如豢養(yǎng)在拉斯維加斯五星級酒店玻璃房中的老虎，寂寥而萎靡。于是，野性和荒野被重新提起。

城市荒野之于人類文明和城市化，恰如困獸囚籠中的一棵綠樹、一叢野草或一條溪流。從發(fā)生學(xué)意義上講，部分城市荒野作為原生自然的遺存斑塊或廊道得以在城市中幸存，如殘存的濕地（哈爾濱群力濕地公園等）；此外更多的是掙脫了文明約束的次生自然，如在荒廢的灰色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施中恣意繁衍的自然（紐約高線公園的前身等）。城市荒野并不局限于荒野景觀（wildscape或wilderness），還包含保留了野性（wildness）的、不受人工干預(yù)的自然過程和生物——從自由流淌的徑流、未被改造的土壤和棲息其中的微生物、自由繁衍的鄉(xiāng)土植物，到從水泥地中掙扎而出的野草和排水溝石壁上頑強(qiáng)生長的灌叢、隨季節(jié)而生長凋落的樹葉、能夠感知天時的雞鳴和蛙聲……

從生態(tài)學(xué)意義上講，城市荒野作為自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，依照自然規(guī)律做功，并以其自身邏輯建立起深邃的秩序，是保障城市生態(tài)系統(tǒng)健康和可持續(xù)性的要素。它為人類社會提供了不可或缺的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)，諸如凈化空氣和水、調(diào)節(jié)城市微氣候、維持鄉(xiāng)土生物多樣性等。

從文化和心理學(xué)意義上講，城市荒野的審美啟智功能讓人類探索未知的天性得以釋放——這正是推動文明進(jìn)步的原動力。于我看來，東西方哲人的深邃思考和智慧大多來源于荒野：如釋迦摩尼的菩提樹、穆罕默德的希拉山洞、王陽明的龍場山洞，以及梭羅的瓦爾登湖等。生態(tài)心理學(xué)認(rèn)為，人與自然的日益分離將有損人類健康，而人類的健康源于地球的健康，療愈人類身心疾病有賴于人與自然關(guān)系的修復(fù)，以及自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的修復(fù)[1]。景觀感知的相關(guān)研究表明，景觀的復(fù)雜性和可探索性決定了自然環(huán)境的美感[2]。相較而言，園藝化的景觀（如修剪整齊的草坪）顯得索然無味——它們縱然代表著文明進(jìn)步、能令人獲得須臾的喜悅和激動，卻喚不起人類的探索欲望和沖動，也難以傳達(dá)詩情畫意的美感。

談及“荒野”，我的思緒不由地回到了兒時的兩處秘境——一處是村子最南邊的風(fēng)水林，那里葬著祖先的遺骨，林冠蔽日、蘑菇遍地、野花隱約，時而有野獸出沒；另一處是我家半畝宅院里的水塘，雜草叢生、魚鱉藏匿，螢火蟲和著各種蟲鳴翻飛——它們時刻吸引著我去探尋并收獲驚喜，就像魯迅的百草園。擁有這樣的荒野秘境，是我不幸童年的最大幸事。遺憾的是，它們都在我告別童年后相繼消失了。先是風(fēng)水林被園田化的水渠和機(jī)耕路切割開，隨后林中的樹木被砍伐殆盡，黃土深處的蛇洞被挖開，整整一窩赤鏈蛇（Lycodon rufozonatus）曝尸路面，原先見過的許多鳥獸也從此絕跡；而后，我宅院中的水塘逐漸干涸，最終被填平并蓋上了房子。好在這兩處荒野秘境尚能偶爾出現(xiàn)在夢境之中，給我?guī)頍o限的歡愉。

來到北京求學(xué)后，我也曾迷戀過一處荒野，那就是圓明園遺址公園中的廢墟。幾乎在整個20世紀(jì)80年代，這里都是我的最愛，也是我戀愛時流連忘返的去處。深淺不一的坑塘與土丘交錯分布，亂石散落其間，零星的精美石雕露出水面，水岸邊被蘆葦（Phragmites australis）、野慈姑（Sagittaria trifolia）和香蒲（Typha orientalis）等植被覆蓋，走近時會有魚蛙受驚，攪動起“啪啦”的水聲。早春時節(jié)，遍地的苦荬菜（Ixeris polycephala）、毛地黃（Digitalis purpurea）、諸葛菜（Orychophragmus violaceus）、點(diǎn)地梅（Androsace umbellata）和紫花地丁（Viola philippica）給枯黃的土地鋪上絢爛的彩色；此后，山桃（Prunus davidiana）、毛櫻桃（Prunus tomentosa）、鼠李（Rhamnus davurica）、黃刺玫（Rosa xanthina）等相繼開花。夏天的蔭涼來自楊、柳、榆、槐、椿等鄉(xiāng)土喬木，每一種喬木都因地勢之高低和土地的不同濕度而統(tǒng)治著各自的群落，喜鵲（Pica pica）、灰喜鵲（Cyaponica cyanus）、烏鴉（Corvus sp.）和各種啄木鳥（Picidae spp.）棲息其間。秋天則被黃櫨（Cotiuns coggygria）、山杏（Prunus sibirica）、銀杏（Ginkgo biloba）和蘆葦搶了風(fēng)頭，飽含野性的花青素讓樹葉紅得熱烈。我尤其喜愛冬天里的漫步——聽冰裂的回聲，看烏鴉在白楊樹梢盤旋、葦穗在寒風(fēng)中顫動，細(xì)賞殘雪下的碑刻和悄悄覓食的麻雀。

但就在2008年北京奧運(yùn)會舉辦前夕，為了向世界展示北京的文明和城市化水平，在“高雅化”和“美化”的名義下，這處舉世無雙的遺跡和最具北京特色的城市荒野，幾乎在一夜之間被鏟除：湖底鋪上了防滲膜；荒野不再，取而代之的是光鮮的草坪與牡丹（Paeonia suffruticosa）、月季花（Rosa chinensis）等各色園藝花木，以及喜慶的燈籠。

為此，全國學(xué)界掀起了一場具有歷史意義的捍衛(wèi)圓明園廢墟荒野的“抗?fàn)帯边\(yùn)動[3]。而這場由生態(tài)學(xué)者和環(huán)保人士發(fā)起、全國大部分媒體參與其中的大討論，賦予了圓明園注解文明與荒野的標(biāo)本意義：這里最早是天然山前沼澤濕地，后來被開墾為稻田，形成素有北方“江南”之美譽(yù)的農(nóng)業(yè)文明景觀；繼而為康熙、乾隆所鐘愛，仿江南文人山水構(gòu)筑起象征帝國大一統(tǒng)和富華的皇家園林；而后又被西方列強(qiáng)所焚毀，成為西方工業(yè)文明之崛起和中華農(nóng)業(yè)文明之衰弱的標(biāo)志；接著被撂荒，自然恢復(fù)其統(tǒng)治地位，百年的風(fēng)霜雨雪和生物群落之演替，使圓明園遺址變成了擁有豐富文化與自然遺產(chǎn)的城市荒野。

