《景觀設計學》2019年第6期

俞孔堅?“仙境”是個慢地方——《景觀設計學》2019年第6期“主編寄語”

^{Wonderland Is a Slow Place, By Yu Kongjian}

在離我家鄉浙江金華不遠處有一座名山——爛柯山，傳說晉時樵夫王質到山里砍柴，見二童子對弈，便在一旁觀看。一局未終，發現斧柄已爛，便匆匆回家，但見屋舍早已坍塌，家人及同輩皆已不在，聽聞村民言數十年前曾有村民王質進山砍柴不歸，才知自己曾誤入仙境——“天上一日，世上千年”。類似的仙境故事在中國古代文學作品中屢見不鮮，最典型的當數陶淵明筆下的桃花源，其中的人們“乃不知有漢，無論魏晉”，生活怡然自得。中國人心目中的仙境其實是現實世界中人類欲望的集成，包括對健康、長壽、和諧社會，以及最為理想化的優美山水的憧憬[1]——仙境本質上正是一個“慢地方”，在那里，“慢”是衡量事物價值的標準，例如《西游記》描繪的仙境中的蟠桃樹，長得越慢，桃子品質越高。在現實生活中，文人雅士們陶醉于曲水流觴，即讓筵席緩慢而詩意地進行；哲人們對時間的流逝發出“逝者如斯夫”的喟嘆。其實，對“慢”的仙境的向往并非中國文化所獨有，據我所知，“慢”也是西方世界所描繪的“天堂”的重要特征，只因為現實世界太快了！

所以，盡管我們還不確定工業革命以來的科技發展和城市化對人類來說是禍是福，但可以確定的是，它們讓一切都變得更快了。“速度快”成為衡量事物先進程度乃至社會發展水平的重要標志之一，諸如日起一層樓的建設速度、渠化后直排的河道、不斷縮短的食品生產和加工過程等，都意味著這種發展模式和生活方式讓人類離其所憧憬的“仙境”越來越遠，這是何其巨大的悖論！

終于，人們發現，快速高效的基礎設施在服務于快節奏的城市社會的同時，卻使得自然系統被切割、被毒化；在快速擴張的城市陰影下，是擁堵不堪、霧霾籠罩的街道；用化肥和激素生產的食物，背叛了人類對自然和健康的向往。隨之，人們對“慢”的追求開始被喚醒。首先在西方，1986年反對快餐的“慢餐運動”在意大利羅馬被美食專欄作家卡洛·佩特里尼點燃。隨后，作為“慢餐運動”的延伸擴展，第一屆“慢城”大會于1999年在意大利奧維多召開，“慢餐運動”在歐洲悄然興起，并于21世紀初開始進入中國。2010年11月，江蘇南京高淳的椏溪鎮被國際慢城組織認證為第一個中國“慢城”，我和我的團隊有幸參與了從規劃到實施的整個過程。如今中國已有7個“慢城”正在進行認證。盡管中國的“慢城”更多的是地方政府為推動當地發展提出的噱頭—與原始的“慢城”內涵相距甚遠，甚至南轅北轍—但也在一定程度上說明中國開始了對“慢”的覺醒。在中國過去40年間“大干快上”的城鎮化背景下，“仙境”僅存在于那些遠離城市的鄉村中。所以，中國“慢城運動”的實質是當代中國城市居民的“新上山下鄉”運動，中國的“慢城”愿景則是那個沒有被城鎮化的“美麗鄉村”。遺憾的是，當今許多鄉村建設仍然是“快”的犧牲品：快速路網從城市延伸到鄉村，正在抹卻鄉間漫道；快速的硬質排水設施正在摧毀幾千年來形成的民間水利系統；快速的建造技術正在毀掉質樸的村落建筑和街巷；快速催熟的牲畜和作物正在取代自然生長的有機畜牧和農耕……

然而，爛漫的鄉村“慢城”畢竟只能是逃離“城市病”的短暫避難所，我們還是需要整理當代生產生活的主陣地：城市。于是，更廣泛意義上的“慢城市”概念在這里被提出，它既不同于前文所述的浪漫而休閑的“慢城”，也不同于“綠色城市”“智慧城市”等概念；其強調城市應在保持令人適意的運轉速度的同時，營造空間高效利用、能源節約、環境優美、人與自然和諧相處的理想人居環境。在建設“美麗中國”的關鍵時期以及中國城鎮化邁入轉型提升的重要階段，設計師和建設者有必要認識到“慢”的深刻內涵，用“慢原則”去規劃、設計我們的城市。這些“慢原則”主要包括以下幾個方面：

第一，讓人流慢下來，通過將區域快速交通和局域慢行交通相結合，構建慢行交通基礎設施。雖然發達的交通基礎設施是一座城市保持活力的重要基礎，但城市不應放任快速道路肆意蔓延，而應強調并保障行人和騎行者的出行空間，讓兒童、老人、殘障人士也能夠安全、有尊嚴地出行。尤其不要讓快速交通隔斷自然與人之間的聯系，避免沿城市濱水帶、山麓和綠地建造的高速道路將城與山水割裂。

第二，讓水流慢下來，構建與水為友的生態系統。在工業文明理念的影響下，當下的灌溉、施肥、排水等農業管理活動都以快速為目標。然而，只有讓水流慢下來，植物才有時間吸收其中的養分（污染物），地下水才能得到補充，旱澇才能得到調節，土地才能得到有效滋潤。慢的水流在景觀中可以是蜿蜒曲折的溪流、植被茂盛的湖區、鳥兒駐足的河床、深淺不一的坑塘和濕地，它們是野生動植物的家園，也是詩意環境的生態基底。

