《景觀設計學》2023年第2期

技術“敵托邦”的解藥——基于自然治愈地球的中國模式

Antidote to Tech Dystopia: The Chinese Model of Nature-based Solutions

（俞孔堅，《景觀設計學》2023年第2期“主編寄語”）

1 技術“敵托邦”的機遇與挑戰

仇保興先生在2023第十九屆國際綠建大會的發言中提到綠色建筑發展的三個趨勢：第一個是節能，第二個是技術創新（更多地運用可再生能源），第三個是人民對美好生活的向往。這三個部分需要統籌起來，否則會出現“技術‘敵托邦’”的現象^[1]：技術是一把雙刃劍，善用可改善環境，反之則會造成新的環境問題——我稱之為“技術‘敵托邦’”（tech dystopia）。我控訴“技術敵托邦”并非反對技術，而是需要探討在何種情況下技術能夠更好地被應用。我認為，它的解藥是一種基于自然的中國模式。

在全球氣候變化的大背景下，我們的城市面臨著重大挑戰與困境：部分城市飽受季節性洪澇災害或干旱、地表水與地下水污染，以及生物棲息地喪失等影響。由此，人類嘗試用新的技術來解決這些挑戰與困境——例如抗壓和抗拉強度更大的水泥、塑性和韌性更好的金屬、更高效的光伏等常規的灰色基礎設施途徑都在今天顯得必要且可能“上癮”。

機遇與危機并存，人們過度利用技術——包括各種“綠色技術”——造成人們對自然的依賴性降低，自然生態系統的作用被忽視、生態韌性遭到破壞，割裂了人與自然。這造成了工業文明的“怪圈”，當下亟需擺脫這一怪圈，恢復人與自然的和諧共生。

2 單一“雙碳”目標下的技術“敵托邦”

單一的“雙碳”目標可能帶來潛在的技術“敵托邦”。以風電技術為例，它提供綠色的、清潔的能源，但西方環保主義者發起了一場反對風電的運動，理由是風力發電危及了鳥類的生存，僅美國一年就有數十萬只鳥類死于扇葉之下^[2]。當風電設施布滿水面、山坡、河谷時，可能“飛鳥如噩夢，靜夜不能寐，山巒多疥瘡，水不復嫵媚”的“敵托邦”景象也就出現了。同樣，光電技術也造成了“光電‘敵托邦’”的景象。例如，行走在云南和西藏的田野時，映入眼簾的是布滿光伏板的山坡，是一種望不見山、看不見水的“敵托邦”景象。水電技術也會帶來同樣的問題，水電被認為是綠色的，但一些過度開發的水電工程卻造成了枯水季河道干涸，生境受損，魚鱉絕跡。這些都證明單一的功能導向可能會使我們的環境保護變得事與愿違，不是更綠色、更美麗了，而是“更灰色、更丑陋”了，這便是我對技術“敵托邦”的擔憂。因此，解決國土生態被破壞的問題，我們需要有更可持續的途徑，于是，我們在探索未來的征程上重新發現始于遠古的基于自然的智慧。

來自加拿大康考迪亞大學的兩位學者達蒙·馬休斯和賽思·懷恩斯在回顧全球應對氣候變化的行動——包括在去年《聯合國氣候變化框架公約》第26次締約方大會（COP26）上做出的承諾——時表示，即使窮盡今天的技術，《巴黎協定》所倡導的將本世紀的全球氣溫升幅限制在2℃以內、同時尋求將氣溫升幅進一步限制在1.5℃以內的措施這一目標也很難實現^[3]。因此，當現代技術無法解決環境問題時，另一個行之有效的途徑是基于自然，讓自然做功，倡導讓城市本身回歸自然。

3 NbS的概念與提出

2008年，世界銀行在《生物多樣性、氣候變化和適應性》報告中首次提出，基于自然的解決方案（Nature-based Solutions，NbS）可以成為一種在減緩和適應氣候變化影響的同時，保護生物多樣性并改善可持續生計的途徑^[4]。世界自然保護聯盟將NbS定義為通過保護、可持續管理和修復自然或人工生態系統，從而有效和適應性地應對社會挑戰，并為人類福祉和生物多樣性帶來益處的行動^[5]。NbS即一種基于自然、讓自然做功，以綜合、系統的途徑解決問題、實現綠色低碳發展的方法^[6]。

