《景觀設計學》2023年第5期

中國景觀設計職業準入門檻與核心專業技能

Professional Qualification for and Core Means of Landscape Architects in China

（李迪華，《景觀設計學》2023年第5期“主編寄語”）

建筑學、景觀設計學，以及城市與區域規劃在美國被譽為城鄉建設和生態保護領域的“三架馬車”^[1]。這三個專業的邊界清晰，卻相輔相成，一起履行相關領域的專業職責。當代中國景觀學（包括園林、風景園林、景觀建筑學、景觀設計學、環境藝術設計等不同方向和名稱的探索）誕生已經有七十余年，卻并未像人們期待的那樣成為一個擁有市場開拓能力和社會責任清晰的應用型學科，反而一直被詬病“準入門檻低”“技術含量不高”等，社會認可不盡人意。這些問題長期困擾著中國景觀設計的行業、教育發展及其公眾認知^[2]~[5]。

景觀學有哪些專業準入門檻？景觀學的核心專業技能是什么？結合近二十年的持續探索，筆者嘗試給出一個答案。景觀學的專業準入門檻體現在以下幾個方面^[1]~[4][6]：

第一，設計師應當熟悉相關法律。自2015年起，景觀設計成為終身責任制的職業，《中華人民共和國環境保護法》（2015年1月1日起施行）、《中華人民共和國無障礙環境建設法》（2023年9月1日起施行）對此均作出了明確的要求。這兩項法案和《中華人民共和國民法典》等法規共同構成了設計師應當熟悉的法律要求。

第二，設計師應當掌握工程標準規范并做到更好，包括《建筑與市政工程無障礙通用規范》（GB 55019—2021，2022年4月1日起施行）及實際項目中遇到的細分領域的各項標準規范。

第三，設計師要擁有同理心和職業常識，追求“只有使用者想不到的，沒有設計師想不到的”的建成環境，愿意終身為具體的人付出，為弱者付出，為細節付出，為未來付出。

第四，設計師是具備專業勝任力的職業人士。法律和社會需求賦予設計師的各項職能——維護公共利益、呵護人的健康與生命安全、改善人和其他生命的生存福祉、維護地球生態系統健康和生態系統服務可持續供給，以及探索適應全球氣候變化的解決方案——都需要我們主動擔當。

第五，用最高的職業道德要求自己，職業倫理、行業自律是專業素養提升的基本保障。

景觀學的核心專業技能在于：其一，擁有統籌項目落地的專業能力。任何項目都是包括項目建議、評估策劃、規劃、設計、方案深化、施工圖設計、施工、監理、驗收、建成使用后評價、使用和維護等復雜環節的結構體系，景觀設計師是當仁不讓的統領項目全過程的最佳角色！其二，具備完成循證設計所需的設計知識、方法與價值觀念，以及做好交叉學科和跨學科實踐研究的能力。合格的景觀設計師能夠從跨學科與跨領域知識、場地、使用者、審美、社會責任和設計語言等方面構建設計的邏輯框架。其三，擁有通過設計助推城市居民觀念和生活方式轉型的能力，景觀設計師應當是通往未知和未來的創新實踐的引領者與倡導者。其四，具備傾聽、溝通、表達、協作和合作的能力，包括謙和的態度、清晰的語言和靈活多樣的交流與表達手段。其五，擁有與時俱進及終身學習、應用前沿技術和現學現用能力。設計是關乎“改變”的職業，鮮有設計師會一直做相似的項目或只在一地做項目，學習新知識和保持良好的工作習慣對于掌握層出不窮的新技術和滿足不斷變化的條件與場景需求至關重要。^[5]~[8]

景觀設計師如果能夠推動建設“走路無需看路的城市”和“遇到石頭都能說三句話”的人和人之間彼此信任的和諧家園，那么景觀學的社會地位就一定不可替代。《無障礙環境建設法》的實施為設計師創造了這樣的機會^[6]~[10]，這要求我們做到：第一，統籌景觀工程落地的全過程，做到從方案建議到設計、施工和使用維護“一路向好”來取得滿意成果；第二，通過精心設計的細節帶來對人的無微不至的關懷和令人驚嘆的美；第三，轉變觀念，包括對人、對自然的態度，以及對自我的反思與重構，能夠適應多樣的環境和多變的社會需求；第四，推進跨學科、跨領域的研究與實踐，包括但遠不局限于建筑學、城市規劃、景觀設計學，以及法學、社會學、經濟學、老年學、信息技術、神經科學、精神健康、心理與行為科學、產品設計、材料科學、工程管理等學科間的合作；第五，將無障礙環境建設作為氣候適應性城市建設的途徑。

