《景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)》2019年第4期

俞孔堅(jiān)?歐拉綠洲與消失的文明——《景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)》2019年第4期“主編寄語”
Al-Ula Oasis and the Lost Civilization, By Yu Kongjian

2019年7月，應(yīng)沙特阿拉伯歐拉皇家委員會(huì)之邀，我和其他專家學(xué)者一同來到位于阿拉伯半島西北部城市歐拉的世界文化遺產(chǎn)地—石谷（瑪?shù)椋忱眨┛脊胚z址。對(duì)我來說，這是一個(gè)遙遠(yuǎn)的地方—不僅因?yàn)樗诳臻g上和我的祖國(guó)距離遙遠(yuǎn)，還因?yàn)樗木坝^和文化對(duì)我而言也十分遙遠(yuǎn)。它的存在沖破了我所能想見的歷史的地平，并將我的思緒拉伸至浩渺的宇宙和星空，以及憧憬已久的伊甸園。空間、時(shí)間和精神的距離，使歐拉之于我猶如史前人類眼中的星空明月般神秘而美麗。

歐拉在阿拉伯語中意為“布滿村莊的干河谷”。這條“河谷”夾在東西兩條巖石山脈之間，南北延伸，其核心區(qū)域?yàn)橐黄d延20km的歐拉綠洲以及散布在綠洲邊緣的多處世界級(jí)遺址。廣義的歐拉則是一個(gè)漏斗狀的、面積約為2.9萬平方千米的流域，而歐拉綠洲就位于“漏斗”狹長(zhǎng)的尾部。盡管年降雨量只有50mm左右[1]，但由于兩側(cè)山地都是不透水的巖體，且降雨集中在冬季的幾天之內(nèi)，流域內(nèi)的雨水最終都匯聚在歐拉的谷地之中，逐漸形成了這片沙漠中的綠洲以及綠洲文明。

在盛夏的烈日之下，我們走遍了綠洲及其周邊的自然和歷史遺址。據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)叵驅(qū)Ы榻B，人類在這里的活動(dòng)至少可以追溯到20萬年前的舊石器時(shí)代。此后，這里被不同的文明相繼占據(jù)，包括分別于公元前7世紀(jì)和公元前5世紀(jì)興起的兩個(gè)阿拉伯西北部王朝—德丹王朝和利恩王朝[2]，其曾在政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)上控制著整個(gè)阿拉伯西北地區(qū)，如今卻只留下了戈壁荒灘上的一片廢墟和刻在巖壁上的圖文。之后，主宰這片綠洲的是公元前1世紀(jì)興起的納巴泰人[3]，其遺址分布在綠洲北端沙漠中的一處高地之上，是這處世界文化遺產(chǎn)中最璀璨的明珠。納巴泰人因善于經(jīng)商而聞名，縱橫馳騁于阿拉伯半島，但最終從這里神秘消失，只留下鑿在巖壁上的高大的貴族墓室和寬敞的議事大廳。

此地距離當(dāng)代最近的古代文明遺跡是因伊斯蘭政權(quán)的興起而建造的歐拉古鎮(zhèn)，這座阿拉伯古香道和朝圣線路上的重鎮(zhèn)曾繁華一時(shí)，據(jù)說伊斯蘭教創(chuàng)始人穆罕默德也曾踏上過這片土地。這里曾是阿拉伯人的冬居場(chǎng)所，其夏季居所位于地勢(shì)較低的綠洲之中。通過掘土堆墻形成的下沉式庭院里種滿了棗椰樹（Phoenix dactylifera），房屋院落交替布局，形成村落，綿延在棗椰樹冠之下。遺憾的是，這片曾被譽(yù)為“綠蔭中的夏都”的農(nóng)莊，而今只留下斷墻殘?jiān)涂菟赖臉涓伞Ｓ捎诠沛?zhèn)的荒廢，最后一戶當(dāng)?shù)鼐用褚灿?983年離開。我鉆入迷宮般的古鎮(zhèn)街道，仿佛進(jìn)入了《一千零一夜》遙遠(yuǎn)而凄涼的故事場(chǎng)景之中。