值得一提的是，當(dāng)代表中華造園藝術(shù)巔峰的圓明園被付之一炬之時，西方的先哲們已經(jīng)在思考荒野的意義：“我們所說的野性是有別于我們自身文明的另一種文明”[4]。顯然，梭羅所說的“自身文明”是當(dāng)時西方社會為之狂熱的工業(yè)文明。近150年后，當(dāng)圓明園廢墟被高雅化和城市化的力量所主導(dǎo)時，一場維護(hù)城市荒野的抗?fàn)幰舱谥袊娜话l(fā)生……這場抗?fàn)帲沁^程曲折而生動的“兩種文明的斗爭”[5]。如今，一種崇尚野性的新的文明——生態(tài)文明——正在崛起。

29年前，我曾獨(dú)自沿瓦爾登湖漫步，沉浸在啟迪哲人思考的荒野之中，腦中回蕩著他的妙句——“世界保存于荒野之中”“最有活力的人是最具野性的人”[4]，這亦是我對于城市荒野的理解。這里的“人”不僅代表人類個體，也可指某個群體、城市、民族、國家，乃至整個人類物種及人類的文明社會。因而，捍衛(wèi)城市荒野是人類走向更高層次文明的必經(jīng)之路。

^{Urban wildness has become the lost pearl in the industrialized city built with metal and glass. Human civilization continuously advances due to humans’ instincts of curiosity and exploration—from African savannahs to Asian jungles, European tundra, and to American deserts.... Gradually, the rough ores were polished into jades and clay was made into porcelains; the sparks lighted by firestones burned away wild plains; wildflowers were cultivated into horticultural flowers in aristocratic gardens; free-running rivers turned into canals; marshes occupied for urban and rural developments…. With fossil energy and mechanical technology, cities, farmlands, and gardens have been constantly displacing the nature, and the wildness is disappearing. Henceforth, “smooth,” “exquisite,” “elegant,” and “docile” now become “synonyms” of modern civilization. Modern cities magnifying the advance of civilization have evolved into a bright, beautiful, and clean palace built with plastic, metal, and glass, where however weed and insect habitats are increasingly eliminated; the nature and wildness, instead, only exists as virtual reality presented by electronic devices. Human beings lost their instinct of wildness, as lonely and dispirited tigers living in the glass cages of fancy hotels. It is time to call for the wildness.}

^{Urban wildness is encroached in civilization and urbanization processes, exactly like the trees, clumps of weeds, or streams in the tiger cages. In a phylogenetic sense, urban wildness exists as primary nature in forms of debris of natural patches or corridors, such as remained wetlands (e.g., Harbin Qunli Stormwater Park), and as secondary nature which is free from human intervention, such as the natural vegetation growing in the abandoned gray infrastructure (e.g., the previous site of the High Line in New York). In addition to such wildscapes, urban wildness also includes the natural process or creatures (such as the natural runoffs, soils and microbes, spontaneous plants, weeds in concrete cracks, shrubs growing tenaciously on the stone walls of drains, leaves growing and falling seasonally, and cocks and frogs singing in different weathers) that are free from human intervention.}

^{Ecologically, urban wildness is key to sustaining a healthy urban ecosystem as it can work with the laws of nature and the internal deep order as a natural ecosystem, which provides ecosystem services critical to human society, including air and water purification, microclimate regulation, and the maintenance of local biodiversity.}

^{Urban wildness is also of cultural and psychological significance. Inspired by the aesthetics of urban wildness, humans explore the unknown world by their instinct, which is the motivity to civilization advancing. The wildness is also considered inspiration source of both eastern and western philosophers, such as the Bodhi tree for Sakyamuni Buddha, the Cave of Hira for Muhammad, the Longchang Cave for Wang Yangming, and the Walden Pond for Henry David Thoreau. Ecological psychology believes that human beings separated from the nature may suffer from health problems, which could be alleviated by re-establishing the human–nature harmony and restoring the natural ecosystem[1]. Research on landscape perception also proves that complex and explorable landscapes contribute to creating beautiful natural environments[2]. Their horticultural counterparts (such as well-manicured lawns) are dull—no matter how civilized or pleasant they are, they can neither attract humans to explore, nor convey a poetic aesthetic sense.}

^{Speaking of “wildness,” I could not help but reminisce about two fairylands in my childhood—one was the Fengshui forest in the south of my village, where the ancestors’ remains were entombed, with mushrooms growing under the trees, and scattered wildflowers and wild animals around; the other was the pond in my courtyard, which covered an area of about 300 m2 and homed fish and turtles, with overgrown weeds and dancing fireflies with other insects. For me, they were as attractive and explorative as the Baicao Garden for Lu Xun, which dispelled the gloom in my childhood. Unfortunately, they all disappeared years later: the Fengshui forest was substituted by farmlands with channels and roads, trees cut down, snake holes excavated and dead Lycodon rufozonatus saw everywhere, and native birds and beasts vanishing; soon after, the courtyard pond dried up and was eventually filled up to build a house. Till now, I could still dream about these fairylands of wildness, bringing me much pleasure.}

^{When studying in Beijing, I was fascinated by the ruins and wildness of Yuan-ming Yuan, which was the dreamland in my twenties, as well as a dating place with my beloved. Ponds, mounds, and rocks scattered on the site, and exquisite stone carvings stood in the lake. Phragmites australis, Sagittaria trifolia, and Typha orientalis grew on the lakesides; When approached by people, fish and frogs splashed in the water. In early spring, Ixeris polycephala, Digitalis purpurea, Orychophragmus violaceus, Androsace umbellate, and Viola philippica brought colors and vibrancy to the land; since then, Prunus davidiana, Prunus tomentosa, Rhamnus davurica, and Rosa xanthina bloomed one after another. Native dominant trees with leafy shade in summer, such as poplars, willows, elms, locust trees, and trees of heaven, formed vegetation communities with varied terrain and moisture conditions, where Pica pica, Cyaponica cyanus, Corvus sp., and several Picidae species inhabited. Colored-leaf trees such as Cotiuns coggygria, Prunus sibirica, and Ginkgo biloba, as well as Phragmites australis, together created an alluring autumn wildscape. In winter, I loved walking on the frozen river surface, enjoying echoes of ice cracking, watching crows hovering over the poplar trees and reeds trembling in the wind, and appreciating the inscription covered by snow and the quietly foraging sparrows.}

^{Sadly, on the eve of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, the world-level stunning heritage of urban wildness manifesting historic characteristics of Beijing was almost eliminated in the name of beautification. The lakebeds were covered with anti-seepage geotextile; wild plants were removed and replaced with Paeonia suffruticosa, Rosa chinensis, and other colorful horticultural species, ornamented with festive lanterns.}