總而言之，設計關乎時代使命的思想表達。景觀學作為美麗中國事業和可持續發展落地和的支撐性學科，能否引領未來，取決于我們是否愿意從專業準入門檻、專業技術水平、專業教育和行業自律等方面不斷提高對自身要求。

Architecture, Landscape Architecture, and Urban and Regional Planning are three major professions leading urban and rural development and ecological conservation in the United States^[1]. Although having clear boundaries, they are complementary each other to fulfill professional responsibilities in related fields. Although contemporary Landscape Architecture has been introduced for more than seventy years in China, it has not become an applied profession with mature market and well-defined social responsibility as expected. Instead, landscape architects have often been criticized for being “easily qualified” and “low technic requirements,” resulting in unsatisfactory social recognition. Such issues have long-time hindered the development of Landscape Architecture profession and education in China, as well as its public perception^[2]~[5].

How to be qualified for practicing Landscape Architecture? And what are the core means of this profession? Combining with nearly twenty years’ continuous exploration, the author attempts to answer these questions by proposing the suggestions for landscape architects’ professional qualification as the followings^[1]~[4][6]:

First, landscape architects should have knowledge about relevant laws. Since 2015, Landscape Architecture has become a profession with lifelong responsibility, for which both The Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China (effective on January 1, 2015) and The Barrier-Free Environment Creation Law of the People’s Republic of China (effective on September 1, 2023) have raised explicit requirements. These two laws together with The Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China and other laws set the legal requirements for landscape architects.

Second, landscape architects should be familiar with relevant design and engineering norms, including General Codes for Accessibility of Buildings and Municipal Engineering Projects (GB 55019-2021, effective on April 1, 2022) and relevant standards in specific fields in dealing with actual projects.

Third, landscape architects should have empathy and professional common sense, create the built-environment by “thinking ahead of users’ needs,” taking the mission to devote themselves to persons, to the vulnerable, to the details, and to the future.

Fourth, landscape architects should have professional competency. Laws and the society demand landscape architects in various aspects—ensuring public interests, caring for user safety and health, improving well-beings of human and other creatures, maintaining ecosystem health and sustainability, provisioning of ecosystem services, and exploring adaptive solutions for global climate change—which all call for proactivity.

Fifth, landscape architects should hold rigid professional ethics and accept industry self-regulation, which guarantee the growth of the profession.

The professional core means, covering skills, techniques, and methods of landscape architects, include the following aspects. First, the competence to coordinate project implementation. Any project should be established within a “whole-process architecture,” ranging from proposal, assessment, planning, design, detail plans, construction design, construction, supervision, acceptance inspection, to post-occupation evaluation, and maintenance. Landscape architects are the best actor to manage the whole process! Second, landscape architects have the design knowledge, techniques, and value system to conduct evidence-based design, and the ability for cross- and inter-disciplinary research. Qualified landscape architects can construct a logical framework for design at least covering interdisciplinary knowledge, site, users, aesthetics, social responsibility, and design language. Third, landscape architects have the ability to transform citizens’ perceptions and lifestyles through design interventions, and should be leaders in advocating innovative practices towards the unknown and the future. Fourth, the professionals should have an open mind for communication, be good at expression, and embrace collaboration and cooperation, which require landscape architects have a humble attitude, explicit language, and flexible and diverse means of communication and expression. Fifth, landscape architects need to prepare for lifelong learning, be able to update their knowledge and apply advanced techniques with times, and can practice by immidiate learning. Landscape Architecture is a profession of changes. Few of them would do the same type of projects or practice only at a same city or region all the time, which makes it crucial to keep learning new knowledge and maintain good working habits to master infinite new technologies and meeting the demands of ever-changing conditions and scenarios.^[5]~[8]

