小林弘一：美國斯加普規劃及設計的宜居策略

　　SED新西林景觀國際再添新成員企業：美國斯加普規劃及設計有限公司上海分公司，主要負責城市環境規劃設計領域的工作。近日景觀中國記者采訪了美國斯加普規劃及設計有限公司的執行總經理小林弘一先生。


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美國斯加普規劃及設計有限公司執行總經理小林弘一（Koichi?Kobayashi）先生

　　小林弘一（Koichi?Kobayashi）1968年畢業于日本京都大學園林景觀專業，1972年榮獲美國加州大學伯克萊分校園林景觀碩士學位。在他50余年的規劃設計職業生涯中，先后服務于美國、迪拜與中國等國際一流的規劃設計公司，涉及城市規劃設計、教育規劃與景觀設計、公園規劃設計等領域，有著豐富的景觀規劃設計經驗。與此同時，他在半個世紀中孜孜不倦地教授于日本京都大學、美國華盛頓大學、俄國俄亥俄州立大學等一流的國際高校，為景觀規劃設計的行業發展做出了重要貢獻。

　　“對于我來說，城市規劃師、城市設計師、景觀設計師以及景觀設計學教育者，這些不同身份都不過是致力于環境保護和改善的同一個職業罷了。”小林先生說，“就好像對于可持續城市我們可以用很多不同的名字來稱呼它，比如高環境質量城市、零排放城市、低碳城市等等。但在小林弘一先生看來，這些不同的稱謂都意味著城市應當使人與自然和平相處，并且具備便捷的自然、人文、歷史和社會設施，安全方便，同時能夠為人們提供足夠的營養和食物。”

　　作為斯加普規劃及設計有限公司的執行總經理，小林弘一先生表示，斯加普擁有一支知識技能全面、經驗豐富的團隊，他們在實踐中以將科技和美學完美結合為目標，并且關注生態和可持續發展。斯加普也將通過更多的項目合作、員工交流和教育培訓來加強其上海、深圳、西雅圖各分部之間的聯系，至于斯加普的工作重心則將依據各地的市場狀況而定。

景觀中國：您為何會在從京都大學畢業后選擇到美國的加州大學柏克萊分校繼續學習，日本和美國的景觀設計教育有何差異？

　　小林弘一：我選擇到加州大學伯克利分校學習并非因為美國和日本教育模式上的差異，而是我移民美國后不得不去學習這個國家的文化和風土人情。盡管如此，但這二者確實因美國和日本兩個國家之間的差異而不同。撇開教育模式的差異不談，我認為年輕人需要具備和培養的最基本的品質之一就是懂得傾聽別人的想法，包括客戶、同事和使用者等等，并且具備被人們所喜愛的完整人格。沒有良好深入的溝通，任何項目都是無法完成的。

景觀中國：如果要總結一下，您認為您的職業生涯可以分為哪些重要階段？

　　小林弘一：我在規劃和設計的藝術成就與我高中和大學時期在日本京都的日式花園中所受到的長期熏陶息息相關。我的設計作品無論尺度大小，都遵從了簡潔、多樣、空間層次感強的原則，這在我的小型私人花園設計和大型城市開放空間設計中都有體現，如90號洲際公路西雅圖段的景觀設計。這個占地300英畝的90號洲際公路總體景觀設計項目，成功為之前被高速公路割裂的鄰里空間注入了其所急需的綠色緩沖帶，創新地將環境可持續性作為項目設計和預備維護工程中日益增長的計算機技術應用的整體框架。該項目于1997年獲得美國總統杰出設計獎。

　　園林設計是我們景觀設計專業的核心。這也是我和這個領域始終維持緊密聯系的原因之一。長期以來我致力于培養自己在規劃、建筑設計、景觀設計、工程設計和項目管理中的多學科掌控能力，懷揣著將人們對環境的滿意度與視覺和綠色開放空間的數量和質量聯系起來的美好愿景，并一直以此為工作重心。

