姜斌：健康城市、健康景觀

姜斌

　　香港大學(xué)建筑學(xué)院景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)部，助理教授, 電子郵箱：jiangbin@hku.hk。　　
　　美國伊利諾伊大學(xué)香檳分校博士，博士后，設(shè)計(jì)工作室講師。研究方向：健康景觀與可持續(xù)城市化。
　　北京大學(xué)景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)理學(xué)碩士，研究方向：生態(tài)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)與歷史文化景觀保護(hù)。
　　其設(shè)計(jì)師從俞孔堅(jiān)教授、Peter Walker 及Leslie Wood, 先后就職于北京土人、泛亞國際、Peter Walker and Partners (PWP) 等著名設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)，先后擔(dān)任設(shè)計(jì)師、項(xiàng)目主創(chuàng)、高級(jí)項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理等職務(wù)。2005曾榮獲美國設(shè)計(jì)師協(xié)會(huì)（ASLA）景觀規(guī)劃與分析獎(jiǎng)（職業(yè)類，團(tuán)體）。
　　其研究師從景觀認(rèn)知學(xué)派著名學(xué)者William C. Sullivan 教授及俞孔堅(jiān)教授，曾擔(dān)任美國伊利諾伊大學(xué)香檳分校講師、健康景觀與可持續(xù)發(fā)展研究中心研究負(fù)責(zé)人及實(shí)驗(yàn)室主管。在Landscape and Urban Planning , Environment & Behavior 等頂級(jí)學(xué)術(shù)雜志發(fā)表重要論文，其研究被美國、英國、加拿大、日本、新加坡多家媒體報(bào)道。
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Bin JIANG

　　Assistant Professor of the University of Hong Kong, Division of Landscape Architecture, Email: jiangbin@hku.hk　　
　　Ph.D., post-doctoral researcher, and design studio lecturer of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Research interests: healthy landscape and sustainable urbanism
　　Master of Science in Landscape Architecture, Peking University. Research Interest: ecological Infrastructure and cultural landscape
　　Design: Jiang was mentored by Kongjian Yu, Peter Walker, and Leslie Wood. Jiang worked for Turenscape, Earthaisa Design Group, PWP as designer, main designer, and senior project manager. In 2005, Jiang was awarded the ASLA professional award of Planning and Analysis (team work)
　　Research: Jiang was mentored by Prof. William.C. Sullivan, a famous scholar in the field of landscape perception and Prof. Kongjian Yu. Jiang worked asa lecturer in the University of Illinois, senior investigator and manager of the Sustainability and Human Health laboratory. Jiang has published articles in leading journals such as Landscape and Urban Planning, Environment and Behavior. Jiang's research has been reported by professional or public media in U.S., England, Canada, Japan, China, and Singapore

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什么是"健康城市、健康景觀"

景觀中國：能否介紹您所提倡的"健康城市,健康景觀"的概念的主要內(nèi)涵?

姜斌："健康城市,健康景觀"關(guān)注城市建成環(huán)境及城市景觀如何影響城市居民的身心健康、社群健康、及城市的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。通過對(duì)城市功能、空間和景觀的規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)來倡導(dǎo)健康及可持續(xù)的生活方式和行為模式，為市民創(chuàng)造清潔、安全、優(yōu)美、公平的物質(zhì)空間環(huán)境和社會(huì)環(huán)境。

　　有兩個(gè)重要的定義作為這一概念的支撐和我們行動(dòng)的依據(jù)：世界衛(wèi)生組織在1948年對(duì)健康做出了一直沿用至今的定義："健康不僅是消除疾病或贏弱，也是體格，精神與社會(huì)的完全健康。" 1992年聯(lián)合國發(fā)布的《里約環(huán)境與發(fā)展宣言》提出"人類處在關(guān)注持續(xù)發(fā)展的中心。他們有權(quán)同大自然協(xié)調(diào)一致從事健康的、創(chuàng)造財(cái)富的生活。

LAC：Could you introduce on main content of "Healthy City, Healthy Landscape"?

Bin JIANG："Healthy City, Healthy Landscape" concerns how the built environment and urban landscapes can influence the psychological, physiological, and social health of individuals and lead to more sustainable cities. Through planning and designing physical spaces and landscapes, we can promote healthy and sustainable lifestyles and create clean, safe, pleasant, and equitable environments for people.