4 NbS的關鍵技術與難點

目前，NbS有兩大關鍵技術難點。一個是規劃難點：土地有限！耕地、生態與建設用地矛盾尖銳，我們需要探索如何用最少的土地構建最有效的生態空間。一個是設計與工程難點：效率低標準化差！若用工業文明的價值標準來衡量，自然本身是低效的。例如，相對于光伏發電的高效來說，自然界的光合作用成果——生物質轉化成電能——是低效的（但自然過程產生的綜合生態服務并沒有被計算進去，因而被忽視）；同時，自然技術也面臨難以標準化的問題。因而，如何使基于自然的智慧成為高效、標準化、可復制的現代工程技術，亟待關鍵技術的突破。

5 NbS的中國模式

NbS具有文化屬性。人類在千萬年來對自然的適應過程中產生了文化。中國五千年的農耕生態智慧和文化遺產中所蘊含的傳統生態智慧，可以為解救全球氣候變化背景下的地球生態困境提供啟示；同時，中華大地上生態和文化的多樣性得以應對未來的各種不確定性，中國在實踐NbS中積累的經驗智慧也具有全球普適意義。例如，中國季風性氣候顯著，從而產生了能夠應對季風性氣候的策略；中國人多地少，中國人具有集約和高效利用自然的文化基因，自古便懂得如何用最節約的方法來解決生存問題。因此，中國在基于自然的文化積淀里，產生了解決兩大難題的智慧。第一，重視對如龍山、水口、水脈等關鍵空間格局的保護；第二，因地制宜適應、節制和循環利用資源，如造田、灌溉、施肥和種植模式。前者是國土空間規劃問題，后者是工程技術問題。因此，在解決上述NbS難題，以及構建治愈地球的理論體系、規劃方法與工程技術方面，我們有足夠的基礎形成“中國模式”，對世界做出貢獻。

基于自然的中國規劃模式旨在尋求人文與自然之間的空間關系和空間格局。中國人很早就發明了羅盤來解決規劃的問題：古人用羅盤來判斷棲居的方位和朝向，以避免自然災害。工業化建設工程的常規模式是違背自然的，對此，逆向的、基于自然和生態優先的規劃途徑——“反規劃”途徑被提出。這是一種強調通過優先進行不建設區域的控制，進行城市空間規劃的方法論，是對快速城市擴張的一種應對^[7]。為此，提出生態安全格局（Ecological Security Pattern）理論和方法，研究如何通過節約、集約的土地利用方式，整合自然與人文過程，實現精明保護與精明發展^[8]。通過規劃形成中國國土尺度的自然保護空間格局，以應對自然氣候變化、解決碳排放的問題，這需要相關法規的保障^[9][10]，實現通過政策推進的國土空間的高效利用和美麗國土的深邃格局。

基于自然的中國設計和工程模式是一種“道法自然”的增強設計^[11]，可以提高自然修復的效率。針對自然途徑效率低、標準化差等難題，對傳統生態智慧進行模式提煉、增強設計、運行檢測，以傳統生態智慧中的梯田、陂塘、基塘、垛島等為核心技術，形成標準化生態工程技術模塊，并應用于大規模的國土空間生態修復，為當代的工程技術提供示范。

生態文明是一場對工業文明的革命，需對工業文明的任何技術成果都保持謹慎、保持懷疑的態度，重新發掘中國五千年農業文明積累的智慧——先輩們的實驗為我們應對當代環境挑戰提供了豐富的解決方案。一方面，我們要像國君一樣思考——思考全球變化，思考國土空間的變化；另一方面，我們要像農民一樣行動——從開墾、灌溉、施肥、收獲的智慧中吸取營養，解決全球問題！前不久，中國自然資源部與IUCN聯合發布了《IUCN基于自然的解決方案全球標準》中文版，中國十個項目入選NbS全球標準。包括英國廣播公司（BBC）在內的全球主流媒體、世界衛生組織等機構也正在推廣中國的治水經驗，這代表NbS的中國模式已經得到了世界認可。為實證檢驗基于自然的中國模式的實踐成效，后期需進行績效評估，以揭示不同NbS工程模式的生態績效影響因素與調控機理，從而解決自然途徑缺乏科學數據支撐的難題。