If landscape architects can truly promote the construction of harmonious cities where people live in safe, joyful environment and trust each other, we will gain an irreplaceable social recognition. Now the enactment of The Barrier-Free Environment Creation Law has offered such an opportunity^[6]~[10]. First, we need to be the landscape project coordinator to pursue a satisfactory result by doing better step by step in the whole process; second, care for people and create breathtaking beauty through meticulous and detailed design; third, change mind and attitudes about people, nature, and embrace self-reflection, to adapt to diverse environmental conditions and changing social needs; fourth, promote cross- and inter-disciplinary research and practice, including but not limited to Architecture, Urban and Regional Planning, Landscape Architecture, Law, Sociology, Economics, Gerontology, Information Technology, Neuroscience, Mental Health, Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, Product Design, Material Sciences, and Engineering Management; and fifth, make barrier-free environmental construction an approach to realizing the development of climate-adaptive cities.

In sum, design is the expression of thoughts on the mission of the times. As a discipline that supports the construction of Beautiful China and sustainable development, whether Landscape Architecture can lead the future urban development depends on how we will continuously improve the standards of professional qualification, skills, techniques, methods, education, and self-regulation.

REFERENCE

[1]   Yu, K., & Li, D. (2005). Landscape Architecture: The Profession and Education. China Architecture & Building Press.

[2]   Yu, K. (1998). Challenges and opportunities for China’s Landscape Architecture in the light of the three development stages of the world Landscape Architecture. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 14(1), 17–21.

[3]   Yang, Y. (2021). A brief history of Chinese Landscape Architecture discipline. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 37(1), 6–11.

[4]   Zhang, J., & Yang, R. (2021). Development of world Landscape Architecture discipline. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 37(1), 12–15.

[5]   Li, D. (2020). Struggles and opportunities of the discipline and profession of Landscape Architecture in China’s territorial spatial planning reform. Landscape Architecture Frontiers, 8(1), 84–91.

[6]   Yu, K. (2005). The Art of Survival. China Architecture & Building Press.

[7]   Lv, S. (2022). Advance the construction of inclusive cities for all via statutory powers. Landscape Architecture Frontiers, 10(3), 4–7.

[8]   Li, D., Zhuge, X., & Chen, S. (2023). The development history of the U.S. Barrier-Free Environment Legal System and its inspiration. Environmental and Resources Law Review, (14), 183–213.

[9]   Li, D., & Lu, Q. (2023). Reconstructing the qualification and education system of China’s planning and design profession. The City of People, Empowered by Planning: Proceedings of the Annual National Planning Conference 2023. China Architecture & Building Press.

[10]  Editorial Board of Beijing Future Accessibility Environment. (2023). Beijing Future Accessibility Environment. China Architecture & Building Press.

主編寄語

中國景觀設計職業準入門檻與核心專業技能／李迪華

論文

社交媒體文本數據分析方法對比與適用性研究：以北京市城市公園感知為例／尚珍宇，程可欣，簡鈺清，王志芳

提供蔭涼的樹木——針對緩和城市局地氣候的樹木形態類型學描述框架／勒內·范·德·維德，薩斯凱亞·德·威特，米希爾·鮑得羅伊真

阮朝時期越南古典園林探索——與中國古典園林的比較研究／杜謙·陳，瑪麗亞·伊格納提瓦，羅桑格拉·特諾里奧

觀點與評論

協作式生態更新——采用適應性工具包重塑生態基礎設施并以北京市實踐為例／張馳

海岸、社會行動與建筑生產：評《社在必行：中國的建筑與城市》／蘇暢

探索與過程

水文飛地：深圳非供水水庫的適應性管理／孫曙陽

【中文刊名】《景觀設計學》

【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers

【作者】李迪華（LI Dihua），尚珍宇（SHANG Zhenyu），程可欣（CHENG Kexin），簡鈺清（JIAN Yuqing）等

【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司

【頁碼】91頁彩色印刷

【刊號】ISSN 2096-336X

【出版日期】2023年10月

社交媒體文本數據分析方法對比與適用性研究：以北京市城市公園感知為例

Comparison and Applicability Study of Analysis Methods for Social Media Text Data: Taking Perception of Urban Parks in Beijing as an Example