景觀中國：斯加普的設計師來自美國、日本等地，他們如何消除文化上的隔閡在城市規劃和設計中有效合作？

　　小林弘一：斯加普將繼續貫徹促進持有不同文化價值觀的員工相互理解、在相互尊重對方價值觀的基礎上進行景觀設計實踐的原則。我曾參與過一系列跨文化的、尺度各異的項目。比如坐落于芝加哥杰克遜公園中的湖岸的大阪花園的修復工程，它將這個由芝加哥和日本大阪合作建設百年日式花園帶到了全新的境界。該項目的成功使得杰克遜公園南端獲得了新生。還有日本兵庫縣三田華盛頓村，它是一個場地規劃和景觀設計項目，目的是在日本的三田市開發建設一個西式的居住和休閑空間。其設計和居住規劃在太平洋兩岸獲得了諸多獎項和廣泛的肯定。該項目得到了美國華盛頓州和日本兵庫縣政府的支持。通過參與這些項目，我認識到目前在美國和日本規劃和景觀設計都是為了追求獨立發展和成熟的社會民主。

景觀中國：在您看來中國的城市規劃設計面臨著哪些挑戰，規劃和設計如何才能使城市更加宜居？

　　小林弘一：我認為在美國和日本的經驗中，最有益于中國的一條就是要具備靈活的態度和能力以適應不斷變化的社會和世界。美國帶領世界開始了現代城市建設的浪潮，?20年后日本隨之踏上了現代城市建設的進程，而中國也在日本20年后開始了建設現代城市。在此過程中美國和日本在城市規劃和設計中進行了多項創新，同時也犯了一系列的錯誤。目前，隨著對外開放中國能夠自由地從世界及時得到各種資源。但是規劃和設計的決策應該依據對現有案例透徹的理解，而不能僅僅參考其膚淺的表面特征。我希望中國的規劃和景觀設計職業能夠成為將專家和學者的研究成果落實到實際項目中的媒介。

　　在我畢生的研究和專業興趣中有兩點非常重要，一個是自然和建成環境的視覺組成研究和應用，一個是綠色開放空間的建造，這兩點有助于我們規劃和建設最宜居的環境。這二者特別強調的是，首先要將理論性的方法和過程應用到真實的生活環境中，并將其過程、原則、指標和其他需要整合的條件納入現代的規則條例中來；再者就是要將視覺和綠色開放空間的范疇整合成為一個整體。?

　　在我對綠色開放空間和視覺環境的研究過程中有三個主要假設。

　　首先，綠色開放空間（包括質量和數量）對于環境（鄰里空間、城市、區域、國家以至更大尺度的環境）質量有決定性的影響。例如，西雅圖被評定為美國最適宜居住的城市之一已經有一段時間了。那么西雅圖的綠色開放空間于此有何影響？我們將嘗試找出影響綠色開放空間的因子，建立可量化的參數，并找出/構建規劃框架以及步驟，從而將這些因子整合到現有的和未來的控制性程序和需求中來。

　　第二，視覺環境在我們生活環境中具有重要地位，并且它們同樣能夠被整合到控制性程序和要求中來，從而我們可以塑造和控制我們的視覺環境。我們可以采用的方法之一是建立一套方法以明確質量和數量因子之間的聯系。部分可量化的因子可通過這種方法進行測定，包括建筑容積率、土地覆蓋率、土地使用密度，土地滲透性等。我們將對如何將人們的環境滿意度與視覺和綠色開放空間的數量和質量聯系起來進行研究。

　　第三個假設是綠色開放空間和環境的視覺組成部分之間存在緊密的聯系，并且它們也能夠被整合到規劃/設計的過程和控制性程序和要求中。環境的范圍包括小的鄰里單位、城市、省/自治區、區域，甚至國家和全球的各種尺度。我們將對自然和建成環境的可持續性、保護、修復和質量，以及視覺和綠色開放空間的質量因素進行研究和處理。

　　我們將采用環境學分析、場地分析和視覺分析等環境分析方法對此進行研究，研究范圍將包含景觀設計、城市設計、社區設計和區域設計。

　　美國斯加普

　　美國斯加普規劃及設計有限公司，其前身是著名日裔美籍景觀設計師KOICHI?KOBAYASHI先生于1989年在美國創立的K&A。公司發展至今20余年，目前已經發展成為集環境與城市規劃設計、建筑設計、景觀設計與一體的綜合性跨國公司。在上海成立SKUP將更好服務于亞太地區業務需要，與美國和日本的合作機構持續交流最先進的環境規劃理念和經驗，并與相關行業的多家知家海外企業緊密合作，以能優勢互補，為甲方提供高水準的專業服務。目前，上海SKUP已成為國內知名設計公司SED新西林景觀國際的成員企業，主要負責城市環境規劃設計領域的工作。