^{At the same time, scholars all over the country set off a “protest” movement to defend the relics and the wildness of Yuan-ming Yuan[3]. This nationwide debate, initiated by ecologists and environmentalists and supported by public media, highlighted Yuan-ming Yuan’s symbolic significance in human civilization and urban wildness. The original site of the park was a natural marsh in front of mountain, and then reclaimed as a rice field, forming a landscape of agricultural civilization reputed as the “Watertown of North China”; during the reigns of Kangxi and Qianlong from the 17th to 18th century, the park was expanded into an imperial grand garden that imitated the remarkable poetic landscapes in lower reaches of Yangtze River; afterwards, the park was destroyed by the war between the rising western industrial civilization and the collapsing Chinese agricultural civilization; over the past century, natural succession dominated the site again and made the park an urban wildness with rich cultural and natural heritage.}

^{It is worth mentioning that when Yuan-ming Yuan—the pearl of Chinese gardening art—was ruined, western philosophers were exploring the implications of wildness: “What we call wildness is a civilization other than our own.”[4] The “civilization of our own” mentioned by Thoreau here undoubtedly referred to the industrial civilization fanatically pursued by the western world. However, nearly 150 years later, the fight against the prevalent beautification and urbanization happened. This defense of urban wildness is exactly a “conflict between two civilizations.”[5] Today, a new civilization that embraces wildness—ecological civilization—is rising.}

^{I still remember the days when I walked alone along the Walden Pond 29 years ago. During my immersing in the wildness, the ideas of Thoreau echoed in my head—“In wildness is the preservation of the world,” “the most alive is the wildest.”[4] It is exactly my understanding of urban wildness. For me, “the most alive” here can not only refer to a person per se, but also to a certain group, city, nation, country, and even the entire human race and human civilization. Therefore, defending urban wildness is the only way for humans to move toward a higher level of civilization.}

^REFERENCES

^{[1] Roszak, T. (2001). The Voice of the Earth: An Exploration of Ecopsychology. Newburyport, MA: Red Wheel / Weiser.}

^{[2] Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. (1989). The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.}

^{[3] Yu, K. (2003). Be Kind to the Ruins of Yuan-ming Yuan—Speech at the Symposium of “Restorative Planning for Yuan-ming Yuan”. Beijing Planning Review, Supplement, 53-55.}

^{[4] Thoreau, H. D. (1906). The Writings of Henry D. Thoreau. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin and Company.}

^{[5] Yu, K. (2020). The Conflict between Two Civilizations: On Nature-Based Solutions. Landscape Architecture Frontiers, 8(3), 4-9.}

主編寄語

城市荒野：另一種文明（俞孔堅）

城市荒野：夾縫中的自然與機(jī)遇（袁嘉）

論文

城市荒野景觀：內(nèi)涵與價值審視（邵鈺涵，徐欣瑜，袁嘉）

基于植被再野化的城市荒野生境重建——以野花草甸為例（袁嘉，游奉溢，侯春麗，歐樺杰，尹淵）

城市閑置地塊的生態(tài)自我修復(fù)特征研究——以北京林業(yè)大學(xué)校園為例（尹豪，羅婧，寧雅萱，劉芳妮）

育野：技術(shù)多樣性與機(jī)器中的“野”（張子豪，耿百利）

景觀規(guī)劃視角下的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)研究動態(tài)——第十屆生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)伙伴全球會議綜述（姜芊孜，竇月含，任震）

觀點(diǎn)與評論

城市野境：比“城市荒野”更準(zhǔn)確的措辭（萬斯?G?馬丁，梅拉尼?希爾）

與荒野共生：城市綠地的發(fā)展前景（英戈?科瓦里克）

從瓦礫堆到自然保護(hù)區(qū)——加拿大多倫多湯米–湯普森公園（沃爾特?科姆，彼得?德爾?特雷迪奇）

生態(tài)種植勢在必行：創(chuàng)建功能性的系統(tǒng)，而非程式化的生態(tài)（托馬斯?雷納）

主題實踐

城市荒野景觀營造：以上海鄉(xiāng)土生態(tài)科普示范基地為例（郭陶然，山冰沁）

探索與過程

培育城市荒野（蔡哲銘）

日本大阪城市邊緣處的藝術(shù)與生態(tài)（帕特里克?M?萊登，姜受希）

呼喚野性（南希?西頓）

【中文刊名】《景觀設(shè)計學(xué)》——城市荒野與植物設(shè)計

【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers ? Urban Wilderness and Planting Design

【作者】袁嘉（YUAN Jia），邵鈺涵（SHAO Yuhan），徐欣瑜（XU Xinyu）等

【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司

【頁碼】164頁彩色印刷

【刊號】ISSN 2096-336X

【出版日期】2021年2月

【定價】68.00元

城市荒野：夾縫中的自然與機(jī)遇

^{Urban Wilderness: Nature and the Potential in the Urban Cracks}

^{作者：袁嘉  YUAN Jia}

摘要

城市荒野是普遍存在于城市系統(tǒng)夾縫中的自然，可提供野生動植物生境及自然游憩地等，蘊(yùn)藏著提升城市生態(tài)韌性的重要機(jī)遇。一方面，前所未有的城市化進(jìn)程和公眾的負(fù)面假設(shè)造成了城市荒野的不斷縮減；另一方面，自然過程重新主導(dǎo)因工業(yè)衰退和城市收縮而產(chǎn)生的閑置土地，再野化理念與技術(shù)也逐步發(fā)展，突顯了重建和激活城市荒野景觀的巨大潛力。隨著生態(tài)文明建設(shè)、“山－水－林－田－湖－草”生命共同體統(tǒng)籌協(xié)調(diào)，以及“基于自然的解決方案”在中國的不斷推進(jìn)，當(dāng)前正是我們深入認(rèn)知城市荒野、辨識其內(nèi)涵與價值、構(gòu)建認(rèn)同并開展保護(hù)與修復(fù)實踐的最佳時機(jī)。

關(guān)鍵詞

城市荒野；生態(tài)機(jī)遇；生態(tài)文明；再野化；基于自然的解決方案

Abstract

^{Urban wilderness is the remnant nature existing within the cracks of urban context, which can provide habitats for wildlife and natural recreation areas, with significance in optimizing urban ecological resilience. On the one hand, the unprecedented urbanization processes and the public’s negative hypotheses on the concept have caused continuous reduction of urban wilderness; on the other hand, opportunities are seen in reconstructing and activating urban wilderness when natural processes return to dominate the idle lands resulting from industrial recession and urban shrinkage, and the rewilding concept and techniques develop gradually. With ecological civilization construction, the initiative of a systematic management of the mountains, waters, forests, farmlands, lakes, and grasslands, and the advance of adopting Nature-Based Solutions in China, it is the best time to acknowledge urban wilderness in depth, identify its connotations and values, construct identity recognition, and carry out practices of conservation and restoration.}

Keywords

^{Urban Wilderness; Ecological Opportunity; Ecological Civilization; Rewilding; Nature-Based Solutions}