　　Two important statements serve as the foundation for "Healthy City, Healthy Landscape." First, in 1948, the World Health Center defined health as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." Second, in 1992, the United Nations published the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and claimed "Human beings are at the centre of concerns for sustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature." These statements provide justification for our work.

"健康城市、健康景觀"在中國

景觀中國：為什么"健康城市, 健康景觀"的概念對(duì)于當(dāng)前中國有著重要性和緊迫性?

姜斌：經(jīng)過數(shù)十年粗放的城市化和工業(yè)化進(jìn)程，不僅城市環(huán)境本身，城市所依賴的自然環(huán)境都遭到非常嚴(yán)重的污染、肢解和破壞。在經(jīng)濟(jì)掛帥的大背景下，難以量化和歸責(zé)的環(huán)境惡化和健康損失常常被決策者忽略，而我們每一個(gè)人，每一個(gè)家庭最終都會(huì)為之付出沉重的代價(jià)。
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圖1：典型中國城市景觀:被人工建筑物和汽車占領(lǐng)的北京國貿(mào)立交橋，2013 (圖片來源: http://www.todayonline.com)?
Figure 1: A Typical Chinese Urban Landscape: A city occupied by artificial constructions and vehicles, Guomao Bridge, Beijing, 2013. Photo source: http://www.todayonline.com.
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圖2：典型中國城市景觀: 清潔工人直接暴露在銅礦泄露的污水中, 福建上杭縣, 2010 （圖片來源：http://darkroom.baltimoresun.com）
Figure 2：A Typical Chinese Urban Landscape: Laborers work to drain sewage water from a leaked sewage tank at a copper mine in Shanghang, Fujian province, July 13, 2010. Photo Source: http://darkroom.baltimoresun.com
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圖3：典型性景觀:精神壓力已經(jīng)成為中國城市居民的不可承受之重（圖片來源：Kevin Frayer/Getty Images）。
Figure 3：A typical Chinese urban landscape:Mental stress is a serious harm for Chinese citizens’ health (Photo Source: Kevin Frayer/Getty Images)

　　有確鑿的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，中國國民的健康狀況正在因?yàn)榄h(huán)境質(zhì)量的降低、社會(huì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的加劇、不健康生活方式的盛行逐步惡化。這里我給大家舉三個(gè)方面的數(shù)據(jù)以管中窺豹：其一，以可導(dǎo)致糖尿病、心血管疾病等致死疾病的肥胖癥為例，2010年中國成年人超重的比例為30.6%，肥胖的比例為12.0%。中國未成年人超重和肥胖率分別從1981年至1985年的1.8%和0.4%上升到2006 年至2010年的13.1%和7.5% (Yu et al., 2012)。導(dǎo)致肥胖率劇增的原因雖然是多重的，但其中一個(gè)重要的原因是可供休閑和鍛煉的城市公共綠地的減少（圖1）。其二，快速的工業(yè)發(fā)展及基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)產(chǎn)生巨大的能源和礦產(chǎn)生產(chǎn)需求，這也帶來巨大的健康損失（圖2）。過去五十年，中國有超過800個(gè)國有礦產(chǎn)公司和23萬個(gè)私有礦產(chǎn)公司共計(jì)產(chǎn)生了約200萬公頃被重金屬嚴(yán)重污染的荒地；同時(shí)采礦和熔煉處理也帶來的重金屬大氣污染問題(Flegal, Gallon, Ganguli, & Conaway, 2013)。其三: 充滿壓力的城市環(huán)境和缺乏舒緩壓力和促進(jìn)身心再生的城市公共空間的缺乏可增加緊張、抑郁、和焦慮的發(fā)生率（圖3）。2013年研究預(yù)測(cè)中國罹患抑郁癥的人數(shù)超過三千萬人，其中約90%不能得到及時(shí)診斷和治療，由此導(dǎo)致病情的惡化甚至自殺行為的發(fā)生(C hinaResearch &Intelligence, 2013)。

　　我們所要思考的是, 作為城市環(huán)境的規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)者，能為解決這些危機(jī)作一些什么貢獻(xiàn)?雖然設(shè)計(jì)不能解決一切問題，但在西方開展的大量研究和實(shí)踐工作證明城市環(huán)境的改善可以為健康問題做出重要的貢獻(xiàn)。中國在這一領(lǐng)域的工作剛剛開始，而我們所面臨的健康危機(jī)和環(huán)境危機(jī)又是如此嚴(yán)重。在這一背景下，其重要性和緊迫性是顯而易見的。

景觀中國：為什么您認(rèn)為精神健康問題在中國應(yīng)引起更多的關(guān)注? 它與城市環(huán)境或城市景觀有何聯(lián)系?