第三，讓營養流慢下來，打造循環流動的物質鏈。氮、磷、鉀等元素是維持生態系統可持續性的物質基礎，它們在土地、水體、作物及人類之間循環流動。工業文明下，營養流被線性化、被分離和提取、被加速地生產和使用，而制成的化肥被迅速送到農民手里，撒入田地，其中一大半通過渠化河道直接排入河湖，污染水體。將營養流循環重新建立并利用起來是修復和健全生態系統的關鍵。

第四，讓建造慢下來，提高建造品質，留住獨特的城市記憶。慢的建造意味著拒絕拆掉重來，意味著就地取材，意味著工匠精神。但這絕不是單純的“修舊如舊”，不是回到過去追求風貌的統一，而是在創造適應當代人生活需求的環境的同時，留住鄉愁。在新舊的拼貼與穿插中，讓時間的腳步停留在交錯的材料與空間之中，由此可以讓人們在時間和空間的體驗中流連忘返。

第五，讓生活慢下來，倡導新的生活方式，營造新的城市空間體驗。慢城市需要讓習慣于忙碌的人們有機會、有心情去品嘗慢慢成熟和加工出來的有機食物；有時間和空間去讀書和品味藝術、聆聽清晨的鳥鳴、觀察墻角織網的蜘蛛，以及欣賞從樹梢飄落的楓葉。

“人民對美好生活的向往，就是我們的奮斗目標”[2]，同時，我們應該認識到，人們對美好生活的向往是分階段的、帶有時代局限性的，也是不斷發展的。在“快”仍然主導人居環境建設的當下，我們切不可忘記人類的終極向往仍然是“仙境”和“天堂”，是永不過時的慢地方。

Not far from my hometown of Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province is the famous Lanke Mountain. Legends tell us that during the Jin Dynasty, a woodman named Wang Zhi went to this mountain to harvest firewood and was attracted by two boys playing chess. Before a round of game finished, his axe had been found rotten. Hurrying home, he was shocked that his house had collapsed and his family was no longer there, and then learned from the villagers that around ten years had passed in the world outside the Lanke Mountain, which meant that he had been to a wonderland by accident: one day in the wonderland, a millennium in the real world. Such wonderlands are commonly seen in ancient Chinese literature, among which the best known one is the Peach Blossom Land described by Tao Yuanming. In that place, people lived in happiness and peace, even did not know the alternation of dynasties. In fact, the wonderland is a representation of human desire in the real world, including health, longevity, a harmonious society, and idealized landscapes[1], and essentially a “slow place” where slowness is greatly valued. For example, planted in the wonderland in the Journey to the West, the slow-growing peaches are of higher quality than the fast-growing ones. Besides, the ancient Chinese literati pursued a slow and poetic life and sighed the passing of time. Yearning for the “slow” wonderland is not unique to Chinese culture — desires for the paradise with “slow” as an important quality also exist in western culture. The common aspiration for “slow” reflects a fact that the life pace in real world is too fast!

Technological development and urbanization since the Industrial Revolution can be considered both a blessing and a curse, but modernization has undoubtedly made everything faster. Fast speeds have become an important benchmark for measuring social development. Rapid-speed construction, river canalization, and shortened food producing and processing have meant that humans are far away from the wonderland they have dreamt about. What a huge paradox!

Finally, while serving the fast-paced urban life, the efficient infrastructure also undermines natural ecosystems. City streets are full of congestion and smog, while fertilizer exposure and hormone-producing foods have deviated from our desire for a healthy life. Then, initiated by the food columnist Carlo Petrini, a Slow Food Movement against fast food started in Rome in 1986. As a later version, Citta Slow was raised and its first conference was held in Orvieto, Italy in 1999, and soon spread across Europe and began to gain influence in China in the early 2000s. In November 2010, Yaxi Town in Gaochun District, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province was recognized as the first Chinese Citta Slow by Cittaslow International — My team participated its planning and implementation process. Today, seven Chinese Citta Slow cities are under accreditation. While they have been more like a marketing buzzword used by local governments to attract investment and tourists, far from the original intention of the Citta Slow movement, they do demonstrate that China has been longing for the slow “wonderland” again, which has been, however, relegated to the countryside in the rapid urbanization over the past 40 years. Therefore, the Citta Slow movement in China can be understood as a New Ruralism Movement for urban residents, and the Citta Slow in China envisions a romantic ideal of the Beautiful Countryside. Regrettably, today many rural areas are still victims of fast development: new highways are replacing countryside trails; channelized water infrastructures are replacing historic civic water systems; rustic villages are torn down for new construction; and artificial ripening crops are prevailing in farms nationwide.

Citta slow in rural areas only offers a refuge to urban residents for a temporary relief from urban problems. We have to face the changing and challenging circumstance in cities. Therefore, the concept of the “slowing city” is proposed. Different from Citta Slow, “green city,” or “smart city,” the slowing cities which operate at a moderate speed can create more pleasant and livable environments through the smart use of space, an energy-saving development, and harmony between man and nature. In the critical period of Beautiful China construction and the new stage of China’s urbanization, five principles are proposed for designers and developers to apply into planning and design of slowing cities. These “slow principles” are:

First, slow down the traffic by building traffic infrastructure that combines regional fast transportation with local slow one. Although the former is vital to a city’s mobility and vitality, cities should avoid unnecessary highways, emphasizing and guaranteeing safe spaces for both pedestrians and cyclists to insure that children, the elderly, and the disabled can travel safely with dignity. In particular, connections between cities and waterfronts, mountains, and green spaces should not be compromised by the pursuit of rapid transit so that the relationships between people and the natural environment would not be damaged.

