桑基魚塘的傳承困境！如何保護與展示農業文化遺產？

注：本文為刪減版，不可直接引用。原中英文全文刊發于《景觀設計學》（Landscape Architecture Frontiers）2023年第6期。獲取全文免費下載鏈接請點擊https://journal.hep.com.cn/laf/EN/10.15302/J-LAF-1-020086；參考引用格式見文末。

 

 

01引言

遺產保護區現狀 ? 馬蕊，高一菲，杜爽，范宇翔

非敘事性資源展示

導致公眾對遺產價值感知較弱

已有資源展示方式多為傳統博物館、室內展示館或依托歷史建筑和遺跡的散點展示，這類非敘事性展示削弱了遺產的歷史、文化和在地價值。而非物質文化資源展示則多供外部的研學團隊使用，與當地居民的日常活動聯系較弱。同時，資源利用方式也較為單一，多以生態觀光、非物質文化研學、美食體驗為主，缺少桑基魚塘農業文化遺產、村落歷史文化遺產的深度體驗項目。

傳統博物館：湖州魚桑文化研學院 ? 高一菲

在非敘事性資源展示模式下，公眾對遺產價值的感知較弱，村民也較難產生文化認同感。因此，系統化展示和綜合利用桑基魚塘GIAHS的價值，是實現桑基魚塘農業文化遺產與當地社區的互動，成為保護工作成功的關鍵。

遺產維護主體改變導致

桑基魚塘農業生態系統功能衰退

近年來，隨著桑基魚塘系統經濟效益的降低，當地社區居民生計模式發生改變，一部分居民向城鎮轉移，還有部分將桑基魚塘復合種養模式轉變為魚塘單一養殖模式，導致桑基魚塘系統面積縮減。基塘比例的改變和桑基魚塘農業系統的功能衰落，造成了水陸之間養分交換和能量流動水平的變化，而單一種養模式下化肥和魚藥的使用也打破了農業循環生態系統的平衡。

針對荻港村桑基魚塘GIAHS保護現狀，本研究借助多尺度保護實施框架，從地域、村域和場所三個尺度明確規劃要點，提出相應的遺產保護策略

宏觀地域尺度

歸納地域自然文化特征，提煉遺產地域價值主題

從空間聯系的廣度來看，荻港村地處杭嘉湖中部低地平原區，具有濕地環境特征。從較長的歷史時期來看，荻港村桑基魚塘農業文化遺產的發展與湖絲貿易的興衰緊密相關。可歸納出荻港村獨特的自然和文化地域特征：杭嘉湖平原地區湖蕩圩田型聚落、依托湖絲貿易形成的歷史蠶業村莊、水利水運工程，以及傳統桑基魚塘農業生態系統。據此提煉出荻港村桑基魚塘農業文化遺產地域價值主題為：杭嘉湖平原地區絲綢文化發展的完整見證。

圍繞地域價值主線，合理劃定遺產闡釋范圍

為荻港村桑基魚塘GIAHS地域價值劃定合理的闡釋范圍、進行系統化闡釋，完整解說荻港村桑基魚塘GIAHS的意義，是破解目前遺產區“孤島式”“凝固式”保護問題的關鍵。圍繞“杭嘉湖平原地區絲綢文化發展完整見證”的價值主線，將空間上與蠶絲生產、生絲運輸、絲綢貿易、湖絲文化相關的自然環境、文化遺產和產業遺產納入闡釋范圍內。闡釋范圍包含遺產的自然（河、港、漾、塘等）與文化（歷史建筑、歷史遺跡等）、歷史（文化遺產和農業遺產等）與當代（桑基魚塘演變的一般魚塘、歷史文化名村中新建的民居和旅游服務設施等）要素，解釋了地域環境特征、鄉土景觀特征和傳統生計方式之間的關系。并且，劃定的價值闡釋范圍打通了鄉村聚落與農業文化遺產的邊界，將自然與文化、生活與生產空間作為一個完整的鄉村景觀遺產來看待。

荻港村遺產價值闡釋地圖 ? 馬蕊，高一菲，杜爽，范宇翔

首先，梳理和細化自然環境資源、聚落景觀遺產資源、產業景觀遺產資源，依據空間的形態將其劃分為點狀、線狀和面狀要素（表3）。其次，依據不同資源與遺產價值的關聯度、真實性與完整性狀況，將其劃分為一級遺產資源和二級遺產資源，以區分遺產資源展示的優先級。

荻港村遺產價值展示的分級設施體系 ? 馬蕊，高一菲，杜爽，范宇翔

場所是田園空間博物館理念在鄉村實踐的最小單元。整體來看，微觀層面遺產的存續和社區居民的日常活動有密切聯系，在遺產敘事中，將單體要素、歷史事件與日常生活整合，有助于再現歷史場景，詮釋日常景觀存在的價值和意義。并且，將社區居民活動融入遺產空間，強化日常景觀的地方感，能夠培育和塑造社區居民保護遺產的主人翁意識。

06結語

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本文引用格式 / PLEASE CITE THIS ARTICLE AS

Ma, R., Gao, Y., Du, S., & Fan, Y. (2023). Research on mulberry-dyke & fish-pond agricultural heritage protection based on the concept of rural environmental museum—Case study on Digang Village in Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province. Landscape Architecture Frontiers, 11(6), 22?43.

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