姜斌：　中國城市居民常常忽視精神健康，不愿意承認(rèn)精神疾患的存在和主動(dòng)尋求解決方案。目前，在中國城市，特別是一線城市存在著工作競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈、生活成本高、人均社會(huì)資源匱乏等現(xiàn)象，這些情況造成城市居民，特別是中青年人群的精神壓力極大。精神壓力可導(dǎo)致急性心肌梗塞及免疫能力低下，長(zhǎng)期的精神壓力是高血壓、2型糖尿病、和過勞死的主要原因。另外兩種主要的精神問題，抑郁和焦躁，在生理機(jī)制上被視為人體壓力反應(yīng)機(jī)制失調(diào)的雙重表現(xiàn)。

　　一方面，在醫(yī)學(xué)研究中，精神壓力的危害已經(jīng)得到明確量化。比如，有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，工作場(chǎng)所的顯著精神壓力可增加181%的心臟突發(fā)疾病死亡率（即2.81倍），100%的女性2型糖尿病患病率，及65%的早期死亡率(Heraclides, Chandola, Witte, & Brunner, 2009; Heraclides, Chandola, Witte, & Brunner, 2012; László, Ahnve, Hallqvist, Ahlbom, & Janszky, 2010)。Nielson等(2008)發(fā)現(xiàn)顯著的精神壓力可增加491%的自殺率，159%的心臟突發(fā)疾病死亡率，和79%的呼吸疾病患病率。這些觸目驚心的數(shù)字告訴我們：精神問題，特別是精神壓力其實(shí)正在嚴(yán)重侵蝕市民的健康，只是人們并不清楚精神問題與認(rèn)為需要接受醫(yī)治的"重要疾病"之間存在如此顯著的聯(lián)系。

　　另一方面，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)接觸自然或者城市綠地可起到舒緩壓力的效應(yīng)，并且已經(jīng)進(jìn)行明確的量化工作。以本人最近發(fā)表的關(guān)于綠色街道壓力舒緩效應(yīng)的研究為例：我們使用了壓力荷爾蒙（唾液皮質(zhì)醇）及指尖皮膚收縮率等生理指標(biāo)來評(píng)測(cè)人的精神壓力水平。對(duì)比沒有樹木的街道景觀，被林蔭覆蓋的綠色街道 (30%的樹木覆蓋率)可增加約200%（即3倍）的壓力舒緩效應(yīng)(Jiang, Chang, & Sullivan, 2014; Jiang, Li, Larsen,Sullivan, 2014)。Bartoon和Pretty (2010)的論文指出：在綠地里進(jìn)行5分鐘的輕度鍛煉（如散步）即可產(chǎn)生顯著的改善情緒（增加60%）、提升自尊感（增加70%）的效應(yīng)。這一類的研究成果都證明自然或城市綠地對(duì)提升精神健康起到至關(guān)重要的作用。

　　總而言之，中國城市居民的精神健康問題其實(shí)相當(dāng)嚴(yán)重，其原因當(dāng)然是多樣和復(fù)雜的，在病理發(fā)展機(jī)制上，城市景觀可為人們提供舒緩壓力，恢復(fù)精力的場(chǎng)所，避免將日常的急性精神壓力累積為長(zhǎng)期的、慢性的壓力，最后發(fā)展成具有顯著健康危害或社會(huì)危害的精神疾病。

LAC：Why do you think it is important and pressing to promote the idea of "Healthy City, Healthy Landscape" in China?

Bin JIANG：After decades of wild urbanization and industrialization in China, the urban environment and the nature that supports this environment have been seriously polluted, dismantled, and damaged. In a country where economic accomplishment is always the priority, policy makers seldom give attention to environmental degradation because this degradation can be difficult to quantify. It is also difficult to decide who is at fault and who should take responsibility for this degradation. Unfortunately, Chinese citizens are already paying a high price for this neglect.