Second, slow down the flow of water and build resilient ecosystems. Nowadays, agricultural activities including irrigation, fertilization, and drainage aim for higher efficiency. However, the flow of water needs to be slowed down so that plants can absorb enough nutrients or purify more pollutants, groundwater can be fully recharged, droughts and floods can be mitigated, and soil moisture can be adjusted. The slow flow of water can be in the form of a winding stream, a lush lake, a riverbed where birds could stop, or ponds and wetlands in varied depths. They are all homes to wildlife and the ecological base for a poetic landscape.

Third, slow down the nutrient flow and create a recycled material chain. Elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are the material basis for a sustainable ecosystem, and they circulate between land, water, and living species. During urbanization, these flows have been regulated, separated, extracted, and made to accelerate product and use. Manufactured fertilizer can be easily gotten and sprinkled on fields, running off and being discharged into channelized rivers then polluting water bodies. Re-establishing nutrient flow is key to restore and improve ecosystems.

Fourth, slow down the speed of construction, improve quality, and keep unique urban memories. This means resisting large-scale demolitions and using local materials, techniques, and craftsmanship instead. Slow construction does not mean always keeping the old, or returning to the past, but meeting modern needs while appreciating the importance of past practices. Between the old and the new, time stays interlaced with materials and spaces, creating experience where people can linger.

Finally, slow down the pace of life. We should advocate for new lifestyles and new models of urban space experience, encouraging people accustomed to fast-paced lives to enjoy well-cooked organic food, have time to read and experience art, listen to birds singing in the morning, observe spiders spinning webs in the corner, and appreciate the maple leaves falling.

“The purpose of China’s development is to improve the lives of our people.”[2] We should realize that people’s vision for a better life is limited by the times, and is constantly evolving. Under the background of rapid construction today, we cannot forget that wonderlands are still an aspiration and that the slow places never go out of style.

REFERENCES

[1] Yu, K. (2019). Ideal Landscapes and the Deep Meaning of Feng-Shui (Patterns of Biological and Cultural Genes). San Francisco: ORO Editions.

[2] Party Literature Research Center of the CPC Central Committee. (2014). Important Literature Selection since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (Vol. 1). Beijing: Central Party Literature Press.

主編寄語

“仙境”是個慢地方（俞孔堅）

論文

城市新陳代謝視角下的以減慢城市資源流動為目標的城市設計決策支持框架（尹犖懿）

抵抗孤獨、隔離和不平等的恢復性空間規劃實踐（徐磊青，言語）

工具與目標的混淆——重新審視規劃設計行業的數據革命（萬勵，尹犖懿）

基于空間潛力和社會行為多源數據分析的城市綠道規劃研究——以北京市海淀區城市綠道選線規劃為例（陳希希，李倞，譚立，楊璐）

基于CiteSpace知識圖譜分析的城市內澇問題研究述評（冉玲于，周燕）

觀點與評論

“慢城市”設計中的體驗設計（薩拉·威廉姆斯·戈德哈根）

以“慢設計”重塑高品質城市環境——中國城市設計經驗與展望（薛銘仁，張斗）

主題實踐

將營養流慢下來——海口市美舍河鳳翔公園生態設計（俞孔堅，俞文宇，林國雄，張建喬，拜真）

山西省大同古長城文化遺產廊道中的慢行設施體系規劃（王宏達，馮瀟）

重新定義公園：迪拜“混凝土塊”公園（鄧肯·丹利）

探索與過程

印度尼西亞慢時尚實驗室：在發展中國家推廣慢時尚的緊迫性（阿普麗娜·默萬蒂）

鄉村并非偏遠之地——以Company Drinks飲料公司的實踐為例（卡特琳·伯姆）

【中文刊名】《景觀設計學》——慢城市與新生活方式

【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers ? Slowing Cities and Lifestyles

【作者】尹犖懿（YIN Luoyi），徐磊青（XU Leiqing），言語（YAN Yu）等

【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司

【頁碼】184頁彩色印刷

【刊號】ISSN 2096-336X

【出版日期】2019年12月

【定價】58.00元

城市新陳代謝視角下的以減慢城市資源流動為目標的城市設計決策支持框架

^{Decision-Supportive Framework for Urban Design Based on the Target of Slowing down Urban Resource Flows: From the Perspective of Urban Metabolism}

作者：尹犖懿 YIN Luoyi

摘要

城市新陳代謝理論以解析城市資源流動的視角，為可持續城市設計提供了量化設計方法及策略的可能性。本文以改善城市生活環境為出發點，選取了4類與居民生活相關的城市資源（水、能源、有機廢物、食物）作為評價對象，以其流動速率作為評價指標，以設計情景模型作為核心建立設計決策支持框架。整個框架包含4個基本部分，包括城市現狀分析、設計情景設定、設計選項清單，以及設計評價。該框架可實現方案的快速呈現并對其預期效果做出模擬和評價，為設計實踐提供決策依據。通過將北京市國貿區域作為初步應用案例，框架為該地區提出一系列城市設計導則，闡明了其對設計實踐的支持作用。最后，本文指出，框架的最終輸出結果并不意味著某一種設計方案或設計策略即是最優選項，而是幫助設計決策者建立對該設計方案的直觀認識，并更深刻地理解其將對城市環境造成何種影響。