在歐拉的日子里，一個(gè)問題始終縈繞在我的腦海中：那些古老的文明是如何消失的？它們的主人到哪里去了？人們?yōu)槭裁聪嗬^離開這里？帶著這些問題，我開始探究綠洲的奧秘。貫穿綠洲的干河在冬季會(huì)偶發(fā)洪水，并淹沒河床。原本溢流可以很快滲入沙漠中，但在綠洲下游的平坦沙漠地帶，寬闊的干河谷沙灘已被渠化，高高的水泥防洪堤綿延數(shù)公里，而機(jī)場(chǎng)和新城建設(shè)又進(jìn)一步侵占了原本可滲水的廣袤沙漠。據(jù)說當(dāng)局正準(zhǔn)備修建一條排水渠，將洪水直接排入紅海。雖然通過迷宮般的土墻仍可清晰地辨認(rèn)綠洲復(fù)雜的產(chǎn)權(quán)邊界，但大部分農(nóng)莊實(shí)際上已被撂荒，即便有人管理，也只是作為城里人周末的休閑場(chǎng)所，原來的農(nóng)耕生活方式已經(jīng)消失，而那些茂盛生長(zhǎng)的棗椰林則大部分由商業(yè)公司種植并管理。

當(dāng)我走進(jìn)其中一戶由當(dāng)?shù)厝司S護(hù)的傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)莊，感覺完全進(jìn)入了另一個(gè)世界。與農(nóng)莊外不堪忍受的43℃的干熱環(huán)境相比，這里濕潤(rùn)而涼爽，滿眼蔥綠，空氣中彌漫著青草的芬芳。農(nóng)莊還保留著傳統(tǒng)的三層種植方式：上層是棗椰樹，中層是各類果樹，下層是蔬菜綠草；綠洲兩側(cè)高峻的巖體倒映在一汪汪薄水面之中——這是對(duì)棗椰樹進(jìn)行漫灌而形成的水面；鳥兒們歡快的鳴唱從各個(gè)方向傳來，一群山羊啃食著棗椰樹下的大葉苔草，零散分布的夯土房掩映在棗椰樹下……這不正是我所想象的伊甸園中的景象嗎！當(dāng)我詢問農(nóng)場(chǎng)主人水的來源時(shí)，他把我?guī)У揭豢诰叄@水來自75m深的地下，抽取之后再通過管道引至各戶農(nóng)莊。當(dāng)?shù)叵驅(qū)Ц嬖V我，20多年前，這里的地下水埋深不到10m。更早的時(shí)候，這里還曾流淌著泉水。而近年來，地下水位卻正以每年3m的速度下降。之后，我又來到一片棗椰樹種植園，眼前的棗椰林郁郁蔥蔥，濃密而整齊的樹冠幾乎完全遮蔽了陽光，林下沒有果木和地被，免費(fèi)的地下水被毫無節(jié)制地抽取出來用于漫灌。

看到這一景象，我不禁擔(dān)憂：再過20年，哪里還有水資源來滋養(yǎng)這片如伊甸園一般的綠洲？我似乎明白了為什么20萬年來，一個(gè)接一個(gè)的綠洲文明相繼消失，一撥又一撥的綠洲占有者最后都從這里神秘離去——對(duì)流域內(nèi)有限水資源的濫用導(dǎo)致綠洲的承載力不斷下降，并形成了惡性循環(huán)；最終，人和自然之間的微妙平衡被打破，人類不得不遷徙他方另謀生路。于是，強(qiáng)占綠洲、爭(zhēng)奪有限的水資源便成為解讀中東乃至世界歷史的一個(gè)視角。經(jīng)過與同行的國(guó)際考古學(xué)家進(jìn)行交流，并參考有限的歷史資料，這一猜想得到了高度驗(yàn)證。

基于此，我找到了保護(hù)和發(fā)展歐拉，并解決其所面臨的眾多問題的路徑：綠洲及滋養(yǎng)綠洲的流域是一個(gè)完整的系統(tǒng)，其中的水循環(huán)一旦失去平衡，必將使整個(gè)系統(tǒng)發(fā)生不可逆的惡化，最終導(dǎo)致人與土地和諧關(guān)系的破裂。所以，修復(fù)水循環(huán)是重建人地關(guān)系的不二選擇。而探討以水文特征定義的流域的生態(tài)修復(fù)和可持續(xù)治理，恰是景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)科的核心內(nèi)容之一。

The Royal Commission for Al-Ula invited experts and scholars, including myself, to the Al-Hijr Archaeological Site (Madain Saleh) in July 2019. The site, a World Cultural Heritage in Al-Ula, located in the northwest of Arabian Peninsula, was physically and psychologically distant for me — its history, landscape, and culture are beyond my horizon, inviting me to think of the vast universe and a Garden of Eden which I have long fascinated for. To me, the spatial, temporal, and spiritual distance made the city mysteriously charming.