作者：尚珍宇，程可欣，簡鈺清，王志芳 Zhenyu SHANG, Kexin CHENG, Yuqing JIAN, Zhifang WANG

摘要

互聯網科技和媒體的蓬勃發展產生了大量社交媒體數據，基于自發評論文本進行社會感知分析逐漸成為研究熱點，也開始被應用于城市公園使用情況和情感認知的研究中。鑒于現有研究大都應用單一的文本分析方法，本研究嘗試開展社交媒體文本數據分析方法的對比研究，并揭示其在公園感知研究中的優缺點和適用性。研究選擇在相關領域廣泛應用的詞典模型和LDA模型，以大眾點評網站上北京10座城市公園的點評文本為研究數據，分別從單個公園和公園整體使用感知兩個層面進行文本分析，并對比分析感知主題的分類結果。結果表明：詞典模型更有利于在公園間進行橫向對比分析；LDA模型則可以直觀顯示公園特色和游客感知偏好；綜合運用兩種模型可優化公園感知評估。兩種方法揭示了北京城市公園游客對公園的關注主要集中于社交活動的需求、自然景觀帶來的視覺審美需求，以及交通設施狀況和城市公園消費情況。本研究既可為社交媒體文本分析方法的選擇和使用提供優化建議，又可為公園建設與管理改進提供依據與指導。

關鍵詞

社會感知；文本分析；詞典；隱含狄利克雷分布（LDA）；城市公園；景觀感知

Abstract 

The booming Internet technology and media have generated large sets of social media data, with which the social sensing analyses based on users’ reviews have become a research hotspot and have been increasingly applied in the study of urban park usage and perception. However, most existing studies adopt a single model for text data processing. To fill this gap, this study aims to compare social media text data analysis methods and assess their advantages, disadvantages and applicability in park perception research. The Lexicon-based classification analysis model (lexicon model) and LDA (Latent Dirichlet Allocation) model widely used in relevant research were selected. Based on text data obtained from public reviews of 10 urban parks in Beijing on Dianping, this study explored the perception topic distribution of each park and all parks in general, and compared the classification results of perception topics between these two models. Results show that the lexicon model is conducive to the parallel comparison of perception frequency between parks, while the LDA model can directly reflect each park’s characteristics and visitors’ perception preferences; the combined use of the two models can optimize park perception assessment. Results from the two methods reveal that visitors to urban parks in Beijing focused more on their social recreation needs and visual aesthetics brought by the natural landscape, as well as conditions of the transportation facilities and the consumption in the parks. This research can provide optimization suggestions for the selection and use of social media text analysis methods, and a basis and guidance for park construction and management improvement.

Keywords

Social Sensing; Text Analysis; Lexicon; Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) ; Urban Park; Landscape Perception

提供蔭涼的樹木——針對緩和城市局地氣候的樹木形態類型學描述框架

Cool Tree Architecture: A Descriptive Framework for a Tree Architecture Typology to Temper Urban Microclimates

作者：勒內·范·德·維德，薩斯凱亞·德·威特，米希爾·鮑得羅伊真 René van der VELDE*, Saskia de WIT, Michiel POUDEROIJEN

摘要

作為城市森林的基本單元，樹木可通過遮蔭和蒸騰，以及改變空氣流動等途徑來調節城市局地氣候中的極端高溫。然而，目前用來衡量不同樹種遮蔭效果的指標還很有限，因此需要開發一種新的方法來填補。本文提出了一種通過對影響太陽輻射反射率、吸收率和透射率等樹木物理特性進行結構化描述來篩選樹種的方法。這一描述性框架基于“樹木結構”概念——樹木結構已發展成為植物研究領域中一個專門研究植物的外觀、形態和發育過程的方向。該框架包含了樹冠、枝干和樹葉三大總體特征中的多個子形態特征，可用于探究“可提供蔭涼的樹木形態類型學”（Cool Tree Architecture Typology，C-TAT），并將具有共同物理特征的樹種進行分類。通過樹木的野外對照實驗觀察，進一步細化了子形態特征，形成了新的描述指標，成為了C-TAT分類的關鍵。C-TAT適用于大西洋氣候帶等地區的城市中的樹種形態類型劃分，可對現有樹木進行更快速的評估和降溫績效計算，并有助于樹木管理者對城市開發項目中的樹木制定更準確的熱性能標準。本文也從城市局地氣候的角度豐富了樹木結構的研究內涵與方法。