關鍵詞

城市設計；城市新陳代謝；城市資源；城市設計決策支持框架；設計情景；城市空間工作平臺

ABSTRACT 

The Urban Metabolism theory makes it possible to quantify design methods and strategies for sustainable urban design based on analysis of urban resource flows. Aiming at improving the urban environment, this paper takes four types of urban resources closely related to residents’ lives (i.e., water, energy, organic waste, and food) as evaluation objects and their flow rates as the evaluation indicators, and operates with design scenario models as the core to establish the decision-supportive framework for urban design, which consists of four basic parts: urban status analysis, design scenario setting, design alternatives, and design evaluation. This framework could quickly present design proposals and evaluate their expected performances, providing a basis for decision making in design practice. Then, China World Trade Center area in Beijing is taken as an example to interpret the practical value of the framework by providing guidelines for urban design practices of this area. Finally, the paper points out that instead of showing the optimal design strategy, the final output of the framework just provides decision makers an intuitive understanding of a specific design proposal and the impacts the design intervention would bring to the urban environment.

KEYWORDS

Urban Design; Urban Metabolism; Urban Resources; Decision-Supportive Framework for Urban Design; Design Scenario; Urban Space Platform

抵抗孤獨、隔離和不平等的恢復性空間規劃實踐

^{Restorative Spatial Planning Practice in Response to Isolation, Segregation, and Inequality}

作者：徐磊青，言語 XU Leiqing, YAN Yu

摘要

文章指出趨于同質化的城市及社會原子化現狀可能導致相應的孤獨、隔離與不平等，并批判性回顧了前者與后者內在過程與發展階段的一致性，以及個人心理狀況與城市問題的內在一致性。此外，文章回顧了社會恢復性城市主義和社會恢復性城市設計模型等諸多思潮，在此基礎上總結得出社會恢復性城市設計模型，提出減小組團規模、場所營造、自然恢復、構建步行系統、打造交互型城市5種規劃策略，將規劃視作賦權的技術與工具，以實現人與人、人與空間、人與自然、人與運動以及人與數據的連接。文章基于這一基礎框架，反思了上一輪激烈的城鎮化進程中產生的諸多城市問題，梳理評析了中國城鎮化邁入“城市雙修”階段后亟需參照、學習的相關案例，強調社會恢復的重要性不亞于物質空間優化與生態修復。

關鍵詞

社會恢復性城市主義；社會恢復性城市設計；城市更新；孤獨；隔離；不平等；空間規劃

Abstract 

The article points out that the urban homogenization and social atomization status may lead to corresponding social problems including isolation, segregation, and inequality, and critically reviews their intrinsic consistency with urban development stages and the correlation between mental health and urban diseases. Based on the review of ideas such as Socially Restorative Urbanism and Socially Restorative Urban Design Model, the authors summarize a Socially Restorative Urban Design Model with five planning strategies — group size reduction, place-making, nature-based restoration, walkable system construction, and responsive city establishment — to realize human-human, human-space, human-nature, human-mobility, and human-data connections through taking planning as a tool of empowerment. In addition, the article reflects on the urban problems caused by the past urbanization process in China which pursued quick achievements and examines cases that could guide the new stage of Urban Remediation and Ecological Restoration, giving the same weight to social restoration as physical space improvement and ecological restoration.

Key words

Socially Restorative Urbanism; Socially Restorative Urban Design; Urban Regeneration; Isolation; Segregation; Inequality; Spatial Planning

工具與目標的混淆——重新審視規劃設計行業的數據革命

^{Confusion of Goals — Rethinking the Implication of Data Analytics and Modelling for Urban Planning and Design Industry}

作者：萬勵，尹犖懿 WAN Li, YIN Luoyi

摘要

數據分析和建模技術在中國的城市規劃設計領域取得了快速發展。基于這一事實，本文旨在填補利用數據制定有效政策成果與獲得技術產出之間的知識鴻溝，并將這種鴻溝置于更廣闊的智慧城市建設的背景下展開討論——雖然在該領域，技術應用并沒有帶來預期的政策成效。我們需要從早期實踐中汲取經驗，以防在中國各大城市上演的規劃設計數據革命重蹈覆轍。本文提出的一大觀點是，為了充分發揮數據分析在城市規劃設計領域的潛力，亟需引入更加完善的技術框架，來重新審視規劃設計行業在中國的關鍵角色和核心競爭力。從純技術論調和學科/專業路徑轉變為社會－技術視角。通過提出一系列建議，本文期望引發更多關于城市規劃設計中技術性行動計劃的批判性討論。

關鍵詞

大數據；數據分析技術；城市建模技術；社會－技術；城市規劃；城市設計

Abstract 

Inspired by the fast take-up of data analytics and modelling in urban planning and design in Chinese cities, this paper aims to address a serious knowledge gap in terms of using data to deliver better policy outcomes rather than technical outputs. Such a knowledge gap is discussed in the wider context of smart city development where technology deployment failed to deliver the expected policy benefits. Lessons thus can be, and should be, learnt from early experiments to prevent the data revolution in planning and design in Chinese cities from repeating the same failure. One of the key arguments is that, in order to leverage the potential power of data and analytics for the urban planning and design industry, a wider theoretical framework is required for rethinking the core role as well as core competence of the planning profession in China. It entails a diversion from the purely technical discourse and the disciplinary / professional silos, towards a socio-technical perspective. A series of propositions are proposed to evoke more critical discussion about the digital agenda for urban planning and design.