注釋：本文根據作者于2023年5月16日在中國第十九屆國際綠建大會上的主旨報告整理而成。

1 Opportunities and Challenges of Tech Dystopia

Baoxing Qiu, former vice minister of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China, pointed out three trends of green building development on the 19th International Conference on Green and Energy-Efficient Building & New Technologies and Products Expo, namely energy conservation, technological innovation (to promote the use of renewable energies), and fulfillment of people’s aspiration for a better life. If any of these aspects is neglected in practice, tech dystopia would appear^[1]—As a two-edged sword, technology should be wisely harnessed to improve environment; otherwise, it could give rise to new environmental issues, i.e., tech dystopia. The response to tech dystopia is not to deny the advantage of technology; instead, is to explore what a better role technology can play. I believe that the Chinese model of nature-based solutions (NbS) is an antidote to tech dystopia.

As global climate continues to change, cities are confronted with severe challenges and dilemmas, such as seasonal floods and droughts, surface and groundwater pollution, and habitat loss. To address these issues, new technology is employed. For example, we keep improving the performance of concrete, metals, and photovoltaic modules that are increasingly used in the construction of conventional grey infrastructure, as a have-to but seemingly “addictive” solution.

Opportunities come along with challenges. Over-reliance on technology, including various “green technologies,” makes us more and more neglect the role of natural ecosystem, deteriorating ecological resilience and separating human and nature. It is the time to break such a “vicious cycle” under industrial civilization and rebuild the harmony between human and nature.

2   Tech Dystopia Risk in Fulfilling Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality Goals

The only focus on carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals could increase tech dystopia risk. For example, although wind energy is green and clean, western environmentalists have staged campaigns against it for threatening birds’ life. It is estimated that every year in the US alone hundreds of thousands of birds are killed by the wind turbine blades^[2]. The dystopia is emerging that has overwhelmed numerous rivers, hillsides, and valleys and becomes a disaster for the natural landscapes and wildlife. Also, the dystopia is also raging in the fields in Yunnan and Tibet in China, where mountains and rivers are largely covered by photovoltaic panels. It is the same when it comes to hydropower technology. Hydropower energy is viewed as green, but some hydroelectric projects cause rivers to dry up and fish to disappear. All these examples show that any efforts with a single goal may make the environment worse. This is exactly my concern about tech dystopia! We need more sustainable solutions to deal with ecological issues, and I believe that the ancient wisdom from nature may help.

When reviewing global efforts in response to climate change, including the commitment made at COP26 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Damon Matthews and Seth Wynes from the Concordia University, Canada noted that it is hardly possible to achieve the goal set by The Paris Agreement, i.e., to limit the global temperature increases within 2℃ in the 21st century, not to mention to limit it within 1.5℃^[3]. When technological approaches fail, we need to turn our eyes to NbS—let nature do its work and make cities’ return to nature.

3 NbS Concept and Its Development

In the Biodiversity, Climate Change, and Adaptation report published by the World Bank in 2008, NbS was brought up in the first time as an approach that helps mitigate the impact of climate change, preserve biodiversity, and improve sustainability^[4]. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines NbS as the “actions to protect, sustainably manage and restore natural or modified ecosystems” that effectively and adaptively cope with social challenges, benefit human well-beings and biodiversity^[5]. Allowing nature do its work, NbS solves environmental issues and contributes to green and low-carbon development in a holistic and systematic way^[6].

4 Key Technological Challenges of NbS

There are two key technological challenges of NbS for now. One is the planning aspect, i.e., most cities face land shortage. Under the sharp conflicts among cultivated, ecological, and development land planning, we need to figure out how to achieve the maximum ecological benefits with minimal land. The other is the design and engineering aspect, i.e., most natural approaches are low in efficiency and non-standardized. Nature itself is inefficient if considered with the values of industrial civilization. For example, compared with manmade photovoltaic system, photosynthesis (turning biomass into energy) in nature is inefficient, the comprehensive ecological services generated during the natural processes are overlooked though. In addition, natural means are often difficult to be standardized. Therefore, key technological breakthroughs are urgently needed to turn natural wisdom into efficient, standardized, and reproducible modern engineering roadmaps.