城市荒野景觀：內(nèi)涵與價值審視

^{The Intension and Values of Urban Wildscapes}

^{作者：邵鈺涵，徐欣瑜，袁嘉  SHAO Yuhan, XU Xinyu, YUAN Jia}

摘要

城市的擴(kuò)張、轉(zhuǎn)型和收縮等進(jìn)程為城市荒野景觀的產(chǎn)生與發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了可能。在物理范疇上，城市荒野景觀指生態(tài)過程基本維持以自然為主導(dǎo)，且具備類似自然荒野野性表征與功能類型的城市空間。隱含在城市中的荒野景觀片段，其存在與持續(xù)得益于有限程度的人工管理和對自然做功的最小干預(yù)。由于自然過程與社會過程的共同作用與相互抗衡，城市荒野景觀往往呈現(xiàn)出不同的“荒野度”。這類景觀具有獨(dú)特和不可替代的生態(tài)、人文、審美、經(jīng)濟(jì)及健康價值，引發(fā)了多學(xué)科關(guān)注和廣泛認(rèn)同。本文對城市荒野景觀概念進(jìn)行界定，梳理其內(nèi)涵的構(gòu)建與衍生歷程，并在價值認(rèn)同研究的基礎(chǔ)上分析城市荒野景觀的復(fù)合效益。內(nèi)涵辨析與價值審視能夠為城市荒野景觀的實證研究打下重要的認(rèn)知基礎(chǔ)，為城市居民、規(guī)劃設(shè)計者和管理者發(fā)現(xiàn)、欣賞、體驗與可持續(xù)管理城市自然資源和生態(tài)網(wǎng)絡(luò)提供科學(xué)支持，對中國城市的生態(tài)化發(fā)展具有現(xiàn)實的指導(dǎo)意義。

關(guān)鍵詞

荒野；城市；城市自然；城市荒野景觀；再野化

^Abstract

^{The process of urban sprawl, restructure, and shrinkage provides the possibility for the formation and evolution of urban wildscapes. Physically, urban wildscapes refer to the urban spaces where the ecology is basically dominated by natural processes and similar to the natural wilderness in appearance and functions. The existence and persistence of wilderness fragments in cities often result from the reduction of human management and with minimal intervention on the nature. Due to the different interactions and confrontations between natural processes and social processes, the wildness of urban wildscapes varies. The unique and irreplaceable values of urban widlscapes in ecology, culture, aesthetics, economy, and well-being have gained multi-disciplinary attention and been widely recognized. This paper defines the concept of urban wildscapes, reviews the conceptual development of its connotation, and analyzes the multiple benefits of urban wildscapes on the basis of value recognition research. It hopes to provide a value recognition framework for empirical studies, helping urban residents, planning designers, and managers identify, appreciate, experience, and sustainably manage natural resources and urban ecological network, and providing scientific guidelines for ecological urban development.}

Keywords

^{Wilderness; City; Urban Nature; Urban Wildscapes; Rewilding}

基于植被再野化的城市荒野生境重建——以野花草甸為例

^{Reconstruction of Urban Wilderness Habitats Based on Vegetation Rewilding: Taking Wildflower Meadows as an Example}

^{作者：袁嘉，游奉溢，侯春麗，歐樺杰，尹淵  YUAN Jia, YOU Fengyi, HOU Chunli, OU Huajie, YIN Yuan}

摘要

城市環(huán)境中殘存著一些以自然過程為主導(dǎo)的荒野生境片段，在生物多樣性保育、維持城市生態(tài)過程、連接人與自然等方面具有不可替代的作用。植被再野化提供了重建城市荒野生境的重要途徑，旨在恢復(fù)嚴(yán)重退化的城市植物群落的物種組成、結(jié)構(gòu)及功能，使其逐漸野化并達(dá)到自然過程基本不受人類干擾的程度。本文以野花草甸景觀為例，提出了主動利用景觀生態(tài)流、擬自然設(shè)計與最小限度干預(yù)進(jìn)行城市植被再野化的技術(shù)框架；從自我設(shè)計、微地形設(shè)計、擬自然群落設(shè)計、植物–動物關(guān)鍵種協(xié)同共生設(shè)計，以及自然柔性材料運(yùn)用等5個方面詳細(xì)探討并提供科學(xué)參考。同時，以重慶市梁平區(qū)雙桂湖湖岸公園綠地為例，闡述了在“自然–人工”斑塊復(fù)雜鑲嵌的城市景觀中進(jìn)行植被再野化與荒野生境重建的實踐原則與應(yīng)用范式。

關(guān)鍵詞

城市荒野；城市植物景觀；再野化；生境；草本植物群落；野花草甸

Abstract

^{Fragments of wilderness dominated by natural succession exist in urban environments, and play a critical role in protecting biodiversity, supporting urban ecological processes, and connecting human beings with nature. Urban vegetation rewilding is a key approach to restricting urban wilderness by restoring the species composition, community structure and functions, eventually towards a self-maintained vegetation community. This paper, taking wildflower meadows as a reference, establishes a technical framework of urban vegetation rewilding by leveraging ecological flows and adopting quasi-nature design with minimum interventions. The framework covers 5 aspects, namely self-design, micro-topographic design, quasi-nature design, collaborative symbiosis design between plant community and keystone animal species, and design with natural materials. Studying the green space along the northwest lakeside of the Shuangguihu National Wetland Park in Liangping District, Chongqing, this paper provides a scientific guidance and technical paradigm for vegetation rewilding and urban wilderness restoration in the complex context of natural–artificial urban landscapes.}

Keywords

^{Urban Wilderness; Urban Plant Landscape; Rewilding; Habitat; Herbaceous Communities; Wildflower Meadow}

城市閑置地塊的生態(tài)自我修復(fù)特征研究——以北京林業(yè)大學(xué)校園為例

^{The Characteristics of Ecological Self-restoration in Urban Idle Lands: A Case Study of Beijing Forestry University}

^{作者：尹豪，羅婧，寧雅萱，劉芳妮  YIN Hao, LUO Jing, NING Yaxuan, LIU Fangni}

摘要

疏于人工管理的城市閑置用地會自發(fā)生長出一些植物，混雜無序的生長狀態(tài)形成荒野自然景觀。在荒野狀態(tài)下自然生長的植被特征最能反映生態(tài)自我修復(fù)發(fā)生的特征。本文對北京林業(yè)大學(xué)校園一處閑置用地內(nèi)的自生植被進(jìn)行了研究，調(diào)查分析其生成變化特征、植物種類、優(yōu)勢植物群落、生長條件及周邊同種成株的情況，探討了城市閑置地生態(tài)自我修復(fù)的初始特征。結(jié)果表明，閑置場地封閉管理后，自生植物很快出現(xiàn)，3年后自生植被覆蓋了場地近1/3的面積；自生植物絕大多數(shù)為鄉(xiāng)土植物，草本植物種類多于木本植物；在優(yōu)勢植物群落的構(gòu)成中木本植物群落和草本植物群落數(shù)量相差不大；場地日照充分的情況下，土壤條件的差異對草本植物和木本植物的分布有著明顯的影響。研究認(rèn)為，即便是在生長條件極差的城市環(huán)境中，只要停止或降低人為干擾，且具備植物生長的最基本條件（光照、土壤、種源），生態(tài)自我修復(fù)的現(xiàn)象就能迅速發(fā)生；在生態(tài)自我修復(fù)的初始階段，鄉(xiāng)土植物種類具有明顯優(yōu)勢；迅速出現(xiàn)的以鄉(xiāng)土喬木為建群種的木本植物群落，提示了城市環(huán)境中鄉(xiāng)土木本植物的自生現(xiàn)象值得關(guān)注和深入研究。