Al-Ula means “valley of villages” in Arabic. The core area of the north-south “valley” between two mountain ranges was an oasis stretching 20 kilometers, along the periphery of which there are many World Heritage Sites. Al-Ula can be roughly seen as a funnel-like watershed of 29,000 square kilometers, and the oasis was at its narrow tail. Thanks to the impermeable rock mass on both sides of the area and concentrated rainfall in winter though the annual precipitation is only 50 millimeters[1], the steep geology of the area funnels water into the valley and subsequently supports the oasis and towns.

Under the scorching midsummer sun, we wandered through the oasis and surrounding heritage sites. The local guide said that human activity here can trace back over 200,000 years, beginning with the Old Stone Age. Over centuries, this area has been ruled by different civilizations, including the Dedān and the Li?yān kingdoms rising in the 7th and 5th century B.C. respectively[2]. These once-mighty powers controlled the territory politically and economically, but they left only some remnant town fabrics in the desert with stone inscriptions and palisades carvings. Later, Nabataeans emerging in the 1st century B.C. dominated the oasis[3]. Their ruins lie on the northern highlands of the oasis, shining among the adjacent heritage sites. The Nabataeans mysteriously vanished after a prosperity through the Arabian Peninsula, leaving no traces but huge coffin chambers and a meeting hall chiseled in the cliffs.

Most recently, the ancient town that emerged at the dawn of the Islamic period occupied the Al-Ula oasis. As a key hub in the ancient incense trade and pilgrimages routes, it is said that Mohammed, the founder of Islam, visited the town. The ancient town was mostly occupied in winter as the Arabians moved to the lower oasis during summer, where the date palms (Phoenix dactylifera) were grown in sunken courtyards made of rammed earth. The last family had left in 1983, leaving this once verdant village only dilapidated walls and trunks of dead date palms. Immersed in the mazy streets in this ancient town, I felt lost as if they were the remote and desolate scenes of The Thousand and One Nights.

During my time in Al-Ula, my mind was occupied by several questions: How did those ancient civilizations disappear? Where did the residents go? Why did they leave? I explored the site with these questions. Winter floods may occur occasionally in the oasis. However, the overflow from the river can hardly be infiltrated into the downstream desert as the broad sand beach has been channelized with high and long cement floodwalls. Worse, in addition to the construction of airports and new towns that have encroached on the desert, more engineering projects are undergoing, including constructing a channel to discharge flood water directly to the Red Sea. The historic earthworks of farms form a complicated array of property lines that continue to define the landscapes, but most of them are facing a shrinking population. Those remaining populated farms are primarily run as weekend entertainment places for urban residents, while most of the date palm plantations are run for commercial uses.

Entering one farm managed by the local, I was immediately attracted by a cool breeze and luxurious green vegetation. It was a welcome reprise from the dry and hot conditions outside. The farm maintains a traditional three-layered planting pattern, with date palms as the canopy, under which are various fruit trees, and vegetables and grasses grown on the ground. The steep rocks that line the oasis are reflected in the shallow puddles formed by the flood irrigation for date palms. The birds are singing all around while goats are grazing along the vegetation, and rammed earth houses are scattered among the date palms. Is not this what the Garden of Eden is like! When asked about the water source, the farmer showed me a 75-meter-deep well where the groundwater is pumped up into channels for farming uses. The local guide told me that there were springs in early years; two decades ago the groundwater level was as high as 10 meter deep; but in recent years it is decreasing by 3 meters annually. Later that day, when I visited a monoculture date palm plantation, I saw no fruit trees or ground cover, but date palms are planted in an extremely high density and irrigated immoderately with groundwater.

I was shocked by the scenes and started to concern that there would probably not be any water left to support this oasis and the cities in two decades. It occurred to me why so many civilizations had disappeared over the past 200,000 years: the misuse of limited water resource degraded the environmental capacity of the oasis, breaking the balance between humans and the land. People would have to move, or conflict for the scarce oases and water resource. This offers a perspective to understand the history of the Middle East and even the world, which has been soon proofed by my further conversations with archaeologists and historical studies.