5 The Chinese NbS Model

To NbS, cultural attribute is inherent, because culture exists since human beings adapt to nature over thousands of years. The ancient ecological wisdom in China’s time-honored agricultural traditions and cultural heritages provides new perspectives to address the above ecological dilemmas in the context of climate change. At the same time, the ecological and cultural diversity of China offers abundant experiences to deal with various uncertainties, which makes the Chinese NbS model universally applicable. For example, monsoon areas in China are most vast, and Chinese ancestors came up with diverse strategies to deal with the impact of monsoon climate. Also, as China has a large population, Chinese people have historically comprehended how to intensively and efficiently solve survival problems by leveraging nature wisely. Upon its nature-based cultural heritages, China has developed the wisdom to cope with the above key challenges of natural approaches. First, on the planning aspect, it is crucial to protect the key ecological spatial patterns in territory planning, including the important mountains and rivers. Second, on the engineering aspect, it is important to utilize resources moderately and efficiently according to local conditions, like the ancient Chinese did in land reclamation, irrigation, fertilization, and cultivation. In this sense, China has rich experiences towards the NbS challenges worldwide, as well as establishing theories, planning methods, and engineering techniques, to cure our home planet.

The Chinese model of nature-based planning aims to harmonize the spatial relationship and pattern between human and nature. Ancient Chinese invented compass for planning, which helped determine the orientations of human dwellings, so as to avoid natural disasters. As the conventional process of industrial construction is against nature, an inverse, nature-based roadmap, i.e., negative planning approach, was proposed to prioritize ecological infrastructure in planning. By controlling the protected non-development areas, this urban planning methodology aims to resist rapid urban sprawl^[7]. Theories and methods related to ecological security pattern (ESP) emphasize integrating natural and cultural processes based on intensive and economical land use to realize smart conservation and growth^[8]. To cope with issues of climate change and carbon emission, laws and regulations are of necessity to guarantee the building of natural conservation patterns at the territorial scale^[9][10] and to realize efficient land use and the creation of deep pattern of national territory.

By “learning from nature,” the Chinese design and engineering model of NbS is to amplify nature’s work^[11] to boost the efficiency of natural restoration. The traditional ecological wisdom, including terraced fields, ponds, dike-ponds, and eco-pallet islands, can be extracted as ecological engineering modules, and be optimized, tested, and standardized. These modules can be applied in territorial ecological restoration, and provide paradigms for modern engineering practice.

Ecological civilization is a revolution against industrial civilization. We should be cautious and skeptical about any technological advance in industrial civilization, and revitalize ancient wisdom from China’s agricultural civilization that have been practiced by generations and can provide rich solutions to the environmental challenges we face today. We need to holistically think about territorial changes from national and global perspectives, like a leader does; we also need to take actions and draw wisdom from land reclamation, irrigation, fertilization, and harvesting activities, like a farmer does. Recently, 10 projects from China were included as the NbS global standards in the Chinese version of IUCN Global Standard for Nature-based Solutions jointly released by the Ministry of Natural Resources of China and IUCN. Influential media (e.g. BBC) and international organizations (e.g. WHO) are promoting China’s water management experience, which means the Chinese NbS model has gained global recognition. Performance evaluation of such practice cases should be conducted, to identify the factors that affect the ecological performance of different NbS engineering modes and related regulation mechanisms, providing empirical research on the Chinese NbS model.

Note

This article is a rewritten manuscript of the author’s keynote speech on the 19th International Conference on Green and Energy-Efficient Building & New Technologies and Products Expo on May 16, 2023.

REFERENCES 

[1]   Qiu, B. (2023, May 15–17). Three trends of green building development. In: The 19th International Conference on Green and Energy-Efficient Building & New Technologies and Products Expo, Shenyang, China.

[2]   Merriman, J. (2021, January 26). How Many Birds Are Killed by Wind Turbines? American Bird Conservancy.

[3]   Matthews, H. D., & Wynes, S. (2022). Current global efforts are insufficient to limit warming to 1.5°C. Science, 376(6600), 1404–1409.