Key words

Big Data; Data Analytics; Urban Modelling; Socio-Technical; Urban Planning; Urban Design

基于空間潛力和社會行為多源數據分析的城市綠道規劃研究——以北京市海淀區城市綠道選線規劃為例

^{Study of Urban Greenway Planning Based on Multi-Source Data Analysis of Spatial Potential and User Behaviors — The Greenway Route Planning pf Haidian District, Beijing}

作者：陳希希，李倞，譚立，楊璐 CHEN Xixi, LI Liang, TAN Li, YANG Lu

摘要

城市綠道對于鼓勵城市慢行交通出行、緩解城市交通擁堵具有重要意義。目前，中國綠道研究和規劃實踐主要集中在具有生態、歷史、文化和休閑服務功能的、位于郊區的區域綠道；而對于服務于城市慢行交通、滿足市民日常通勤和休閑需求的城市綠道研究較少。相比前者，城市綠道的選線和建設更加需要考慮建成區空間現狀條件和市民的實際使用需求。因此，本研究著重探討在大數據涌現的背景下，運用多源數據，構建基于GIS空間分析（綠道建設潛力空間評價）和大數據社會行為分析（居民綠道日常使用需求評價）的城市綠道選線規劃方法，并以北京市海淀區為例開展實證研究。隨后，研究針對海淀區城市綠道建設涉及的道路、河道、鐵路廊道和帶狀綠地等主要空間類型，提出具體改造模式策略，將綠色空間網絡與慢行系統相結合，以實現城市線性空間的功能優化。

關鍵詞

慢行交通；城市綠道；選線規劃；構建模式；大數據

Abstract 

Urban greenways play a key role to a city’s non-automobile commuting and help alleviate traffic congestion. Currently, China’s greenway planning research and practice focuses mostly on suburban areas where greenways provide ecological, historical, cultural, and recreational services, while fewer studies explore urban greenways that serve citizens’ daily non-automobile commuting and recreational needs. Compared with suburban ones, urban greenways often face more spatial limits in the built-up areas and need to respond to more challenging demands. Supported by multi-source data and the rise of big data technologies, this research explores the methods of urban greenway route planning that are underpinned through GIS spatial analyses (potential evaluation on spatial construction conditions of greenways) and big-data-based user behavior analyses (of citizens’ daily use of greenways). Demonstrating the authentic planning case for Haidian District, Beijing, the research proposes a series of construction strategies to urban corridors of roads, waterways, and railways, respectively, which integrate green spaces with non-automobile system, in order to improve the services of linear spaces in cities.

Key words

Non-Automobile Traffic; Urban Greenway; Route Planning; Construction Strategies; Big Data

基于CiteSpace知識圖譜分析的城市內澇問題研究述評

^{A Review of Research on Urban Waterlogging Based on CiteSpace Mapping Knowledge Domains}

作者：冉玲于，周燕 RAN Lingyu, ZHOU Yan

摘要

內澇問題持續困擾城市發展，對中英文文獻中有關“城市內澇”問題的研究進行梳理與總結有助于系統剖析該問題的研究進展，從而探究緩解中國城市內澇問題的科學途徑。本文以Web of Science核心合集數據庫和中國知網數據庫的文獻為研究對象，運用科學計量分析工具CiteSpace的知識圖譜繪制功能，客觀地呈現了中英文文獻在“城市內澇”問題上的學科結構、研究重點和研究熱點。通過數據分析與解譯得出：“城市內澇”問題研究整體保持較高熱度，涉及大部分學科并出現學科交叉現象，且近年在城鄉規劃學、地理學、風景園林學等領域的研究熱度持續升高；所涉及的代表性學科在內澇問題上的主要研究內容各有側重；中英文文獻已從規劃理念、基礎設施、排水系統、空間調控、管理方法、微觀措施6個角度呈現多樣的調控途徑探索；當前學界研究熱點主要集中在內澇調控的理念與措施、水文學規律、內澇成因、風險評估與管理等方面；目前研究偏向微觀尺度，從宏、中觀尺度探尋雨洪管控的理想空間格局與規劃實現途徑的研究相對欠缺，對于城市水文過程、內澇形成機制與雨洪調控途徑的空間類型之間的關聯性研究不足。最后，針對目前的研究局限提出：研究理論上應深入探討各類內澇調控途徑的產生背景、核心目的、應用場景等，研究尺度上可對宏、中觀層面空間規劃途徑的空缺進行彌補，研究廣度上應注重與水文學進行學科融貫探究，為進一步拓展中國城市內澇調控途徑提供方向指引。

關鍵詞

城市內澇；研究述評；研究熱點；知識圖譜；CiteSpace

Abstract 

Cities have suffered from long-time waterlogging problems. A review of English and Chinese literature on “urban waterlogging” can help analyze the research progress and further explore methods and approaches to alleviate such problems in Chinese cities. By examining the literature from the Web of Science Core Collection database and CNKI database with CiteSpace, a Mapping Knowledge Domains tool, this paper aims to scientifically review the disciplinary structure, major research interests, and research hotspots of the issues of urban waterlogging. Through data analyses, it concludes that: 1) urban waterlogging is a hot topic that has been studied in a great number of subjects, with interdisciplinary studies and a continuous growth in Urban and Rural Planning, Geography, Landscape Architecture, etc. in recent years; 2) the research on waterlogging in representative subjects varies; 3) English and Chinese literature explores stormwater management and control measures from the perspectives of planning concepts, infrastructure, drainage systems, spatial regulation, management methods, and micro-measures; 4) research hotspots cover the concepts and measures of waterlogging control, hydrological processes and patterns, causes of waterlogging, and risk assessment and management; 5) the existing research mainly focuses on micro scales, and there is an absence of studies on ideal spatial patterns and planning approaches at macro and medium scales, or on the correlation between urban hydrological processes and waterlogging formation mechanisms with spatial deployment of stormwater regulation approaches. Finally, according to existing research limitations, the paper proposes that: 1) future theoretical studies should explore the backgrounds, objectives, and application scenarios of various waterlogging control approaches; 2) studies are expected to explore spatial patterns and planning approaches at macro and medium scales; and 3) scholars should expand the territory of research by integrating with Hydrology.