Then I have come to the solution to protecting and developing Al-Ula, and addressing its challenges: the oasis and the watershed it depends on should be regarded as an integral system; a balanced water cycle must be maintained, otherwise the system will deteriorate, irreversibly disrupting the human-land relationship. This means that water cycle restoration must be the top priority. It happens that one of the key tasks of Landscape Architecture is to explore ecological restoration and sustainable management of watershed in the sense of hydrology.

REFERENCES
[1]  Climate Al-Ula. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.climate-data.org/asia/saudi-arabia/al-madinah-region/al-ula-549869/
[2]  Ancient Cultures. (n.d.). Dedan-Kkuraibah, Early Ancient Kingdom & Trading Oasis on Incense Route. Retrieved from http://ancient-cultures.info/data/documents/NEW-Dedan.pdf
[3]  Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. (n.d.). Nabataean Kingdom and Petra. Retrieved from https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/naba/hd_naba.htm

主編寄語
歐拉綠洲與消失的文明（俞孔堅(jiān)）

論文
越南承天順化地區(qū)的人－水共生歷史、現(xiàn)狀與未來（布魯諾?德?繆德爾，凱利?香農(nóng)）
新西蘭流域綜合管理規(guī)劃概況及對(duì)中國(guó)實(shí)踐的啟示（楊正，趙楊，車伍，陳偉，李貞子，俱晨濤）
基于控制單元的湖北省小南海湖流域生態(tài)修復(fù)措施體系及布局分析（丁洋，趙進(jìn)勇，彭文啟，閆軍波，馮健）
生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)研究在景觀規(guī)劃中的應(yīng)用（李方正，彭丹麓，王博婭）

觀點(diǎn)與評(píng)論
創(chuàng)新體制機(jī)制，共抓長(zhǎng)江大保護(hù)（趙峰）
國(guó)土空間規(guī)劃下的流域生態(tài)規(guī)劃思考（張莉）

主題實(shí)踐
黃河國(guó)家濕地公園濟(jì)南區(qū)段生態(tài)規(guī)劃實(shí)踐（菲利普?安奎斯特，周茵櫻，德魯?溫斯利，艾倫?路易斯）
中國(guó)深汕特別合作區(qū)流域尺度海綿城市水城格局策略研究（李毅，薛菲，景瑞瑛，王燕，王健）
城市河流社會(huì)－經(jīng)濟(jì)－自然復(fù)合生態(tài)系統(tǒng)構(gòu)建——長(zhǎng)沙市圭塘河流域治理與生態(tài)修復(fù)規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)（劉苑，王潤(rùn)，陸文欽，彭赤焰）

探索與過程
當(dāng)代基塘景觀的空中觀察（田夢(mèng)曉）
在水體中/截獲水分：在中國(guó)山西省的采礦景觀中創(chuàng)造雨（何潔茹）

【中文刊名】《景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)》——流域治理與生態(tài)修復(fù)
【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers ? Watershed Management and Ecological Restoration
【作者】布魯諾?德?繆德爾（Bruno De MEULDER），凱利?香農(nóng)（Kelly SHANNON），楊正（YANG Zheng）等
【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司
【頁碼】170頁彩色印刷
【刊號(hào)】ISSN 2096-336X
【出版日期】2019年8月
【定價(jià)】58.00元

越南承天順化地區(qū)的人－水共生歷史、現(xiàn)狀與未來
Settling Along, With, And On Water in Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam: Past, Present, and Future
作者：布魯諾?德?繆德爾，凱利?香農(nóng) Bruno De MEUDLER, Kelly SHANNON