[4]   MacKinnon, K., Sobrevila, C, & Hickey, V. (2008). Biodiversity, Climate Change, and Adaptation: Nature-based Solutions From the World Bank Portfolio. World Bank.

[5]   Andrade, A., Dudley, N., Fischborn, M., Jones, M., Kumar, C., Lamarque, P., Martinez, C., Murti, R., Olsen, N., Sengupta, S., Smith, M., Van Ham, C., & Welling, R. (2016). Nature-based Solutions: From Theory to Practice. In: E. Cohen-Shacham, G. Walters, C. Janzen, & S. Maginnis (Eds.), Nature-based Solutions to Address Global Societal Challenges (pp. 1–33). IUCN.

[6]   Yu, K., Han, X., & Zhu, Q. (2007). Ecological infrastructure as a synthetic solution to urban environmental problems. Journal of Natural Resources, (5), 808–816, 855–858.

[7]   Yu, K., Li, D., & Han, X. (2005). On the “Negative Planning”. City Planning Review, (9), 64–69.

[8]   Yu, K. (1999). Landscape ecological security patterns in biological conservation. Acta Ecologica Sinica, (1), 10–17.

[9]   Yu, K., Wang, S., Li, D., & Qiao, Q. (2010). Ecological baseline for Beijing’s urban sprawl: Basic ecosystem services and their security patterns. City Planning Review, 34(2), 19–24.

[10]  Yu, K., Wang, S., & Ma, Q. (2010). Ecological security pattern of Beijing. Beijing Land, (2), 55–60.

[11]  Yu, K. (2019). Large scale ecological restoration: Empowering the Nature-based Solutions inspired by ancient wisdom of farming. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 39(23), 8733–8745.

主編寄語

技術“敵托邦”的解藥——基于自然治愈地球的中國模式／俞孔堅

論文

場所依戀與療愈環境：封閉校園中積極情緒與空間類型關系研究／孟丹誠，徐磊青

突發公共衛生事件對城市居民廣義游憩行為的影響——以中國南京市2021年7月新型冠狀病毒（COVID-19）感染事件為例／楊穎，袁藝，張謦文，黃煥婷，王業豪，許立言

主題實踐

超本地化視角營造氣候適應性城市綠洲——美國加利福尼亞州棕櫚泉市中心公園／杰森·信田，內特·科米爾

利用適應性工具包評估綠色基礎設施在減少暴雨徑流和污染負荷方面的效用——以美國得克薩斯州加利納帕克市為例／朱芮，蓋倫·紐曼，韓成勛，詹姆斯·凱哈圖，王天怡

探索與過程

基于放生行為的中國拉薩河下游河谷地區生命保護協作計劃／唐琰，郭雨晴

【中文刊名】《景觀設計學》

【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers

【作者】俞孔堅（YU Kongjian），孟丹誠（MENG Dancheng），徐磊青（XU Leiqing）等

【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司

【頁碼】99頁彩色印刷

【刊號】ISSN 2096-336X

【出版日期】2023年4月

場所依戀與療愈環境：封閉校園中積極情緒與空間類型關系研究

Place Attachment and Healing Environment: A Study on the Relationship Between Positive Emotions and Spatial Types During Campus Closure

作者：孟丹誠，徐磊青 Dancheng MENG, Leiqing XU

摘要

大學校園療愈環境的營建有利于提升大學生身心健康。近年來，場所依戀的情緒因素在療愈環境研究領域引起了較多關注。然而，不同療愈空間的物質空間特征和積極情緒表現的關系尚不完全清晰。本研究通過問卷調查和訪談的方式調研了在同濟大學四平路校區校園封閉期間學生們最期望到訪的校園場所，并且想象相關活動和情緒體驗。研究使用IBM SPSS對積極情緒進行聚類分析，并確定校園場所中的主要積極情緒類型為喜悅、寧靜、希望、自豪和興趣。研究同時將用地性質及場地中的設施與積極情緒、行為活動進行空間映射，并將大學校園療愈環境的主要類型劃分為景觀空間、運動空間、第三空間、學習空間和生活空間，而后借助MAXQNA軟件對訪談文本內容進行編碼與主題分析，同時對比分析了各空間類型中的積極情緒差異。最后，研究提出，促進積極情緒的場所營造是創造療愈環境的重要途徑，本研究的結論可為療愈校園規劃設計及干預措施提供參考。