Key words

Urban Waterlogging; Research Review; Research Hotspot; Mapping Knowledge Domains; CiteSpace

“慢城市”設計中的體驗設計

^{Slowing down Fast Cities with Designed Experiences}

作者：薩拉·威廉姆斯·戈德哈根 Sarah Williams GOLDHAGEN

摘要

為了應對擁擠且快節奏的城市環境中顯著的同質化問題，設計師需要營造多種體驗來打造“慢城市”。為此，設計師首先需要了解“慢城市體驗”的特征和適用范圍，其次需要采用基于實證的方法以指導設計實踐。本文根據現象學理論，將慢城市體驗分為“社交性”和“個體性”兩類，并分別展開討論。前者源于一種能促進人際交流的“情節”體驗，而后者則與一種有助于恢復注意力的“存在模式”有關。本文通過列舉若干種心理學和神經認知狀態，為建筑師、景觀設計師和城市規劃專家提供了一個科學的現象學視角來定義有益于人類福祉的城市環境，并建議未來的相關研究重點關注不同表面、材質，以及圖案構成和層次結構復雜的作品給人帶來的體驗，并探索何種變化強度的建成環境要素能夠喚醒人們日漸麻木的感官。

關鍵詞

慢城市；建成環境；心理學；現象學；神經認知；社交性體驗；個體性體驗；存在模式

Abstract 

To challenge the stupefying homogeneities produced by dense and fast urban environments, designers should offer a range of experiences to create a “slowing city,” which first relies on the understanding of the character and range of “slow experiences,” then requires an empirically-driven approach to attain it. Phenomenologically, slow experiences can be social or solitary; both are discussed. The former comes from “event” experiences that facilitate meaningful interactions among people, while the latter promotes a shift into “being mode” which can help replenish human’s attention. Using findings in psychology and neurocognition, this article suggests that architects, landscape designers, and urbanists adopt a scientifically-grounded phenomenological approach to designing healthy urban environments where people can flourish.  More attention is required to investigate people’s experience of surfaces and textures, and of compositions with varying levels of patterned complexity, as well as the changeability of design features and approaches to combat habituation.

Key words

Slowing City; Built Environment; Psychology; Phenomenology; Neurocognitive; Social Experience; Solitary Experience; Being Mode

以“慢設計”重塑高品質城市環境——中國城市設計經驗與展望

^{High-Quality Urban Environment out of “Slow Design”: Review and Prospect of Urban Design Practices in China}

作者：薛銘仁，張斗 Ming-Jen HSUEH, ZHANG Dou

摘要

持續推進的城鎮化，以及日新月異的應用技術使得城市規劃師與設計師不斷思考如何在高速運轉的城市中營造舒適的居住體驗，“慢城市”的概念由此而生。本文首先基于Sasaki設計事務所多年的實踐經驗，提出“善用當地資源”這一“慢城市”核心設計理念，并將舊城更新類項目視作踐行相關方法論的主要試驗場。隨后，本文以若干典型城市更新項目為例，系統闡述了這一方法體系在不同背景下的應用，進一步將“使用者需求”視為一種設計城市物質空間的重要依據，介紹了如何在城市規劃與設計中權衡不同使用者的利益訴求，以促成政府、居民、設計師等群體的合作，維持項目的長期效益。最后，本文對科技進步、城市建設與生活品質之間的關系進行了辯證思考，并探討了規劃設計行業與新興科技相結合的發展方向。

關鍵詞

慢城市；城市設計；城市更新；歷史文脈；多方合作；公眾參與；技術創新

Abstract 

Driven by unprecedented urbanization and ever-changing applied technologies, urban planners and designers are exploring how to create comfortable living experience in fast-paced cities, thus rises the concept of “slowing city.” By reviewing years of design practices of Sasaki Associates, this article is focused on the core idea of “slowing city,” i.e., “making good use of local resources,” and its application into a number of urban regeneration practice. Further, by taking “user demands” as a critical reference, the article discusses how to coordinate the interests of a wide range of user groups and then facilitate cooperation among the government, citizens, and designers to ensure the long-term benefits of construction projects. Finally, critical thoughts are given to how the emerging technologies could contribute to urban construction and life quality, and the new opportunity that they may bring to the planning and design industry.