關(guān)鍵詞

生態(tài)修復(fù)；自生植物；荒野景觀；城市閑置地；鄉(xiāng)土植物

Abstract

^{Natural plants would see a free growth in an idle land after an absence of management, leading to spontaneous biological processes that form the wildscape. Such vegetation demonstrates the characteristics of the ecological self-restoration. This paper studies the spontaneous species found on a site in Beijing Forestry University, inventories and analyzes the species, site conditions, possible maternal plants of them, and discusses the changes and characteristics of the community in its early establishment. The results show that several spontaneous plants sprout early, and cover nearly 1/3 of the site 3 years later. Most of spontaneous plant species are native, more of which are herbaceous, while little difference is found between the number of woody communities and that of herbaceous communities. Their distribution is obviously affected by soil conditions when the light is sufficient. This paper concludes that once the human disturbances are stopped or reduced, ecological self-restoration can occur rapidly with essential conditions for growth (light, soils, and seed sources), even poor as urban environment. At the early stage of ecological self-restoration, native plant species dominate obviously. It is worthy of attention to and further study on the spontaneous native woody communities as they emerge rapidly.}

Keywords

^{Ecological Restoration; Spontaneous Plant; Wildscape; Urban Idle Land; Native Plants}

育野：技術(shù)多樣性與機(jī)器中的“野”

^{Cultivated Wildness: Technodiversity and Wildness in Machines}

^{作者：張子豪，耿百利  ZHANG Zihao, Bradley CANTRELL}

摘要

本文基于景觀設(shè)計和人工智能的交叉領(lǐng)域探究了“育野”這一理念。當(dāng)代景觀實踐應(yīng)克服針對“荒野”概念可能存在的狹義理解，借鑒環(huán)境人文學(xué)、科學(xué)技術(shù)論、生態(tài)科學(xué)及景觀設(shè)計學(xué)理念，探索用以培育新型野地的景觀策略。通過剖析環(huán)境工程、計算機(jī)科學(xué)及景觀設(shè)計案例，本文構(gòu)想了利用智能機(jī)器營造“野地”的理論框架。該框架將機(jī)器視為具有能動性、能夠參與合作生產(chǎn)的智能體，而非用來擴(kuò)大人類對環(huán)境影響力的“數(shù)字基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施”。近年來控制論技術(shù)發(fā)展迅速，傳感網(wǎng)絡(luò)、人工智能和網(wǎng)絡(luò)物理系統(tǒng)等理念亦可為構(gòu)建“育野”框架提供支持。該框架的核心是與“生物多樣性”同等重要的“技術(shù)多樣性”，以性能優(yōu)化、追求效率為目標(biāo)的技術(shù)發(fā)展單一愿景拘囿了人們的思想，剝奪了人們與環(huán)境相聯(lián)系的其他可能。因此，育野的關(guān)鍵也在于認(rèn)識機(jī)器的“野”。

關(guān)鍵詞

人工智能；野性；景觀設(shè)計；機(jī)器生態(tài)；技術(shù)多樣性

Abstract

^{This paper investigates the idea of cultivated wildness at the intersection of landscape design and artificial intelligence. The paper posits that contemporary landscape practices should overcome the potentially single understanding on wilderness, and instead explore landscape strategies to cultivate new forms of wild places via ideas and concerns in contemporary Environmental Humanities, Science and Technology Studies, Ecological Sciences, and Landscape Architecture. Drawing cases in environmental engineering, computer science, and landscape architecture research, this paper explores a framework to construct wild places with intelligent machines. In this framework, machines are not understood a layer of “digital infrastructure” that is used to extent localized human intelligence and agency. Rather machines are conceptualized as active agents who can participate in the intelligence of co-production. Recent developments in cybernetic technologies such as sensing networks, artificial intelligence, and cyberphysical systems can also contribute to establishing the framework. At the heart of this framework is “technodiversity,” in parallel with biodiversity, since a singular vision on technological development driven by optimization and efficiency reinforces a monocultural approach that eliminates other possible relationships to construct with the environment. Thus, cultivated wildness is also about recognizing “wildness” in machines.}

Keywords

^{Artificial Intelligence; Wildness; Landscape Design; Machine Ecology; Technodiversity}

景觀規(guī)劃視角下的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)研究動態(tài)——第十屆生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)伙伴全球會議綜述

^{Research Trends of Ecosystem Services From the Perspective of Landscape Planning—Summary on the 10th Ecosystem Services Partnership World Conference}

^{作者：姜芊孜，竇月含，任震  JIANG Qianzi, DOU Yuehan, REN Zhen}

摘要

生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)伙伴全球會議是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)領(lǐng)域最高水平的學(xué)術(shù)會議之一，聚焦世界范圍內(nèi)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)的研究與實踐，是掌握研究前沿動態(tài)的重要途徑。基于部分學(xué)者已將生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)評價指標(biāo)及評價方法等融入景觀規(guī)劃設(shè)計的理論與實踐之中這一現(xiàn)狀，本文篩選出第十屆會議中與景觀規(guī)劃相關(guān)的分論壇主題，結(jié)合各分論壇中的發(fā)言進(jìn)行總結(jié)，從多類型景觀的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)研究、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)在規(guī)劃與管理中的應(yīng)用，以及生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)制圖與建模三個視角對研究及實踐熱點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析和歸納。總結(jié)而言，今后將生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)研究應(yīng)用于景觀規(guī)劃領(lǐng)域的熱點(diǎn)在于：1）探索面向多種景觀類型的態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)評價；2）探索將生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)融入各類景觀規(guī)劃的理論與實踐框架；3）探索適用于景觀規(guī)劃與管理的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)綜合建模與制圖工具。

關(guān)鍵詞

生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)；景觀規(guī)劃；研究議題；生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)伙伴全球會議；會議綜述；基于自然的解決方案；生態(tài)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施

Abstract

^{The Ecosystem Services Partnership (ESP) Conference is one of the highest-level global academic conferences on ecosystem service (ES) research. Focusing on the research and practice of ES worldwide, ESP Conference offers an important way to grasp the cutting-edge knowledge for scholars and professionals. Currently, ES evaluation indicators and evaluation methods have been integrated into the research and practice of landscape planning and design. This paper sorted out the break-out session themes at the 10th ESP Conference related to landscape planning and summarized the research presented in each session. It analyzed and summarized the research and practice hot spots from 3 perspectives: multiple landscape types, the application of ES in planning and management, and ES mapping and modeling. Finally, the paper offers insights on future interests of the application of ES research into landscape planning, including 1) exploring ES evaluation for multiple landscape types; 2) exploring the theoretical and practical frameworks for integrating ES Science into landscape planning; and 3) exploring integrated ES modeling and mapping tools for landscape planning and management.}