關鍵詞

場所依戀；恢復性；療愈環境；積極情緒；療愈建成環境；大學校園；校園封閉

Abstract 

Creation of healing environment on university campus can enhance college students’ physical and mental well-being. In recent years, the emotional factors of place attachment have attracted more attention among healing environment research. However, the relationship between the spatial characteristics of different healing spaces and the aroused positive emotions remains unclear. This study investigated the places on the Siping Road Campus of Tongji University that college students most wanted to visit during campus closure and the expected activities and imagined feelings via questionnaires and interviews. Through data analysis with IBM SPSS, this study identified five clusters of positive emotions on university campus—joy, serenity, hope, pride, and interest, mapping them as well as corresponding activities with spatial types and facilities on the campus, and the healing environment spaces were divided into five types: landscape space, sports space, third space, learning space, and living space. Furtherly the interview texts were coded via MAXQNA software, from which representative themes were selected to investigate the differences of positive emotion clusters in each space type. Finally, the study proposes that promoting positive emotions through place-making is an important way to create a healing environment. The findings of this study provide a reference for planning, design, and intervention measures of healing environment on university campus.

Keywords

Place Attachment; Restorativeness; Healing Environment; Positive Emotion; Healing Built Environment; University Campus; Campus Closure

突發公共衛生事件對城市居民廣義游憩行為的影響——以中國南京市2021年7月新型冠狀病毒（COVID-19）感染事件為例

Impact of Public Health Emergencies on General Recreational Behaviors of Urban Residents in Nanjing of China During the COVID-19 Outbreak in July 2021

作者：楊穎，袁藝，張謦文，黃煥婷，王業豪，許立言 Ying YANG, Yi YUAN, Qingwen ZHANG, Huanting HUANG, Yehao WANG, Liyan XU

摘要

為探究突發公共衛生事件對城市居民廣義游憩行為的影響，本研究以2021年7月江蘇省南京市的新型冠狀病毒（COVID-19）感染事件為例，利用手機信令數據，分析事件前后城市居民游憩行為的空間分布和時序變化特征，并通過雙重差分法探究分級疫情管控政策對游憩行為的影響。研究發現：本輪感染事件發生后，居民的游憩出行頻次明顯減少、出行平均距離有所增加；所有4類游憩目的地（自然生態類、商業娛樂類、文化休閑類、體育健身類）的出行頻次在事件后均有所減少；在出行平均距離方面，指向自然生態類和體育健身類游憩目的地的出行平均距離呈現增加趨勢，指向文化休閑類和商業娛樂類游憩目的地的出行平均距離則在事件后呈現一定程度的減少趨勢。研究結果表明，分級管控政策對于不同類型的游憩行為影響程度各異。研究探討了突發公共衛生事件下城市居民廣義游憩行為的時空模式和機制，可為城市游憩空間規劃提供參考。

關鍵詞

突發公共衛生事件；廣義游憩行為；出行頻次；出行距離；分級管控；城市游憩空間規劃

Abstract 

In order to investigate the impact of public health emergencies on the “general recreational behaviors” of urban residents, this research takes the COVID-19 outbreak event in Nanjing of China in July 2021 as an example, based on cell phone signaling data, analyzes the spatial distribution and temporal changes of urban residents’ recreational travel behaviors before and after the outbreak, and then explores the impact of the hierarchical control policies on recreational travel behaviors via Difference-in-Differences (DID) method. It has found that after the outbreak, residents’ recreational travel frequency decreased significantly and their average travel distance increased; the frequencies of travel to all four types of recreational destinations decreased after the outbreak; in average travel distance, those to natural attractions and sports/fitness destinations tended to increase, while those to cultural leisure as well as commercial entertainment destinations tended to decrease after the outbreak. Further results indicate that the hierarchical control policies had varying degrees of impact on different types of recreational travel. This research provides an interpretation on the spatio-temporal pattern and mechanism of urban residents’ general recreational behaviors under public health emergencies, which can provide a reference for planning of urban recreational space.