　　SKUP在設計中尤其關注地域文化的延續及生態環境的可持續性發展，對城市規劃、生態保護發展提出獨到的見解。目前為止，已完成項目遍及美國、日本、迪拜、加拿大、澳洲、新西蘭、中國、香港等地，有著較全面的國際設計經驗。

　　SKUP的核心技術來自美國、日本等不同專業背景及擁有豐富國際經驗的環境與城市規劃師、建筑師、和研究人員組成，并始終保持與國內外擁有顯著聲譽的學術機構密切合作。SKUP進入中國后結合本土設計經驗并與國內知名設計企業形成長期戰略合作伙伴，開始為高速發展的中國全面提供國際領先的景觀、規劃、建筑、旅游和生態策略的設計服務。

附英文原稿：

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SED?Group?has?a?new?member?now:?SKUP?International,?Shanghai?Office,?which?focus?on?environmental?and?urban?planning?services.?LANDSCAPE.CN?talked?with?Koichi?Kobayashi,?the?Executive?General?Manager?of?SKUP?International?recently.

Koichi?Kobayashi’s?past?employment?has?covered?a?diverse?field?of?planning?and?landscape?architecture:?new?town,?mixed?use?development,?education,?and?public?service,?private?offices?in?architecture?and?landscape?architecture?and?urban?design.

“To?me,?urban?planner,?urban?designer,?landscape?architect?and?landscape?architecture?educator,?all?these?titles?are?by?definition?in?the?same?profession?caring?for?preservation?and?enhancement?of?the?environment.?Just?like?we?have?been?utilizing?a?variety?of?names?for?a?sustainable?city,?the?names?may?include?high?environmental?quality?city,?zero?emission?city,?low?carbon?city?and?others,?but?in?my?view?they?are?all?striving?toward?a?creation?of?a?city?which?offers?living?with?nature?and?having?a?high?natural,?cultural,?historical?and?societal?amenities,?safety?and?convenience?while?being?capable?of?sustenance.”?Koichi?Kobayashi?told?me?during?our?talking.

He?also?told?me?that?to?follow?the?environmental?design?concept?of?“integrating?science?and?aesthetics,?showing?concern?to?ecology?and?sustainable?development”,?SKUP?recruits?and?maintains?well?rounded?and?experienced?staff?members?who?practice?with?a?goal?of?integrating?science?and?aesthetics,?showing?concern?to?ecology?and?sustainable?development.?And?since?they?have?offices?in?Shanghai,?Shenzhen?and?Seattle,?they?will?try?to?strengthen?ties?among?the?offices?through?more?project?collaboration,?staff?exchange?and?staff?education?and?training.?And?SKUP?will?decide?their?focus?basing?on?location?of?market?for?our?profession.

LANDSCAPE.CN:?Why?did?you?choose?to?study?in?University?of?California,?Berkeley?after?you?graduated?from?Kyoto?University,?What?was?the?difference?of?education?systems?of?landscape?architecture?between?USA?and?Japan?

It?was?not?the?difference?of?educational?system?that?I?went?to?University?of?California,?but?a?necessity?to?learn?the?culture?and?people?of?my?adopted?country.?It?was?not?the?difference?in?educational?system?that?I?decided?to?study?there?but?difference?is?in?the?difference?of?the?country?of?USA?and?Japan.?Anyway,?some?of?the?basic?qualities?I?would?like?young?people?to?have?and?nurture?is?the?ability?to?listen?well?to?audiences?including?clients,?colleagues,?users?etc.,?and?to?be?a?holistic?person?to?be?liked?by?people?around.?Any?project?could?not?be?accomplished?without?good?and?thorough?communication.

LANDSCAPE.CN:?How?would?you?like?to?divide?your?former?career?into?different?phases?