Key words

Slowing City; Urban Design; Urban Regeneration; Historical Context; Multilateral Cooperation; Public Engagement; Technological Innovation

將營養流慢下來——海口市美舍河鳳翔公園生態設計

^{Slowing down Nutrient Flows — Ecological Design of the Fengxiang Park on the Meishe River in Haikou}

作者：俞孔堅，俞文宇，林國雄，張建喬，拜真 YU Kongjian, YU Wenyu, LIN Guoxiong, ZHANG Jianqiao, BAI Zhen

摘要

海南省海口市是一座自然風光旖旎的南方濱海旅游城市，在近幾十年來的快速城鎮化進程中，人們忽視了自然河流作為城市水生態基礎設施的重要性，導致城市的生態韌性和安全急劇下降。鳳翔公園作為美舍河上的重要生態節點，集中暴露了美舍河流域的各種生態問題。項目設計旨在通過設計生態學途徑修復場地的生態系統，系統治理內澇和水質污染問題，為周邊居民營造高品質濱水慢生活環境。

借助綠色海綿技術和加強型人工濕地系統的建立，設計最終讓場地中的水流及營養流慢了下來，修復了動植物棲息地，提升了生物多樣性；多樣化慢行系統的引入鼓勵了市民及游客的綠色出行，為城市打造了一個全新的旅游、休憩、文化勝地。更為重要的是，在全球日益嚴峻的水污染和水資源短缺等問題下，項目所采用的設計方法在城市水質治理、防洪以及創造社會文化服務空間等方面具有重要借鑒意義。

關鍵詞

海綿城市；人工濕地系統；生態修復；慢生活；設計生態學

Abstract 

Haikou is a coastal tourist city in Hainan Province of South China with beautiful natural landscapes. During the rapid urbanization in the past decades, the role of natural rivers as city’s water ecological infrastructure has been long-time neglected, resulting in a sharp deterioration of urban ecological resilience and security. Fengxiang Park, sitting at the middle reaches of the Meishe River, is a key ecological node in the watershed, which however had suffered from severe ecological problems. In this demonstrative project, the site was envisioned as an urban park which mitigates urban flooding and water pollution and provides citizens a quality waterfront with pleasant, slow living environment through a substantial ecosystem improvement with means of Design Ecology.

Techniques of green sponge construction and the reinforced constructed wetland system deployed in the park have effectively slowed down the flow of water and nutrients, restored habitats for fauna and flora, and increased biodiversity; the introduction of a diversity of slow traffic system has brought vitality to the city by encouraging green traffic modes among citizens and tourists, creating a new tourism, recreational, and cultural destination for the city. More importantly, in view of increasingly severe issues such as water pollution and shortage around the globe, this project shows an obvious reference significance to other practices in urban water quality improvement, flooding control, and the creation of public spaces to provide social and cultural services.

Key words

Sponge City Construction; Constructed Wetland System; Ecological Restoration; Slow Life; Designed Ecology

山西省大同古長城文化遺產廊道中的慢行設施體系規劃

^{Planning of Slow-Traveling Facility System for the Ancient Great Wall Cultural Heritage Corridor in Datong, Shanxi Province}

作者：王宏達，馮瀟 WANG Hongda, FENG Xiao

摘要

長城是世界文化遺產，也是人類文明的瑰寶。2017年，山西省大同市政府提出了建設大同古長城文化遺產廊道的構想。基于廣泛調研與嚴謹分析，規劃團隊構建了一條長258km、總面積186km2的遺產廊道，其中，慢行設施體系承載了主要的游覽、休憩、科普功能，整合了遺產沿線資源的建設、運營和管理，是極為重要的基礎設施。本文探討了文化遺產廊道中慢行設施體系的構建策略，提出適應長城遺產空間分布特征的高效低干擾設施整體結構，綜合運用最小累積阻力模型等多重科學手段對區域的開發條件與生態環境狀況進行評價分析，并基于評價分析結果，對慢行游道體系與節點體系進行適應性規劃與設計，同時構建相應的低介入解說體系，最后通過游客量測算對設施規模進行控制，以實現遺產保護與旅游開發的平衡。

關鍵詞

文化遺產廊道；遺產保護；慢行設施體系；開發適宜性評價；低介入；明長城

Abstract 

The Great Wall is a world cultural heritage and a treasure of human civilization. In 2017, the Government of Datong, Shanxi Province proposed to build a cultural heritage corridor of the ancient Great Wall. Based on deep investigation and meticulous analyses, the planning team envisioned a heritage corridor with a length of 258 km, covering a total area of 186 km2, in which the slow-traveling facility system, as an important component that integrates the construction, operation, and management of related heritage sites, provides sightseeing, recreational, and educational services. This article discusses the strategies to develop the slow-traveling facility system in the cultural heritage corridor, which adopts a low-interference structure according to the spatial distribution of heritage sites along the Great Wall, and applies the minimum cumulative resistance model and other scientific methods to analyze development suitability and ecological environment conditions of the project site. Based on the evaluation results, the slow-traveling facility system and the service node system are adaptively planned and designed, combined with a low-intervention interpretation system. Finally, the scales of facilities are designed based on an estimation of tourist amount to control the impact of construction on heritage sites and natural environment. As such, the balance between heritage conservation and tourism development is achieved.

Key words

Cultural Heritage Corridor; Heritage Conservation; Slow-Traveling Facility System; Development Suitability Evaluation; Low Intervention; The Ming Great Wall

重新定義公園：迪拜“混凝土塊”公園

^{Reinventing the Public Park — The Block in Dubai}

作者：鄧肯·丹利 Duncan DENLEY

摘要

耗時7個月建造的“混凝土塊”公園雖然剛剛落成，但已成為迪拜設計區內一處廣受好評的濱水公園。desert INK景觀設計事務所通過重新利用迪拜運河修筑工程中遺留下的700余塊約30噸重的混凝土塊，創造了眾多兒童游樂空間、戶外運動區，以及餐飲點。其設計打破了一般公園建造的定式，采用非常規設計手法，營造了這處放眼中東地區乃至全世界都極具獨特性與創新性的景觀。這座不同尋常的公園為原本的設計產業聚集區帶來了更多兒童和家庭訪客，多種不同的生活方式在這里碰撞交融，也使得整個社區日益繁榮。

關鍵詞

混凝土塊；回收；城市公園；非常規設計；迪拜設計區；生活方式

Abstract 

Recently completed, The Block was constructed over a seven-month period along the Dubai Water Canal in Dubai Design District, providing a much-celebrated public park for the people of Dubai. Through their re-purposing of seven hundred 30-ton concrete blocks left over from the canal construction, landscape architects, desert INK created countless play features for children, outdoor exercise areas, and food and beverage outlets. Breaking all public park stereotypes and incorporating an unconventional approach to design, The Block stands out as one of the most unique and innovative landscape designs in the Middle East, if not the world. With a clear brief to attract a diverse range of new visitors to d3, desert INK set out to create an extraordinary park which would attract children and families to this otherwise design-industry focused district so that different lifestyles could co-exist and the community could thrive.