Keywords

^{Ecosystem Services; Landscape Planning; Research Interests; Ecosystem Service Partnership World Conference; Conference Summary; Nature-Based Solutions; Ecological Infrastructure}

城市野境：比“城市荒野”更準(zhǔn)確的措辭

^{Urban Wildness—A More Correct Term Than “Urban Wilderness”}

^{作者：萬斯?G?馬丁，梅拉尼?希爾  Vance G. MARTIN, Melanie HILL}

摘要

“荒野”概念具有多樣化的特征與多重價值，蘊(yùn)含著生物、社會-經(jīng)濟(jì)及象征意義。為了厘清這一概念，1992年，該術(shù)語被列入了世界自然保護(hù)聯(lián)盟的“自然保護(hù)地分類”中。然而，近年來“城市荒野”一詞開始流行，使那些重視自然荒野區(qū)對地球未來健康與福祉的作用并致力于保護(hù)這些區(qū)域的人士感到擔(dān)憂。這種用法還很可能令（現(xiàn)在占全球人口大多數(shù)的）城市居民對“真正的”荒野是什么感到困惑。狹義上，城市不可能擁有嚴(yán)格意義上的“荒野”；但荒野的某些元素可以且應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)在城市內(nèi)及城市周邊地區(qū)，從而提高人類健康和生活品質(zhì)。基于此，“城市野境”或為更恰當(dāng)?shù)拇朕o。因此，本文主張以“城市野境”替代“城市荒野”一詞，闡述替代原因的同時列舉了城市野境的特征和效益；剖析了“城市野境”的成功案例；闡明野生動物（尤其是捕食者）在城市中的角色和面臨的挑戰(zhàn)；最后，結(jié)合案例說明了將城市居民與野性價值和效益聯(lián)系起來的公眾參與和公眾教育方法論。

關(guān)鍵詞

城市野境；城市荒野；人類與野生動物共存；生物多樣性；荒野；城市自然挑戰(zhàn)；環(huán)境教育；城市中的自然；捕食者–獵物

Abstract

^{The concept of wilderness (荒野) has multiple characteristics and values relating to three principal areas: biological, socio-economic, and iconic. To provide clarity of concept, the term was included in the IUCN’s list of Protected Area Categories in 1992. More recently, a current and fashionable expression “urban wilderness” has emerged. For those who believe in the critical importance of natural wilderness areas to the future health and well-being of our planet, and who work to protect these areas, the term “urban wilderness” causes much consternation. It is very possible that such usages will create confusion in the mind of urban dwellers—now the majority of the global population—as to what “real” wilderness is. By definition, cities cannot be “wilderness” technically. However, elements of wilderness can and should be present in and around urban areas to enhance human health and quality of life. Rather than calling this urban wilderness, however, the term should be “urban wildness (野境).” This paper presents a rationale for using “urban wildness” to replace “urban wilderness,” citing some of the characteristics and benefits of urban wildness; provides case studies of urban areas that are working successfully with the concept; elucidates the role and challenges of wild animals (especially predators) in urban areas; and finally, gives an example of an engagement and educational methodology connecting urban dwellers to wild values and benefits.}

Keywords

^{Urban Wildness; Urban Wilderness; Human Wildlife Co-existence; Biodiversity; Wilderness; City Nature Challenge; Environmental Education; Nature in the City; Predator–Prey}

與荒野共生：城市綠地的發(fā)展前景

^{Working With Wilderness: A Promising Direction for Urban Green Spaces}

^{作者：英戈?科瓦里克  Ingo KOWARIK}

摘要

“荒野”（wilderness）是一個根植于人類社會的文化概念。對于當(dāng)代景觀設(shè)計師或是景觀設(shè)計先驅(qū)來說，荒野一直以來的重要性既在于其與人工景觀元素的鮮明對比可以為自然主義植物設(shè)計提供靈感，也在于如今為協(xié)調(diào)城市、城市居民與自然做出的貢獻(xiàn)。人們習(xí)慣上將城市和荒野視為對立面，因此有必要采取新方法以便更好地應(yīng)對與城市語境下荒野相關(guān)的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)。從生態(tài)學(xué)的角度來看，城市荒野是未受明顯人類干擾的、具有生態(tài)系統(tǒng)過程高度自我調(diào)節(jié)特性的區(qū)域。由此可以區(qū)分出兩種主要的荒野類型：以許多城市中的自然遺跡為代表的“古老荒野”，以及工業(yè)城市中誕生的“新生荒野”，在設(shè)計和管理綠地時需要對不同類型的場地區(qū)別對待。古老荒野一直以來都是保護(hù)和修復(fù)的對象，以及自然主義種植的靈感來源；相對地，新生荒野長期被視為疏于管理和社會經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的產(chǎn)物。然而，自20世紀(jì)80年代起，德國的早期先鋒項目開始將城市新生荒野融入綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，產(chǎn)生了將荒野與設(shè)計相結(jié)合的、前所未有的綠色空間，既可以吸引游客，又可以保護(hù)生物多樣性、支持許多生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)。本文旨在說明將荒野元素、過程與城市綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施相融合——以便城市適時與自然恢復(fù)聯(lián)系——的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)。

關(guān)鍵詞

生物多樣性；設(shè)計干預(yù)；自然動力學(xué)；自生植被；城市荒野；野性城市

Abstract

^{Wilderness is a cultural construct that is deeply rooted in many societies. For landscape architects and their predecessors, wilderness has long been important as a contrast to artificial garden elements, as an inspiration for naturalistic plant designs, or today as a timely contribution to reconciling cities and their inhabitants with the natural world. Since cities and wilderness have traditionally been seen as opposites, new approaches are necessary to better address the opportunities and challenges associated with wilderness in urban regions. From an ecological perspective, urban wilderness can be defined as an area characterized by a high degree of self-regulation in ecosystem processes where direct human impact is negligible. This allows two main types of wilderness to be distinguished: “ancient wilderness” represented by natural remnants in many cities, and “novel wilderness,” which arises in artificial urban-industrial sites. The two types require different approaches in designing and managing green spaces. Ancient wilderness is a traditional object of conservation and restoration, and offers inspiration for naturalistic plantings. In contrast, the emergence of novel wilderness has long been associated with neglect and socio-economic decline. Since the 1980s, however, early pioneer projects in Germany have started to integrate novel urban wilderness into the green infrastructure. The results are unprecedented green spaces that combine novel wilderness with design interventions. These places are attractive to visitors, contribute to biodiversity conservation, and support many ecosystem services. This article aims to illustrate the opportunities and challenges of integrating wilderness components and processes into the urban green infrastructure—a timely way to reconnect cities with nature.}

Keywords

^{Biodiversity; Design Interventions; Nature Dynamics; Spontaneous Vegetation; Urban Wilderness; Wild Cities}