　　Empirical evidence indicates that Chinese citizens' health is rapidly declining, caused in part by environmental degradation, social competition, and unhealthy lifestyles. I will address three ways in which human health is declining. First, there are fewer outdoor green places for recreation and physical activity (Figure 1). People are spending less time outdoors, leading them to become more overweight and obese. In 2010, 30% of adults in China were overweight, and 12% were obese. For young people less than 18 years old, the overweight and obesity rates have increased from 1.8% and 0.4% in 1980s (1981-1985) to 13.1% and 7.5% in 2010s (2006-2010). This is especially concerning because obesity can lead to fatal diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Second, the pollution from rapid industrialization and construction of infrastructure also contributes to health decline (Figure 2). Within the last 50 years, more than 800 nationally owned and 230,000 private mining companies polluted 2,000,000 ha of land; mining and treatment processes also have polluted the air. This pollution is causing increased rates of respiratory illnesses such as asthma and lung cancer. Third, a stressful urban environment and lack of green space can lead to increased rates of stress, depression, and anxiety (Figure 3). A recent study published in 2013 estimated that more than 30 million Chinese citizens suffer from depression. Approximately 90% of these citizens are not diagnosed and treated, which may lead to more serious symptoms and even suicide (China Research &Intelligence, 2013).

　　In short, China faces serious environmental problems that are leading to human health decline. As designers of urban environments, we have a responsibility to help solve these problems. Research and design in the West demonstrate that improving urban environments can significantly promote human health. In China, research and design in environment and human health are still in their infancy. We need to make this important work more of a priority.

LAC：Why should we pay more attention to mental health problems? How does the urban environment and landscape impact mental health?

Bin JIANG：　Chinese citizens oftenneglect mental health problems; they are reluctant to even admit the existence of these problems, let alone solve them. One such problem is chronic mental stress. High competition at work, high living costs, and low levels of social resources are leading to significant, chronic stress among Chinese citizens. Mental stress can cause stress cardiomyopathy and low effectiveness of immunization system. Chronic stress is the main cause of high pressure, type 2 Diabetes, obesity, and Karoshi. As other two main mental problems, anxiety and stress can both be regarded as an impaired stress response.

　　Clinical research has clearly quantified the harm of untreated mental stress to human health. For example, recent studies reported untreated mental stress at work can increase the risk of death from heart attack by 181%, the risk of type 2 diabetes in women by 100%, and the risk of early death from all causes by 65% (Heraclides et al., 2009; Heraclides et al., 2012; László et al., 2010). Nielson and colleagues(2008)reported significant stress levels can increase the risk of suicide by 491%, the risk of death from heart attack by 159%, and the risk of respiratory disease by 79%.. These astonishing numbers alarm us: mental health problems, in particular mental stress, are damaging Chinese citizens' health.

　　Fortunately, researchers have found that contact with nature or urban green space can reduce stress and other mental health problems in significant, measurable ways. My own research demonstrates this clearly. Participants who viewed a five-minute video of street scenes with a moderate level of tree cover (30%) had 3 times greater stress reduction than those who viewed a video of a treeless street scene( Jiang et al., 2014; Jiang, Li, Larsen, Sullivan, 2014). Bartoon and Petty (2010)found that spending approximately 5 minutes doing light exercise (such as walking) in a green environment can significantly increase positive emotions (by 60%) and self-esteem (by 70%). This research suggests that nature or urban green spaces can promote citizens' mental health.

　　Chinese citizens' mental health is seriously challenged by complex environmental and social factors. Green urban landscape can provide spaces for citizens to recover from stress and attention fatigue. Exposure to such places can help prevent daily, acute stress from becoming chronic stress, which can seriously harm human health and social cohesion.

改變城市景觀，提升公眾健康

景觀中國：從哪些具體方面來改變城市景觀以提升公眾健康?