Key words

Block; Recycle; Urban Park; Unconventional Design; Dubai Design District; Lifestyles

印度尼西亞慢時尚實驗室：在發展中國家推廣慢時尚的緊迫性

^{A Slow Fashion Lab in Indonesia: Mapping Landscape of Urgencies in Developing Countries}

作者：阿普麗娜·默萬蒂 Aprina MURWANTI

摘要

本文剖析了印度尼西亞參與全球慢時尚運動的緊迫性及所面臨的挑戰。雖然慢節奏是印度尼西亞傳統文化（特別是在紡織工藝生產和剪裁縫補方面）的重要組成部分，但作為技術產物的“慢時尚”對印度尼西亞國民來說依然是一個全新的概念；其作為一種現代生活理念，在印度尼西亞依然屬于新生事物。2017年，歌德學院發起的IKAT/eCUT項目在印度尼西亞舉辦了慢時尚主題展覽。在策展過程中，最大的挑戰在于如何呈現印度尼西亞的快時尚現狀，以及探索當地存在哪些慢時尚理念的實踐。認識到發展慢時尚的緊迫性，有助于更好地在當地將這一理念付諸實踐。和許多國家相比，印度尼西亞的主流市場還未被西方快時尚產品所占據，因此在該國推行慢時尚理念的方式也應不同于以往。在這里，“慢時尚”一詞被賦予了更加豐富的內涵——通過對其基本原則進行擴展，可以更好地契合印度尼西亞的國情和現狀。

關鍵詞

慢時尚；快時尚；紡織工藝；發展中國家；印度尼西亞；回收利用

Abstract

This article highlights the urgencies and challenges in interpreting slow fashion in Indonesia to join the global movement. The term “slow fashion” as technical production was never familiar in Indonesian society despite a slow process is an integrated part of Indonesia cultural heritage — especially in producing the textile craft practice and repairing clothing to the tailor. The term “slow fashion” as a modern lifestyle philosophy is totally a new thing in Indonesia. When this term was brought to develop exhibition by IKAT/eCUT Project, Goethe-Institut in 2017, the biggest challenge was to map the fast fashion landscape and to explore the practice of this philosophy in Indonesia. This list of urgencies will highlight the realistic way to adapt the concept of slow fashion in the country. Since western fast fashion products are not massively occupying major Indonesian market, the parameter of counter must be slightly shifted into a contextual one. The term slow fashion then should be interpreted in a broader way than what has been set in the West, including extending the principle pillars to fit with Indonesia situation and context.

Key words

Slow Fashion; Fast Fashion; Textile Craft; Developing Country; Indonesia; Upcycle

鄉村并非偏遠之地——以Company Drinks飲料公司的實踐為例

^{The Rural Is not Remote— The Case of Company Drinks}

作者：卡特琳·伯姆 Kathrin B?HM

摘要

本文重點關注尚不平衡的二元城鄉關系，并以Company Drinks飲料公司的實踐為例，展現了一種不同于以往的城鄉關系—城市人口暫時性地向鄉村地區遷移。這種情況的出現與倫敦東區工薪家庭采摘蛇麻草的傳統息息相關。在這一案例中，一座工薪階層社區逐漸發展了一種適合他們的鄉村實踐——每年定期前往鄉村參與勞作。Company Drinks飲料公司開創了一種新型企業模式，它基于人們對于“采摘蛇麻草”傳統的集體記憶，為倫敦東區居民帶來了一種契合當代生產生活條件、滿足人們的實際需求的周期性集體生產方式。隨著各項活動的成功開展，“采摘”已從一項東區傳統轉變為一種在不同文化背景、不同地域的人群中都廣受歡迎的活動。本文作者認為，城鄉之間的聯系不能僅憑距離遠近來界定，鄉村不僅可以為城市社區提供傳統農業知識及自然資源，也可供城市居民探索新生活方式。

關鍵詞

城鄉；鄉村實踐；社區；生產

Abstract 

The article focuses on the undesirable binary between the rural and the urban and uses Company Drinks as an example of a reverse rural-urban relationship, where an inner city population migrates temporarily to the countryside, which is relevant to the hop-picking tradition (“hopping”) practiced by working-class families from London’s East End. In this case, a working-class community has developed its own rural practice, moving between rural and urban settings on a regular basis. Company Drinks is a new model cultural enterprise that uses the collective memory of hopping as a starting point to rethink and reintroduce an adaptive collective production cycle into East London everyday life. With various successful activities being held, going picking has been far from an East End tradition and become a universal activity recognized and appreciated across different cultures and landscapes. The author believes that rural-urban link cannot be controlled from a distance. Rural society offers knowledge and resource that can empower urban communities, and can test and provide conditions for alternatives to urban lifestyles.

Key words

Rural-Urban; Rural Practice; Community; Production