關鍵詞

樹木結構；城市熱島；氣候適應；城市局地氣候調節；可提供蔭涼的樹木形態類型學

Abstract 

As the elementary unit of the urban forest, trees temper thermal extremes in urban microclimates through shading and evapotranspiration, and by altering the movement of air. Metrics on shade performances of different species, however, are currently limited, which can be remedied by the development of a method to describe the range of species and cultivars via a structured overview of physical characteristics impacting radiation reflectivity, absorptivity, and transmissivity. This paper proposes a descriptive framework based on the concept of “tree architecture,” which has developed into a recognized field of plant study from the perspective of their physiognomy, morphology, and morphogenesis. The framework describes various architectural sub-traits within the overall trait categories of Crown, Wood, and Foliage. The descriptive framework can be used to develop a “Cool Tree Architecture Typology” (C-TAT), in which trees can be organized into similar types based on common physical characteristics. Further elaboration of sub-traits using observations of trees in controlled field laboratories resulted in new derivative classes for use as key in classifications for the C-TAT. The C-TAT can be used to organize the many species and cultivars occurring in, for example, Cfb Atlantic climate zone cities, to a lesser number of architectural types. This allows for more rapid evaluation and cooling performance calculations of tree inventories and can also be of value in assisting tree managers to propose more accurate thermal performance standards for trees in urban projects. The elaboration of tree architecture from an urban microclimate perspective complements existing elaborations and approaches in the field of tree architecture.

Keywords

Tree Architecture; Urban Heat Island; Climate Adaptation; Urban Microclimate Amelioration; Cool Tree Architecture Typology

阮朝時期越南古典園林探索——與中國古典園林的比較研究

Exploring Classical Vietnamese Gardens Under the Nguyen Dynasty: A Comparative Study With Chinese Counterparts

作者：杜謙·陳，瑪麗亞·伊格納提瓦，羅桑格拉·特諾里奧 Duy Khiem TRAN, Maria IGNATIEVA, Rosangela TENORIO

摘要

本文通過研究歷史文獻、繪畫和現存園林，探討了越南阮朝時期（1802－1945）建造的古典園林的類型和特點。依據研究結果，作者將越南古典園林劃分為兩類：皇家園林和皇家陵園。研究通過大量對比明清時期的中國園林實例，認為越南園林受到中國文化的深刻影響，并展現出許多與中國園林相似的特點與元素。園林布局、亭臺樓閣的建筑風格、假山、水體、橋梁等園林元素，以及植物材料的運用都受到中國文化的影響，但又根據當地的氣候條件和園主的喜好進行了調整。例如，二者在水景、橋梁、植物品種、石材等元素的排布和設計上都有所不同。深入了解越南古典園林的文化意義和獨特性有助于促進相關保護和修復工作。通過剖析和比較中國和越南園林的設計思想，本研究揭示了東亞園林設計多樣的表現形式和適應性。

關鍵詞

越南古典園林；皇家園林；皇家陵園；阮朝；中國古典園林；道家思想；儒家思想；自然

Abstract 

This paper explores the typologies and characteristics of classical Vietnamese gardens built in the Nguyen Dynasty (1802–1945) by examining historical records, paintings, and existing gardens. The findings highlight the presence of two distinct types of classical gardens in Vietnam: imperial gardens and imperial mausoleum gardens. Numerous examples from Chinese gardens constructed during the Ming and Qing Dynasties are employed for comparison with Vietnamese gardens. Influenced by Chinese culture, Vietnamese gardens exhibit numerous shared characteristics and elements with their Chinese counterparts. Layouts, architectural styles of pavilions, garden elements such as rockeries, ponds, and bridges, as well as plant materials were inspired by Chinese gardens, yet they were adapted to align with local conditions, such as climate and garden owners’ preferences. For example, the arrangement and design of some elements, like waterscapes and bridges, species of plants and stone materials were different. Understanding the cultural significance and uniqueness of Vietnamese classical gardens contributes to their preservation and restoration. By recognizing and comparing the philosophical approaches to garden design in China and Vietnam, this research sheds light on the diverse expressions and adaptations of garden design in East Asia.