姜斌：概括來說，可以從幾個(gè)方面來開展。首先，我們要解決污染問題，通過規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)調(diào)整城市土地利用方式和產(chǎn)業(yè)組合，盡量減少污染對(duì)市民健康的影響，這一概念，我想借鑒北京大學(xué)建筑與景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)院院長(zhǎng)俞孔堅(jiān)教授提出的"海綿城市景觀"這一概念，城市景觀如何通過緩沖、過濾，阻隔，和處理污染物質(zhì)，起到保護(hù)居民健康的作用，是一個(gè)值得深入研究的課題。

　　其次，我們要通過城市景觀的營(yíng)造刺激健康生活方式的養(yǎng)成，倡導(dǎo)積極的城市生活（Active living），鼓勵(lì)人們走出房間，親近自然，親近鄰里，投身戶外健身和休閑活動(dòng)。此外，我們要通過城市景觀的營(yíng)造提供人們身心再生的場(chǎng)所。都市居民為生存與發(fā)展承受著巨大的心理壓力，而綠色景觀能有效地舒緩壓力和恢復(fù)注意力。最后，城市景觀對(duì)社會(huì)健康亦起到積極的作用，好的景觀設(shè)計(jì)可抑制犯罪行為的發(fā)生，鼓勵(lì)市民之間的友好交往，提升市民之間的信任感，保證所有的市民都有平等地使用城市綠地、享受公共空間和公共服務(wù)的機(jī)會(huì)。

景觀中國：在中國的文化、社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)背景下，是什么原因驅(qū)使我們的城市環(huán)境和城市生活背離健康發(fā)展的方向的？設(shè)計(jì)師對(duì)此能做什么？

姜斌：　有兩個(gè)問題是關(guān)鍵的。其一，在這個(gè)消費(fèi)時(shí)代，在灰色叢林般的城市里，人們逐漸失去了欣賞自然的機(jī)會(huì)和能力。人們大部分對(duì)自然的認(rèn)知是透過電子媒介來實(shí)現(xiàn)的，我們所認(rèn)識(shí)的自然只是二手的，虛擬的自然，是他人制造的圖像消費(fèi)品。因此，人們對(duì)于自然的認(rèn)知能力逐漸變得遲鈍和殘缺。如果生于八零年代前的人們還存有對(duì)自然中國和鄉(xiāng)土中國的依稀記憶，那么當(dāng)代的青少年兒童則大多是在遠(yuǎn)離自然的城市人工環(huán)境和虛擬的電子世界中成長(zhǎng)起來的，自然對(duì)于他們來說是完全陌生和無關(guān)的。因此，作為設(shè)計(jì)師，一個(gè)迫切的任務(wù)就是將真實(shí)的、鄉(xiāng)土的自然美帶到城市生活，因?yàn)橹挥姓鎸?shí)的自然才能喚醒人們對(duì)環(huán)境真實(shí)的理解、尊重和熱愛。而這種理解和愛的能力是創(chuàng)造健康城市的根本途徑。
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圖9：隱蔽的欺騙:商家通過制造產(chǎn)品與當(dāng)代價(jià)值觀之間的聯(lián)系以控制“理想生活模式”的圖景和刺激過度消費(fèi)。(圖片來源：http://www.vintageadbrowser.com/cars-ads)
Figure 9: A subtle deception: Businesses manipulate the image of ‘deal lifestyles’ and stimulate over-consumption by making a connection between contemporary values and their products. Photo source: http://www.vintageadbrowser.com/cars-ads.
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圖 10：設(shè)計(jì)師需要讓市民相信健康的生活方式可以很酷: 丹麥哥本哈根的蛇形自行車橋。 (圖片來源：Copenhagen's X Galary, http://www.dac.dk/)
Figure 10: Designers should convince citizens that healthy life can be cool: Copenhagen's new cycle bridge The Bicycle Snake (Photo Source: Copenhagen's X Galary, http://www.dac.dk/)

　　其二，健康城市的發(fā)展受到不健康的、高能耗的、過度消費(fèi)的、源于西方的城市生活理念和方式的沖擊。根本上而言，我認(rèn)為存在兩個(gè)重要挑戰(zhàn)：第一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)，我們的城市常常缺乏文化的自信，我們的發(fā)展一直走在效仿西方大城市的老路上，而且在不斷重復(fù)它們半個(gè)世紀(jì)前就曾犯過的錯(cuò)誤。在這一點(diǎn)上，我特別感激俞孔堅(jiān)教授過去二十年的工作，通過景觀設(shè)計(jì)喚醒中國人的文化自信，創(chuàng)造和保護(hù)屬于中國人的獨(dú)特人文景觀和生活場(chǎng)所。第二個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)，如何通過設(shè)計(jì)改變不可持續(xù)、不健康的生活方式呢？我們首先應(yīng)當(dāng)尊重人們追求富足、平等、自由、自尊、安全和隱私的權(quán)利。為了刺激消費(fèi)，商家常常將理想生活價(jià)值觀與他們的商品劃上等號(hào)，如私家汽車、郊野別墅、私人游艇、饕餮盛宴等（圖9）。這實(shí)際上是一種非常隱蔽的欺騙。這種過度消費(fèi)的"理想生活方式"將不可避免地導(dǎo)致環(huán)境的污染、不可再生資源的枯竭、自然環(huán)境的破碎、和身心健康的受損，即就是所謂的"公地悲劇"。不幸的是，簡(jiǎn)單地否定或勸阻人們過度消費(fèi)將是徒勞無功的。作為設(shè)計(jì)師，需要讓人們相信其實(shí)他們的理想愿景可通過健康和可持續(xù)的方式來實(shí)現(xiàn)的，而這樣的生活方式也是很吸引人的（圖10）。作為設(shè)計(jì)師來說，應(yīng)該倡導(dǎo)健康的、不自私的、文化自信的城市生活。