The?strength?of?the?art?of?my?planning?and?design?is?anchored?to?long?and?deep?immersion?in?the?Japanese?gardens?of?Kyoto,?Japan?during?my?high?school?and?college?days.?My?design?work,?be?it?large?or?small,?is?guided?by?simplicity,?variation,?depth,?and?sense?of?space?as?exhibited?in?small?residential?garden?design?as?well?as?design?for?a?large?urban?open?space?as?in?the?Interstate?Ninety:?Seattle?Landscape?Project?.?The?300?acre?I-?90?Master?Landscape?Design?project,?succeeded?in?installing?green?respite?in?much?needed?neighborhood,?long?bisected?by?previous?highway,?pioneered?the?concept?of?the?environmental?sustainability?as?project’s?overall?framework?in?design?and?use?of?emerging?computer?technology?in?preparing?maintenance?program.?The?project?was?given?American?President’s?Design?Excellence?Award?in?1997.?Art?of?garden?design?is?a?core?of?our?landscape?architectural?profession.?This?is?one?of?the?reasons?I?maintain?a?strong?connection?with?this?field.?I?have?been?trying?to?create?a?multi-disciplinary?capability?in?planning,?architecture,?landscape?architecture,?engineering?and?project?management?in?myself?for?a?long?time.??I?have?been?holding?this?vision?of?establishing?linkage?between?human?satisfaction?of?the?environment?and?quantitative?and?qualitative?aspect?of?the?visual?and?green?open?space?and?making?it?a?backbone?of?my?work.

LANDSCAPE.CN:?The?professional?design?team?of?SKUP?is?consisted?of?people?from?different?countries?with?different?culture?background,?how?does?SKUP?lead?this?team?corporately?working?on?each?project?with?common?company?values??

KOICHI?KOBAYASHI:?We?shall?maintain?a?policy?of?understanding?of?different?cultural?values?held?by?individual?staff?members?and?of?practicing?profession?with?respect?of?these?varying?values.?I?have?been?involved?in?a?number?of?cross?cultural?projects?in?a?variety?of?scale.?Osaka?Garden?at?Chicago’s?Jackson?Park?along?the?lake?shoreline?restored?as?well?as?new?stage?for?this?100?year?old?Japanese?Garden?supported?by?the?City?of?Chicago?and?Osaka,?Japan.?This?project’s?success?prompted?a?rebirth?of?the?south?end?of?the?Jackson?Park.?Washington?Village?is?the?project?in?site?planning?as?well?as?landscape?design?to?develop?a?western?style?housing?and?recreational?space?in?the?City?of?Sanda,?Japan.?Project?has?received?a?number?of?award?and?citation?from?both?sides?of?the?Pacific?in?design?and?community?planning.?This?project?has?been?supported?by?the?state?of?Washington,?USA?and?Government?of?Hyogo,?Japan.?Through?these?experiences,?I?have?learned?that?social?value?of?planning?and?landscape?architecture?in?USA?and?Japan?have?come?to?a?present?position?with?respective?growth?and?maturity?of?democratic?society.

LANDSCAPE.CN:?What?are?the?challenges?that?Chinese?cities?are?facing?in?your?eyes,?and?what?has?SKUP?prepared?to?help?dealing?with?these?challenges?

KOICHI?KOBAYASHI:?I?think?one?of?the?precious?experiences?most?beneficial?to?China?from?USA?and?Japan?is?to?acquire?an?attitude?of?flexibility?and?ability?to?adjust?to?changing?society?and?the?world.?USA?led?the?world?in?modern?urban?development,?followed?by?Japanese?some?twenty?years?later,?now?china?has?been?following?up?Japan?twenty?years?after?as?well.?USA?and?Japan?made?a?number?of?innovations?in?urban?planning?and?design?and?also?a?series?of?mistakes?and?misjudgments.?Now?with?the?opening?of?Chinese?access?to?the?world,?china?could?get?all?kind?of?resources?freely?from?the?world?in?time.?Decisions?on?planning?and?design?should?be?based?on?thorough?understanding?on?precedents?and?not?on?superficial?references.?I?am?hoping?Chinese?planning?and?landscape?architecture?profession?will?be?developing?practical?application?of?results?from?research?works?to?be?performed?by?professionals?and?academics.?Two?of?my?life?long?research?and?professional?interest?have?been?on?study?and?application?of?visual?component?of?the?natural?and?built?environment?and?on?preservation?and?creation?of?green?open?space?so?that?we?could?plan?and?develop?the?most?livable?environment.?Specific?focus?in?these?areas?is?first?to?apply?theoretical?method??and??process?to?real?life?situation?and?develop?process,?index,?indicators,?criteria?and?others?to?be?integrated?into?modern?regulatory?processes?and?requirements?and?second?to?integrate?these?two?fields?of?visual?and?green?open?space?into?holistic?one.?

There?are?three?major?hypotheses?in?carrying?out?my?research?related?to?green?open?space?and?visual?environment.