Keywords

Classical Vietnamese Gardens; Imperial Gardens; Imperial Mausoleum Gardens; Nguyen Dynasty; Classical Chinese Gardens; Taoism; Confucianism; Nature

協作式生態更新——采用適應性工具包重塑生態基礎設施并以北京市實踐為例

Collaborative Ecological Regeneration—An Adaptable Toolkit for Reviving Ecological Infrastructures With Case Study on Beijing’s Practices

作者：張馳 Chi ZHANG

摘要

在全球可持續生態城市建設浪潮中，北京以“和諧宜居之都”為目標，基于生態安全格局制定《北京城市總體規劃（2016—2035）》，并在中心城區實施了一系列生態基礎設施改造項目。本研究基于生態都市主義理論，指出這些城市更新實踐是聯系城市綠色愿景與個人日常行為的關鍵。本文構建了一個包含環境生態、社會生態和心理生態三個維度的理論框架，并設定了生態更新實踐的三重評價要點：修復生態基礎設施、激活社區、重建社會－環境共生關系。本文據此評估北京首鋼工業遺址公園項目的城市更新過程，發現其中有機會構建景觀與公眾參與活動、市民環保行動的關聯。本文提出改進的實踐模式——“協作式生態更新”，強調結合中尺度景觀更新與市民參與，并提供包含三個維度上設計策略的適應性工具包，在修復中小尺度生態基礎設施的同時，可形成包容性社會協作平臺并提升個人環境意識。其中的關鍵工具“城市原型”既能聯系不同維度上的策略，又可將實踐經驗概念化，進而應用于構建新策略。作為示范，本文將之應用于北京中心城區實踐，展示出這種新的實踐模式的開放式城市更新過程，在適應不同城市條件與利益相關者需求的過程中形成新的城市原型，可有助于逐步構建北京的綠色未來。

關鍵詞

城市更新；生態基礎設施；協作式生態更新；包容性社會協作；社會－環境共生關系；城市原型；公眾參與；首鋼工業遺址公園

Abstract 

In the background of developing sustainable cities worldwide, Beijing aims at “a harmonious and livable city” with Master Plan of Beijing (2016–2035) based on Ecological Security Patterns and a series of renewal projects on ecological infrastructure in the central city. Based on Ecological Urbanism, this study pointed out such practices can help link this green vision to individuals’ actions. The theoretical lens consists of environmental, social and mental ecology, and provides triad indicators for regenerative ecological practices—restore ecological infrastructure, revive neighborhoods, rebuild social-environmental bond. Critical evaluation of an exemplar—Shougang Industry Services Park project revealed gaps on relating landscape with users’ engagement and individuals’ everyday actions. An evolved practice model—“collaborative ecological regeneration” was proposed, to integrate intermediary landscapes transformation with participation. It is supported by an adaptable toolkit including strategies on three aspects to care for EI components, form inclusive social collaboration and raise environmental awareness. The key tool “Urban Prototypes” can connect tactics across layers, conceptualize previous practices, and link to future ones, with proposed application to Beijing inner-city practices setting a few examples. This new mode indicates an open-ended regeneration process, while Urban Prototypes could be adapted to urban dynamics and stakeholders’ desires.

Keywords

Urban Regeneration; Ecological Infrastructure; Collaborative Ecological Regeneration; Inclusive Social Collaboration; Socio-Environmental Bond; Urban Prototypes; Public Participation; Shougang Industry Services Park

海岸、社會行動與建筑生產：評《社在必行：中國的建筑與城市》

The Coast, Social Actions, and Architectural Production: A Review of The Social Imperative: Architecture and the City in China

作者：蘇暢 Chang SU

摘要

我們能否客觀地思辨中國過去四十年的建筑生產？我們應如何梳理、理解這場人類歷史上前所未有的建成景觀之變化？在《社在必行：中國的建筑與城市》一書中，編者黃向軍從自身歷時三年的研究出發，匯集了一份反映伴隨著經濟改革，中國的建筑與社會多重糾葛的“資料”。這篇書評在建筑與地理的探究視角下——即中國沿海與內陸地區之間和諧發展的社會經濟關系——通過分析不同地理形態下建筑的“社會內核”，嘗試橫向解讀這本匯聚了多學科思想結晶的文集，幫助實踐者和廣大讀者了解建筑和城市發展進程背后的復雜力量，為中國、周邊地區及其他國家的建筑師應在未來建筑生產過程中擔當怎樣的角色提供了啟發。