從瓦礫堆到自然保護(hù)區(qū)——加拿大多倫多湯米－湯普森公園

^{From Rubble to Refuge—Tommy Thompson Park in Toronto, Canada}

^{作者：沃爾特?科姆，彼得?德爾?特雷迪奇  Walter KEHM, Peter DEL TREDICI}

摘要

加拿大多倫多市的湯米－湯普森公園建于一處大型垃圾填埋場上，由安大略湖湖濱向內(nèi)延伸5km。自20世紀(jì)50年代到70年代末，項目利用建筑瓦礫和港口淤泥實施填湖工程，而后因經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢變化被迫停工。項目擱置后，來自世界各地的眾多植物在這里扎根，數(shù)百種候鳥在此筑巢覓食，原本的垃圾填埋場自發(fā)演變成為了“自然保護(hù)區(qū)”。20世紀(jì)90年代，多倫多市政府通過精心規(guī)劃設(shè)計與施工，將其改造為一座公園——湯米－湯普森公園。通過提高公眾可達(dá)性、野生動植物和棲息地的多樣性，以及生態(tài)功能性，湯米－湯普森公園成為了探究自然演變與設(shè)計干預(yù)之間動態(tài)交互的理想案例，我們可以從中探知這兩個看似矛盾的過程如何隨時間推移而和諧相融。

關(guān)鍵詞

萊斯利街岬角；人類世生態(tài)系統(tǒng)；生態(tài)設(shè)計；廣布植物區(qū)系；野生動植物保護(hù)區(qū)；城市荒野

Abstract

^{Tommy Thompson Park in the city of Toronto, Canada was originally a massive landfilling project that extended 5 kilometers out into Lake Ontario. It was constructed from construction rubble and harbor dredge from the 1950s through the late 1970s, when the project was halted due to changing economic conditions. Left to its own devices, the landfill spontaneously evolved into a “nature preserve” when innumerable plants from around the world established themselves and hundreds of migrating bird species descended on the site for nesting and feeding. In the 1990s, the city of Toronto took control of the site and transformed it into a park—Tommy Thompson Park—after a carefully planned design and construction process. The design interventions enhanced public accessibility, wildlife and habitat diversity, and ecological functionality. Tommy Thompson Park is an ideal case study for examining the dynamic interaction between spontaneity and design and for how, over time, these seemingly contradictory processes can come together harmoniously.}

Keywords

^{Leslie Street Spit; Novel Ecosystem; Ecological Design; Cosmopolitan Flora; Wildlife Refuge; Urban Wilderness}

生態(tài)種植勢在必行：創(chuàng)建功能性的系統(tǒng)，而非程式化的生態(tài)

^{Ecological Planting Imperative: Functional Systems, Not Stylized Ecologies}

^{作者：托馬斯?雷納  Thomas RAINER}

摘要

通過創(chuàng)建由植物構(gòu)成的人工生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，景觀設(shè)計項目得以緩解氣候變化的嚴(yán)峻影響。盡管人們普遍認(rèn)識到了生態(tài)學(xué)對于景觀塑造的重要性，但景觀設(shè)計專業(yè)人士卻普遍缺乏構(gòu)建穩(wěn)定植物系統(tǒng)的知識和實踐技能，因此迫切需要探索種植設(shè)計的新方法和新工具。本文概述了城市環(huán)境下高生物多樣性植物系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計原理和方法，著重介紹了可提升物種豐富度、功能多樣性和空間復(fù)雜性，有助于構(gòu)造更具韌性的植物景觀的設(shè)計方法。種植設(shè)計中選擇那些對脅迫、干擾和競爭表現(xiàn)出相似適應(yīng)性狀的物種，以及構(gòu)建由多樣化植物形態(tài)構(gòu)成的多層次組合，將有助于建構(gòu)具有兼容性、長期穩(wěn)定的植物組合。為平衡多種植物組合帶來的視覺復(fù)雜性，本文結(jié)合美國華盛頓特區(qū)Phyto設(shè)計工作室的案例與研究和實踐經(jīng)驗，探討了提升景觀效果的種植設(shè)計策略。這些方法總結(jié)于作者探討如何創(chuàng)建人工植物群落的著作——《后荒野世界的種植設(shè)計》一書。

關(guān)鍵詞

生態(tài)種植；種植設(shè)計；植物群落；生物多樣性；多樣植物系統(tǒng)；種植策略體系

Abstract

^{The ability of landscape architectural projects to mitigate the worst effects of climate change will depend upon designed ecological systems. These systems will be built with plants. Despite the recognition of ecology as an essential driver of landscapes, the professionals of landscape architecture too often lack the knowledge and practical skills to create robust vegetative systems. New approaches and tools are required. This article outlines principles and methods for designing biodiverse plant systems for urban sites. Planting methods that increase species richness, functional diversity, and spatial complexity are emphasized as a way of developing more resilient plantings. Selecting species with similar evolutionary adaptions to stress, disturbance, and competition—as well as creating multi-layered compositions of diverse plant morphologies—allows designers to create compatible, long-lived plant mixes. To balance the increased visual complexity of diverse plant mixes, the article explores design techniques to make plantings more appealing to the public. The strategies explored here are based on the projects, experience, and research of Phyto Studio, a Washington, D.C. based studio. The methods build on work described in the author’s book, Planting in a Post-Wild World, an exploration of how to create designed plant communities.}

Keywords

^{Ecological Planting; Planting Design; Plant Community; Biodiversity; Diverse Plant Systems; Planting Strategy Systems}

城市荒野景觀營造：以上海鄉(xiāng)土生態(tài)科普示范基地為例

^{Urban Wilderness Construction: An Example of Shanghai Urban Biodiversity Education Base}

^{作者：郭陶然，山冰沁  GUO Taoran, SHAN Bingqin}

摘要

恢復(fù)受損的城市生態(tài)系統(tǒng)是城市荒野景觀的核心價值之一。通過城市荒野景觀的營造，可在城市破碎化生境中恢復(fù)該地區(qū)原有生物群落的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能，并在低人工干預(yù)的情況下，使鄉(xiāng)土生物群落穩(wěn)定地存在與演替。本文介紹了以生物多樣性恢復(fù)為主要目的的“上海鄉(xiāng)土生態(tài)科普示范基地”項目，項目探討和研究了主動型城市再野化過程中應(yīng)采取的設(shè)計原則與技術(shù)路徑，并圍繞這一目標(biāo)進(jìn)行了生境類型劃分、鄉(xiāng)土生物引種、生物群落構(gòu)建、生態(tài)效益評估等一系列工作，以期豐富城市荒野景觀營造及城市環(huán)境下基于自然的解決方案的技術(shù)積累與理論研究。在項目實施的一年半時間內(nèi)，項目地共記錄鄉(xiāng)土植物260種、昆蟲255種、兩棲爬行動物7種、鳥類71種及哺乳動物6種，其生物多樣性和動物的種群密度均遠(yuǎn)高于周邊未改造的人工林地，并且植物群落已開始進(jìn)行自發(fā)的正向演替，取得了較為理想的效果。該項目的技術(shù)方案在城市郊野公園、野生動物棲息地、生態(tài)廊道、科普教育基地等項目中有著廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。