Keywords

Public Health Emergency; General Recreational Behaviors; Travel Frequency; Travel Distance; Hierarchical Control; Planning of Urban Recreational Space

超本地化視角營造氣候適應性城市綠洲——美國加利福尼亞州棕櫚泉市中心公園

Creation of a Climate Adapted Urban Oasis Through the Hyperlocal Lens—Palm Springs Downtown Park in California, USA

作者：杰森·信田，內特·科米爾 Jason SHINODA, Nate CORMIER

摘要

棕櫚泉市中心公園占地面積約為0.6hm2，坐落于美國加利福尼亞州索諾蘭沙漠科切拉谷地西南角圣哈辛托山山麓。受啟發于當地的自然特征，如棕櫚峽谷特有的加利福尼亞扇形棕櫚（Washingtonia filifera）樹林和附近塔奎茲峽谷的地貌，棕櫚泉市中心公園的設計在極端炎熱的沙漠中為社區創造了舒適的城市綠洲。公園的特色景觀包括設有充足遮蔭休憩區的茂密棕櫚樹林、兩個供野餐和舉辦活動用的草坪、由形似巖層的座椅合圍而成的圓形露天劇場、棕櫚葉造型的遮蔭構筑物，以及有助于降溫的互動水景。就地獲取的石材、原生沙漠植物和宜人的環境相互交融，共同實現了超本地化材料的使用，為棕櫚泉持續發展的多元化社區及游客營造了一種獨特場所感。

關鍵詞

景觀設計；公共空間；超本地化；城市綠洲；氣候適應；城市更新

Abstract 

Palm Springs Downtown Park is an inviting 1.5-acre urban oasis for residents and visitors to Palm Springs, a design-forward desert destination nestled along the base of the San Jacinto Mountains along the southwestern boundary of the Coachella Valley in California’s Sonoran Desert of the USA. The site lies in the ancestral homeland of the Agua Caliente band of the Cahuilla people who seasonally migrated between the shady palm groves and meltwater creeks of mountain canyons in summer and the hot springs and temperate climate of the valley floor in winter. The park is also located on the historic site of the Desert Inn, Palm Springs’ first wellness resort. Nellie Coffman, the Desert Inn’s founder, famously promoted the “space, stillness, solitude, and simplicity” of Palm Springs, and the park is imbued with her spirit.

Drawing inspiration from local natural features such as the oases of endemic California fan palms (Washingtonia filifera) in Palm Canyon and the striated geology of nearby Tahquitz Canyon, the park design creates hospitable, comfortable spaces for the community in the extreme heat of the desert. The park features dense palm grove planting with ample shaded areas for seating, two picnicking and event lawns, rock outcrop-like amphitheater seating for community events, shade structures inspired by palm fronds, and a grotto-like interactive water feature for play and cooling. Locally sourced stone, native desert plantings, and creature comforts create a common ground rooted in a hyperlocal use of materials to create a sense of place for the diverse, growing community of Palm Springs and its visitors.

Keywords

Landscape Architecture; Public Space; Hyperlocal Design; Urban Oasis; Climate Adaptation; Urban Renewal

利用適應性工具包評估綠色基礎設施在減少暴雨徑流和污染負荷方面的效用——以美國得克薩斯州加利納帕克市為例

An Adaptive Toolkit for Projecting the Impact of Green Infrastructure Provisions on Stormwater Runoff and Pollutant Load—A Case Study on the City of Galena Park, Texas, USA

作者：朱芮，蓋倫·紐曼，韓成勛，詹姆斯·凱哈圖，王天怡 Rui ZHU, Galen NEWMAN, Sunghoon HAN, James KAIHATU, Tianyi WANG

摘要

在空間受限、土地開發過度及擁有錯綜復雜地下市政設施網絡的社區中，建設綠色基礎設施來減少洪水及其相關污染困難重重。為應對這一挑戰，作者開發了一種適應性綠色基礎設施工具包，其可根據地面可用空間的面積大小和地下障礙物的深度進行個性化定制。本文以美國得克薩斯州加利納帕克市為例——該市長期受到洪水及地面、地下空間限制的困擾——首先應用該工具包為城市制定了總體規劃，而后利用Delft3D-FM模型和長期水文影響評價（L-THIA）模型評估了該規劃的效果。評估結果顯示，不同階段的暴雨徑流和非點源污染物均會減少，該工具包能夠有效管理水資源和控制污染，可為面臨類似挑戰的社區提供參考。