關鍵詞

建筑；建筑生產；城市；社會；沿海地區；內陸地區；地理；《社在必行：中國的建筑與城市》

Abstract 

Is it possible to intellectually grasp the production of architecture in China over the past four decades? How should we make sense of such an unprecedented transformation of the built landscape in human history? Based on a three-year study by the editor H. Koon Wee, the book The Social Imperative: Architecture and the City in China presents a “sourcebook” that gathers multiple entanglements between architecture and society of China’s economic reform era. This review attempts to provide an architectural-geographical perspective for readers to dive into this deep volume of collected essays: the socio-economic rapport between China’s coastal regions and the hinterland. By situating architecture’s “social imperatives” between geographies, this review presents a lateral reading across this multidisciplinary volume of work that would inform both practitioners and the broader audience on understanding the complex forces behind the process of architecture and the city, and contemplating the future role of the architect in, around, and beyond China.

Keywords

Architecture; Architectural Production; City; Society; Coastal Region; Hinterland; Geography; The Social Imperative: Architecture and the City in China

水文飛地：深圳非供水水庫的適應性管理

Hydrological Enclaves: Adaptive Management of Non-Water Supply Reservoirs in Shenzhen, China

作者：孫曙陽 Shuyang SUN

摘要

本文重點關注深圳的城市水域，尤其是自2019年跨城區集中化供水工程啟動以來正在經歷快速轉變的小型水庫。該供水工程的任務包括提升深圳市的跨流域調水能力（西江引水）、建設兩個儲水量超過1億立方米的大型水庫，以及推動廢棄小型水庫的退役。水庫的退役過程是指將無法支持供水管理系統集中高效運作的小型水庫從飲用水源供水水庫改造為非飲用水源供水水庫，隨之降級的水源保護政策使小型水庫極易受到城市發展的威脅，進而引發一系列生態和社會經濟問題。

“水文飛地”一詞揭示了深圳即將退役的小型水庫背后三個相互關聯的現實：首先，這些水庫被高密度城市環境所包圍，形成了獨特的形態；其次，它們的存在長期不為公眾知曉與關注；第三，它們與所屬的更大尺度的景觀系統之間存在復雜的水文社會關系，暗示了潛在的景觀干預空間。本項目建議將這類小型水庫作為分散的離網供水系統水源，以期提高當地的供水韌性。與此同時，從并網水基礎設施向離網水基礎設施的轉變需要借助新的分流域管理方案來確保水源的儲量與質量。

本文呈現了一個迭代的設計–研究過程，重點關注位于深圳市塘朗山西北山腳的一系列小型水庫。在探究場地復雜生態水文關系及景觀所蘊含機遇與挑戰的同時，也對銀湖山郊野公園將這些非飲用水源供水水庫排除在管理邊界之外的現狀提出了質疑。項目提出的水利基礎設施同時可發揮必要的教育功能，通過策劃的視覺和觸覺體驗向人們展示景觀性能及其與水安全之間的重要聯系。

關鍵詞

水安全；供水水庫；非供水水庫；水利基礎設施；教育設施；深圳

Abstract 

This research focuses on Shenzhen’s “urban waters,” particularly small-sized reservoirs that are undergoing rapid transformations due to the cross-municipality water supply centralization project launched in 2019, which includes the expansion of trans-basin water transfer capacity, the completion of Shenzhen’s first-ever two large-sized reservoirs, and the decommissioning of small-sized reservoirs. Applying an iterative design-research process, this project focuses on a chain of small reservoirs located along the northwestern foothills of Tanglang Mountain and uses the term “Hydrological Enclaves” to reveal the three interconnected realities of these soon-to-be decommissioned small-sized reservoirs in Shenzhen. First, it indicates their unique morphology of being surrounded by dense urban fabric; second, it refers to the fact that these small-sized reservoirs have long been “out of sight, out of mind” for that their existence is rarely known by the public; and third, it reveals the complex hydrosocial relationships between reservoirs and the larger landscape system of which they are part. This project aims to adapt these soon-to-be decommissioned small-sized reservoirs into decentralized off-grid water sources to increase local water resiliency. Simultaneously, the proposed water infrastructure also plays a much-needed educational role where visual and tactile experiences are curated to exhibit landscape performance and its critical connection with water security.

Keywords

Water Security; Water Supply Reservoir; Non-Water Supply Reservoir; Water Infrastructure; Educational Infrastructure; Shenzhen