LAC：Could you give us some ways we can change urban landscapes to promote public health?

Bin JIANG：　　First, we need to solve environmental pollution problems. By adjusting land use regulations and reconstructing industries, we can reduce the harm caused by pollution. We can also create what Kongjian Yu calls "sponge urban landscapes." It is an important question for us to examine how urban landscapes canbuffer, filter, stop, and treat pollutants to protect our citizens' health.

　　Second, we need create urban landscapes that stimulate healthy lifestyles, promote active living, and encourage people to leave their rooms. Such urban landscapes will include contact with nature, spaces for social interaction, and opportunities for exercise, active transportation, and recreational activities. It is important to assure all citizens can have equal access to public green spaces, facilities and services.

LAC：Considering the cultural, social, and economic contexts in China, why are urban environments and urban life deviating from healthy development, and what can we do to address these challenges?

Bin JIANG：　First, Chinese citizens are gradually losing the opportunity and capability of appreciating nature. Mostly, our citizens perceive nature through electronic media. They only see a processed nature, a fake, second-hand, commercial product. Thus, people's perception of nature becomes obscure and incomplete. People born in or before the 1980s still may vaguely remember a natural or vernacular China, but the younger generations are growing up in urban environments that are far away from nature. Nature is provided by a virtual electronic world and is something distant and strange. Under these circumstances, designers have a responsibility to bring the pristine and authentic beauty of nature back to urban life. Only in this way can citizens truly understand, respect, and love the environment. People will be more likely to reap positive health benefits from natural environments they understand and love.

　　Second, healthy urban development is challenged by unhealthy, high energy-consuming， and over-consuming western urban attitudes and lifestyles. We are deliberately following the development of big cities in the Western world and repeating mistakes they made half a century ago.Instead, we should gain confidence in our own culture and landscapes. Designers in China can help reconstruct the cultural confidence of our cities and citizens. A lovely example comes from Prof. Kongjian Yu's work of the last twenty years. He successfully rebuilt Chinese citizens' cultural confidence through creatingand preserving unique cultural landscapes and living environments.

　　Unhealthy, high-consuming attitudes are difficult to change. We should respect every citizen's right to pursue prosperity, equality, freedom, self-esteem, safety, and privacy. In order to stimulate over-consumption, businesses manipulate the image of 'deal lifestyles' and by making a connection between contemporary values and their products (a private car, rural house, luxurious yacht, or a sumptuous feast) (Figure 9). In fact, it is a deception, a very subtle deception! Overconsumption in the pursuit of this ideal lifestyle inevitably leads to environmental pollution, depletion of unrenewable resources, fragmentation of the natural environment, and harmed human health. Simply denying or discouraging people from overconsumption may not work. Instead, our goal as designers is to make healthy and sustainable ideas and solutions appealing (Figure 10). We need to convince our citizens that the ideal life can be reached in healthy and sustainable ways. For designers, it is fundamentally important to promote healthy, unselfish, and culturally confident urban life.

"健康城市, 健康景觀"專家合作網(wǎng)絡(luò)

景觀中國：能否介紹一下您在美國及亞洲建立的"健康城市, 健康景觀"專家合作網(wǎng)絡(luò), 這個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的主要目標(biāo)和工作內(nèi)容?