The?first?is?that?green?opens?space?(both?in?qualitative?and?quantitative)?plays?major?role?in?determining?quality?of?environment?(neighborhood,?city,?region?and?nation?and?above)?we?live?in.?For?example,?the?city?of?Seattle?has?been?rated?as?one?of?the?most?livable?cities?in?the?United?States?of?America?for?some?time.?What?role?is?green?open?space?of?Seattle?contributing?to?this??We?could?attempt?to?identify?elements?contributing?to?green?open?space,?establish?measurable?parameters?and?identify/develop?planning?frame?work?and?process?so?that?they?could?be?incorporated?into?existing?and?future?regulatory?process?and?requirements.?

The?second?hypothesis?is?that?the?visual?environment?occupies?an?important?aspect?of?our?living?environment?and?that?they?also?could?be?integrated?into?regulatory?process?and?requirements?so?that?we?could?shape?and?control?our?visual?environment.?One?of?the?approaches?that?could?be?taken?is?to?establish?method?to?identify?linkages?between?qualitative?and?quantity?elements.?Some?of?the?measurable?elements?including?building?floor?ratio,?land?coverage,?land?use?density,?land?permeability?could?be?tested?in?this.?Establishing?linkage?between?human?satisfaction?of?the?environment?and?quantitative?and?qualitative?aspect?of?the?visual?and?green?open?space?will?be?explored.?Method?for?analyzing?environment?covers?environmental?analysis,?site?analysis?and?visual?analysis.

The?third?hypothesis?is?that?there?exists?a?close?relationship?between?green?open?space?and?visual?component?of?the?environment?and?that?they?could?be?integrated?together?into?planning/design?process?and?regulatory?processes?and?requirements.?Areas?of?environment?could?encompass?from?a?small?neighborhood?unit?to?city,?state/prefecture,?regional,?nationwide?and?global.?Sustainability,?preservation,?restoration?and?improvement?of?the?natural?as?well?as?built?environment?will?be?explored?and?dealt?with.?

Qualitative?aspect?of?the?visual?and?green?open?space?will?be?explored.?Method?for?analyzing?environment?covers?environmental?analysis,?site?analysis?and?visual?analysis.

Sphere?of?this?research?will?encompass?landscape?design,?urban?design,?community?design?and?regional?design.??

SKUP?International?(SKUP?Planning?and?Design?Consultancy?Co.)

SKUP?Planning?and?Design?Consultancy?Co.,?Ltd.?was?originated?from?the?former?Kobayashi?&?Associates?Inc.?which?was?based?in?USA?and?was?founded?by?the?famous?Japanese?American?landscape?architect?Koichi?Kobayashi?in?1989.?Since?its?establishment?more?than?20?years?ago,?SKUP?has?currently?developed?into?an?international?company?providing?integrated?services?including?environmental?and?urban?planning,?architectural?design?and?landscape?design.?By?setting?up?its?office?in?Shanghai,?SKUP?will?be?able?to?provide?better?service?to?the?Asia?Pacific?countries.?Meanwhile,?SKUP?keeps?on?exchanging?the?most?advanced?environmental?planning?concept?and?experience?with?the?American?and?Japanese?cooperative?institutions.?We?maintain?a?number?of?reputable?overseas?firms?with?special?expertise?as?our?resource?companies.?SKUP?was?now?a?member?company?of?the?SED?landscape?architects?group.
SKUP?focuses?on?the?incorporation?of?regional?culture?and?ecological?sustainability?in?its?design,?and?has?proposed?unique?ideas?on?urban?planning?and?ecological?preservation.?Up?till?now,?SKUP?and?its?staff?have?completed?projects?in?USA,?Japan,?Dubai,?Canada,?Australia,?New?Zealand,?China?and?Hong?Kong.

The?professional?design?team?of?SKUP?is?consisted?of?environmental?and?urban?planners,?architects?and?researchers?from?USA,?Japan?and?other?countries?who?are?provided?with?different?specialties?and?have?extensive?experience?in?various?projects?worldwide.?SKUP?has?maintained?close?cooperation?relationship?with?Chinese?and?foreign?reputable?academic?institutions.?Up?till?now,?SKUP?has?established?permanent?strategic?partnership?with?some?renowned?local?enterprise?after?it?launches?its?business?in?China?and?has?started?to?provide?integrated?services?for?the?rapidly-developing?China?in?areas?including?landscape?design,?urban?planning,?architectural?design,?tourism?and?ecological?strategy.