關(guān)鍵詞

城市荒野景觀；鄉(xiāng)土物種；群落演替；城市生物多樣性；生態(tài)修復(fù)；基于自然的解決方案

Abstract

^{One of the core values of urban wilderness construction is to restore the structures and functions of biological communities in fragmented urban habitats, and enable the stability and ecological succession of native communities with low human intervention. The paper discusses the design principles and technical methodologies in active urban rewilding by the example of Shanghai Urban Biodiversity Education Base project. Aiming to restore urban biodiversity and enrich the technical and theoretical research of urban wilderness construction and Nature-based Solutions, this project conducted habitat division, native species introduction, natural community construction, ecological benefit assessment, etc. In a year and a half, 260 native plant species, 255 insect species, 7 amphibian and reptile species, 71 bird species, and 6 mammal species were recorded within the 1.7 hm2 project site, showing higher biodiversity and density of animal populations than unrestored consructed forests surrounding. Along with the spontaneous progressive succession of the plant communities, the project has achieved good results. The technical approaches proposed in the project can be broadly applied in design and construction of country parks, wildlife habitats, ecological corridors / networks, and environmental education bases.}

Keywords

^{Urban Wilderness; Native Species; Community Succession; Urban Biodiversity; Ecosystem Restoration; Nature-based Solutions}

日本大阪城市邊緣處的藝術(shù)與生態(tài)

^{Art and Ecology at the Edge of Osaka, Japan}

^{作者：帕特里克?M?萊登，姜受希  Patrick M. LYDON, Suhee KANG}

摘要

城市自然工作室坐落于日本大阪市郊區(qū)的北加賀屋街區(qū)（原造船廠所在地），致力于探索生態(tài)藝術(shù)與傳播。工作室與來自不同學(xué)科、領(lǐng)域、國家和地區(qū)的從業(yè)人員及公私營組織合作，開展了多項生態(tài)藝術(shù)項目，借此重建人、過程、場所與人類賴以生存的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)之間的聯(lián)系。本文呈現(xiàn)了在北加賀屋開展的兩個項目研究。在大阪分部項目中，工作室利用從當(dāng)?shù)鼗厥盏奈锪希瑢σ惶帗碛?0年歷史的老舊市場中的典型土木結(jié)構(gòu)排屋進(jìn)行了改造，改造后的實體生態(tài)空間包括一處自然花園和一系列眾籌項目，兼具居住和生態(tài)藝術(shù)功能。另一個項目城市自然節(jié)是在當(dāng)?shù)囟鄠€公共或私有空間中舉行的一項生態(tài)藝術(shù)表演活動，旨在通過不同從業(yè)人員、公眾及城市空間本身之間的藝術(shù)對話，探索城市與自然的關(guān)系。借由上述項目，工作室期望進(jìn)一步探尋能夠培養(yǎng)設(shè)計師、管理者、市政領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、市民，以及城市內(nèi)外生態(tài)系統(tǒng)各群體之間獨(dú)特而意義非凡關(guān)系的方法。通過持續(xù)、真誠地與環(huán)境對話，人們或許能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)一種眾生平等下的新城市形態(tài)。

關(guān)鍵詞

生態(tài)藝術(shù)；跨學(xué)科合作；人類再野化；社區(qū)參與；日本

Abstract

^{City as Nature is an ecological art and media studio based primarily in Kitakagaya, a former shipbuilding district on the outskirts of Osaka, Japan. Working with local and international practitioners, and public and private organizations across multiple disciplines and sectors, they produce ecological art projects that re-connect people, process, and place with the ecosystems in which we dwell. Two narrative project studies in Kitakagaya are presented here: 1) The Branch Osaka, a physical ecological space built inside a typical wood-and-earth row house in an 80-year-old marketplace—rebuilt by City as Nature, using locally recycled materials, it now serves as a residence and ecological art space, with a natural garden and donation-based programming; 2) City as Nature Festival, an ecological neighborhood “happening,” taking place in multiple local public and privately-owned spaces. The festival explores urban relationships with the nature through art-driven dialogs between practitioners, the general public, and the urban space itself. From these projects, City as Nature hopes to explore approaches to cultivating relationships—individual, meaningful relationships between designers, executives, civic leaders, citizens, and the communities of ecosystems in and around our cities. Through an ongoing, truthful dialog with the environment, people might just discover the possible city, an equitable place for all beings.}

Keywords

^{Ecological Art; Interdisciplinary Collaboration; Human Rewilding; Community Engagement; Japan}

呼喚野性

^{Invoking the Wild}

^{作者：南希?西頓  Nancy SEATON}

摘要

在人類的印象中，荒野植物是隨遇而安、堅韌又脆弱的——人類亦如是。城市環(huán)境中充斥著的植物，詩意地扎根于工業(yè)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施遺跡之上——無論是順著路沿和鐵絲網(wǎng)、于路面裂縫之間，還是在空地、碎石堆和公路分隔帶中。

未來綠色工作室通過一系列城市漫走、演講、公民科學(xué)的活動對城市自生植物進(jìn)行調(diào)查，并將成果集結(jié)為《城市自生植物：紐約城野草》一書，希望借此促使人們與周邊的街道、墻壁、土地和樹池等環(huán)境互動。這項工作也不斷為工作室的眾多景觀設(shè)計項目提供種植理念支撐，力圖展現(xiàn)出城市荒野強(qiáng)健且富有魅力的一面。在進(jìn)行種植設(shè)計時，工作室會從項目所在地的植物群落（如橡樹林和灌木叢）中選擇能夠耐受目標(biāo)生境環(huán)境的物種；項目地的植物和生態(tài)總能為設(shè)計師提供源源不斷的靈感。野生植物不再被視為破壞城市環(huán)境的幽靈；反之，它們是保證人類與其他地球居民健康和福祉的無形資產(chǎn)，展現(xiàn)了城市促進(jìn)未來生態(tài)演進(jìn)發(fā)展的能力。

關(guān)鍵詞

城市自生植物；野性；野生植物；可持續(xù)性；景觀設(shè)計；生態(tài)學(xué)

Abstract

^{Wild places remind us of the adaptability, resilience, and fragility of plants and humans alike. The urban environment is awash in plant life, often taking root in remnants of industrial infrastructure in poetic ways—along roadsides and chain-link fences, between cracks of pavement, and within vacant lots, rubble dumps, and highway medians.} 

^{Future Green Studio’s investigations into spontaneous urban plants have aspired to engage people with their neighborhood environments—streets, walls, lots, and tree pits—through a series of walks, talks, citizen science participation, and the publication of a book, SUP: Weeds in NYC. This work continues to feed planting concepts behind many of the studio’s designed landscapes, which seek to capture the rugged vision of urban wilderness. Species for the studio’s projects are selected for their ability to tolerate the proposed habitats created on sites and are often drawn from local plant communities, such as oak barrens and shrublands; the plants and ecologies of project sites are a frequent source of inspiration. The studio does not see uncultivated plant growth as the specter of disinvestment, but as an asset to the performance, health, and well-being of its inhabitants, human or otherwise, which demonstrates the ability of the city to support the evolving ecologies of the future.}

Keywords

^{Spontaneous Urban Plants; Wildness; Wild Plants; Sustainability; Landscape Design; Ecology}