姜斌：近五年來，我與William. C. Sullivan教授及張俊彥教授一起致力建立一個(gè)國際性的研究和設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐網(wǎng)絡(luò)。Sullivan教授是美國環(huán)境學(xué)科主任委員會(huì)前任主席，伊利諾伊大學(xué)健康與可持續(xù)發(fā)展研究實(shí)驗(yàn)室主任。張俊彥教授是臺(tái)灣大學(xué)"健康景觀，健康人民"實(shí)驗(yàn)室主任和本領(lǐng)域的世界著名學(xué)者。我們已經(jīng)與哈佛大學(xué)、加州大學(xué)洛杉磯分校、北京大學(xué)、臺(tái)灣大學(xué)、香港大學(xué)、美國景觀設(shè)計(jì)師協(xié)會(huì) (ASLA)、美國環(huán)境設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)會(huì)（ERDA）、美國國家森林署（USDA Forest Service）等世界著名高校或組織展開學(xué)術(shù)交流或教育交流活動(dòng)（圖4）。我們的目標(biāo)是在全球范圍內(nèi)，鼓勵(lì)和幫助各國的學(xué)者和規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)師，基于不同的文化、社會(huì)、和地理背景，針對(duì)建成環(huán)境如何影響健康這一重要課題進(jìn)行研究和設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐。同時(shí)，如何與景觀生態(tài)學(xué)、可持續(xù)城市規(guī)劃與設(shè)計(jì)、環(huán)境污染治理、大眾健康、大數(shù)據(jù)管理與分析等專業(yè)進(jìn)行有效的合作也是我們關(guān)注的課題。
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圖 4：我們透過伊利諾伊大學(xué)香檳分校與臺(tái)灣大學(xué)等多所亞洲高校進(jìn)行學(xué)術(shù)互訪和教育合作。
Figure 4：Scholars at the University of Illinois are cooperating with Taiwan University and other distinguished universities in Asia to address these issues.
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圖5：美國景觀設(shè)計(jì)師協(xié)會(huì)（ASLA）年城市景觀與大眾健康專題會(huì)議。主講專家：Richard J. Jackson, Richard Sutton, Terry Huang, 姜斌。 奧馬哈市，內(nèi)布拉斯加州。
Figure 5: American Society of Landscape Architecture Conference on Healthy Landscape. Main speakers: Richard J. Jackson, Richard Sutton, Terry Huang, Bin Jiang. 2014. Omaha, NE.
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圖6：讓都市重歸自然 （姜斌作品：武漢中山艦紀(jì)念公園，圖片來源：泛亞國際）
Figure 6: Let city belong to nature again (Bin Jiang’s work: Wuhan Zhongshan Memorial Park, photo source: Earthasia Design Group)
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圖 7：尋找每一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)在堅(jiān)硬而光滑的都市中植入自然（姜斌作品：上海虹橋國際機(jī)場(chǎng)景觀）
Figure 7: Find every opportunity to plant poetic nature into the tough, sleek urban environment. (Bin Jiang’s work: Hongqiao International Airport Landscape, Shanghai, China)
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圖 8：社區(qū)設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)倡導(dǎo)積極的生活方式,讓兒童與自然一起生長(zhǎng) （姜斌作品: 花橋國際商務(wù)金融中心及社區(qū)，圖片來源：泛亞國際）
Figure 8: The neighborhood should stimulate active living. Let children grow up with nature (Bin Jiang’s work：Huaqiao International Business Park and Neighborhood)

　　我們正在努力的事情包括：致力開展定量研究工作，推動(dòng)以科學(xué)證據(jù)為驅(qū)動(dòng)力的設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐，為政府決策提供明確的科學(xué)依據(jù)；發(fā)表介紹這一領(lǐng)域先進(jìn)理念、研究方法、和重要研究問題的著作，進(jìn)行學(xué)術(shù)宣講（圖5），希望能夠影響到更多的學(xué)者，特別是年輕的學(xué)者，投身到透過改善城市環(huán)境來改善市民健康和社會(huì)健康這一重要的行動(dòng)中；獨(dú)立或與著名設(shè)計(jì)事務(wù)所合作在全球多個(gè)城市開展設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐，通過實(shí)際項(xiàng)目示范、檢驗(yàn)、和發(fā)展我們的理念和方法（圖6，7，8）。

LAC：Could you introduce the network of experts in the U.S. and Asia who are developing the "Healthy City, Healthy Landscape"initiative? What is the main goal and task of that network?