關鍵詞

暴雨徑流；污染負荷；公共健康；綠色基礎設施工具包；Delft3D-FM模型；L-THIA模型

Abstract 

The implementation of green infrastructure in retrofit projects to reduce flooding and pollution is a significant challenge in space-constrained and overly developed communities which also have complex underground utility systems. To overcome this challenge, the authors have developed an adaptive green infrastructure toolkit that can be tailored by both on-ground spatial size and underground depth of obstruction. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of this toolkit in mitigating flooding and non-point source pollutants by demonstrating the case of the city of Galena Park, Texas, USA, which has suffered from severe flooding as well as on-ground and underground space constraint issues. We first applied the toolkit to create a master plan for Galena Park and evaluated the effect of the plan by using the Delft3D-FM (Flexible Mesh) flood model alongside the Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Assessment (L-THIA) model. The results demonstrate progressive reductions in stormwater runoff and NPS pollutants across different phases. These findings highlight the toolkit’s effectiveness in improving water management and pollution control, providing valuable empirical evidences for similar communities facing similar challenges.

Keywords

Stormwater Runoff; Pollutant Load; Public Health; Adaptive Green Infrastructure Toolkit;Delft3D-FM; L-THIA Model

基于放生行為的中國拉薩河下游河谷地區生命保護協作計劃

Collaborative Life Protection Plan for the Lower Lhasa River Valley Area in China Based on Animal Release Behaviors

作者：唐琰，郭雨晴 Yan TANG, Yuqing GUO

摘要

西藏高寒環境下惡劣的生存條件，使得藏區人民心懷悲憫、戒殺護生。因此，動物放生成為具有祈福性質的傳統活動。然而，因忽視生物生活習性、盲目追求放生數量和放生種類的不合理放生行為日漸增多，同時滋生了一條惡性循環的“放生－捕捉－出售”產業鏈，進而造成該地區人與人之間、人與自然之間的矛盾日趨尖銳。本研究聚焦于中國西藏中南部拉薩河下游河谷地區，在尊重與保護當地文化的基礎上，提出生命保護協作計劃。研究通過深入分析產業鏈各利益方的交易和信仰需求，以農牧民合作社作為基礎建立新型合作關系，規范交易流程，引導合理放生；并基于生境適宜性評價，進行放生過程優化、放生物種規劃和生態修復規劃，構建“植被－圣地－放生點”的景觀結構，尋求生態環境的可持續發展。本研究所倡導的生命保護協作模式將有助于為人們樹立更為健康、和諧、平等和互愛的生命價值觀和人際關系觀，從而為當地發展帶來更深遠的社會、經濟和環境效益。

關鍵詞

拉薩河；放生行為；協作護生；生態修復；西藏

Abstract 

Due to the harsh conditions in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China, indigenous people have deep compassion on lives. Therefore, animal release has become a traditional activity praying for blessings. However, irrational release behaviors have become increasingly common—they blindly pursue the number and species of animals to be released while ignoring their adaptability to the release habitats, creating a vicious cycle of “release–capture–sell” and raising people’s and human-nature conflicts. This study focuses on the lower Lhasa River valley in south-central Tibet in China and proposed a collaborative life protection plan with respect of local culture. Through in-depth analysis of the needs of different stakeholders, this study established a new cooperative relationship, where the Tibetan Farmers’ and Herdsmen’s Economic Cooperatives would function as the core to standardize the trading process and promote scientific animal release. Based on the habitat suitability evaluation, this study developed release process optimization, habitat planning for released species, and ecological restoration planning to build the landscape structure of “vegetation–sacred place–life release spots” for environmental sustainability. This collaborative life protection plan contributes to establishing a healthier, harmonious, equal, and loving values on life and interpersonal relationships, thereby bringing about more profound social, economic, and environmental benefits.

Keywords

Lhasa River; Animal Release Behaviors;Collaborative Conservation;Ecological Restoration; Tibet