Bin JIANG：　In the lastfive years, I have worked closely with Prof. William C. Sullivan and Prof. Chun-Yen Chang to construct an international network of research and design practice devoted to creating built environments that improve human health. Prof. Sullivan is thepresident of the Council of Environmental deans and directorsand also thedirector of the Sustainability and Human Health laboratory at the University of Illinois in the U.S. Prof. Chang is a leading scholar in the field and the director of "healthy landscape, healthy people" lab in the National Taiwan University. We have strong collaborative ties with several distinguished universities or institutions, including Harvard University, University of California in Los Angles, Tokyo University, Taiwan University, University of Hong Kong, the American Society of Landscape Architecture (ASLA), the Environmental Research Design Association in U.S. (EDRA), and the U.S. Forest Service (Figure 4). Our goal is to support research about the built environment's influence on human health, and then to encourage scholars, designers and planners to use our research to create healthier built environments. Because these issues involve many disciplines, we collaborate with scholars in a variety of fields: landscape ecology, sustainable urban planning and design, environmental pollution management, public health, and big data management.

　　We conduct quantitative research to promote evidence-based design and to provide concrete evidence to support decision making. We publish books and journal articles to introduce pioneering ideas, research methods, and important research questions. We also give lectures and seminars to encourage more scholars, especially young scholars, to work with us to address these research questions (Figure 5). Informed by our research, we practice design independently and with other distinguished design firms in several cities all over the world.

參考文獻(xiàn) (References)
　　Barton, J., & Pretty, J. (2010). What is the best dose of nature and green exercise for improving mental health? A multi-study analysis. Environmental Science & Technology, 44(10), 3947-3955. doi: 10.1021/es903183r　

　　Flegal, A. R., Gallon, C., Ganguli, P. M., & Conaway, C. H. (2013). All the lead in china. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 43(17), 1869-1944.

　　Heraclides, A., Chandola, T., Witte, D. R., & Brunner, E. J. (2009). Psychosocial stress at work doubles the risk of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged women: Evidence from the whitehall ii study. Diabetes Care, 32(12), 2230-2235.

　　Heraclides, A. M., Chandola, T., Witte, D. R., & Brunner, E. J. (2012). Work stress, obesity and the risk of type 2 diabetes: Gender-specific bidirectional effect in the whitehall ii study. Obesity, 20(2), 428-433.

　　China Research &Intelligence (2013). Research report on china's antidepressant market, 2013-2017. Retrieved from http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/b7j88d/research_report, 2014/12/28.

　　Jiang, B., Chang, C. Y., & Sullivan, W. C. (2014). A dose of nature: Tree cover, stress reduction, and gender differences. Landscape and Urban Planning, 132, 26-36.

　　Jiang, B., Li, D., Larsen, L.,Sullivan, W. C. . (2014). A dose-response curve describing the relationship between urban tree cover density and self-reported stress recovery. Environment and Behavior. doi: 10.1177/0013916514552321

　　László, K. D., Ahnve, S., Hallqvist, J., Ahlbom, A., & Janszky, I. (2010). Job strain predicts recurrent events after a first acute myocardial infarction: The stockholm heart epidemiology program. Journal of Internal Medicine, 267(6), 599-611.

　　Nielsen, N. R., Kristensen, T. S., Schnohr, P., & Grønbæk, M. (2008). Perceived stress and cause-specific mortality among men and women: Results from a prospective cohort study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 168(5), 481-491.

　　Yu, Z. B., Han, S. P., Chu, J. H., Xu, Z. Y., Zhu, C., & Guo, X. R. (2012). Trends in overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in china from 1981 to 2010: A meta-analysis. Plos One, 7(12). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051949

致謝：感謝北京大學(xué)俞孔堅(jiān)教授、李迪華教授、佘依爽主編、泛亞國際田明總經(jīng)理、及同僚黃宇凌、周丹瑤、紀(jì)文琦、張?zhí)駥?duì)本次訪談的支持。感謝Linda Larsen和韓韞嬌的修訂工作。

Acknowledgements: Thanks for support from Prof. Kongjian Yu, Prof. Dihua Li, and Editor Yishuan She from the Peking University, Mr. Ming Tian from the Earthasia Design Group, and my colleagues including Yuling Huang, Danyao Zhou, WenqiJi, and Tian Zhang. Thanks for review from Linda Larsen and Yunjiao Han.