摘要
本文系統(tǒng)介紹了越南中部高地承天順化省的水系空間格局與建設(shè)，以批判性的視角解讀了當(dāng)?shù)厮媾R的錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的挑戰(zhàn)：人口不斷增長(zhǎng)，對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)、漁業(yè)及水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的需求不斷增加，旅游業(yè)快速發(fā)展，年降雨量發(fā)生較大變化，海平面持續(xù)上升等。本文系統(tǒng)性地分析了當(dāng)?shù)氐湫偷牡孛才c獨(dú)特的生態(tài)、多樣的人居類型、水環(huán)境危機(jī)，以及整個(gè)承天順化省所面臨的當(dāng)代挑戰(zhàn)。作者通過田野調(diào)查，進(jìn)行了歷史資料搜集及對(duì)當(dāng)代水利項(xiàng)目的梳理，試圖闡釋當(dāng)?shù)氐拈_發(fā)建設(shè)脈絡(luò)，作為后文的討論基礎(chǔ)。在承天順化省人民委員會(huì)和來自河內(nèi)的投資人萬夫的資助下，本研究包括一系列由都市化和建筑研究小組提出的規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)策略，旨在通過潟湖生態(tài)修復(fù)和提出新的城市開發(fā)及人居（與墓園）類型，應(yīng)對(duì)迫在眉睫的氣候變化（尤其是重大洪澇災(zāi)害），從而實(shí)現(xiàn)生態(tài)－經(jīng)濟(jì)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。該項(xiàng)目需要政策導(dǎo)向的支持：除了從硬質(zhì)工程向盡可能地運(yùn)用自然措施轉(zhuǎn)變，還需要為推動(dòng)新型可持續(xù)經(jīng)濟(jì)創(chuàng)造機(jī)遇——毫無疑問，水環(huán)境的城市化對(duì)實(shí)現(xiàn)當(dāng)?shù)氐目沙掷m(xù)發(fā)展愿景至關(guān)重要。
關(guān)鍵詞
譚江－曹海潟湖；洪澇；流域；海平面上升；設(shè)計(jì)研究

Abstract 
This paper develops a water-based spatial biography of the Thua Thien Hue Province in Vietnam’s Central Highlands and critically interprets the territory’s intertwined contemporary challenges — a growing population, greater demands on agriculture, fisheries, and aquaculture, tourism and changes in annual rainwater, and sea level regimes. It is structured by four sections (typical geography and exceptional ecology, diverse settlement typologies, curse and perils of water, contemporary challenges) which interpretatively read the context. Historical analysis and mapping of present-day projects in the pipeline are complemented by extensive fieldwork in an attempt to reveal (and later build upon) the logics of the territory. It concludes with a series of projective design strategies developed by Research Urbanism and Architecture for the Thua Thien Hue Province Peoples’ Committee and the Hanoi-based investor Van Phu, which attempt to balance ecology with economy with a focus on lagoon restoration and new city and settlement types (for the living and the dead) which respond to the predicted consequences of climate change (particularly severe flooding). The project is premised on policy shifts from hard-engineering to approaches that work as much as possible with natural means to simultaneously restore ecologies and generates opportunities to embed new sustainable economies. Not surprisingly, water urbanism strategies are key to this envisioned future development of the province.
Key words
Tam Giang-Cau Hai Lagoon; Flooding; Watershed; Sea Level Rise; Design Research

新西蘭流域綜合管理規(guī)劃概況及對(duì)中國(guó)實(shí)踐的啟示
The Integrated Catchment Management Plan in New Zealand and the Enlightenment to China’s Practice
作者：楊正，趙楊，車伍，陳偉，李貞子，俱晨濤 YANG Zheng, ZHAO Yang, CHE Wu, CHEN Wei, LI Zhenzi, JU Chentao

摘要
中國(guó)當(dāng)前編制的流域規(guī)劃多從水利角度出發(fā)，針對(duì)流域防洪、水資源優(yōu)化配置等提出總體戰(zhàn)略要求，尺度較大，編制范圍廣。而針對(duì)城市尺度，對(duì)城市內(nèi)澇、水體污染等城市水系統(tǒng)問題的細(xì)化分析、技術(shù)策略、實(shí)施方案等尚未充分納入現(xiàn)有流域規(guī)劃體系，未建立針對(duì)城市水體中小流域的綜合管理方法。本文通過研究新西蘭漢密爾頓市等城市流域綜合管理規(guī)劃案例，對(duì)新西蘭流域綜合管理規(guī)劃的理念、定位、目標(biāo)、編制要點(diǎn)及執(zhí)行手段等進(jìn)行梳理，包括其跨行政區(qū)域的流域綜合管理機(jī)制、流域規(guī)劃綜合目標(biāo)與技術(shù)體系、與城市長(zhǎng)期發(fā)展規(guī)劃協(xié)同編制和納入資源許可管控要求等從籌劃到落實(shí)的一系列核心工作；并結(jié)合中國(guó)城市水系統(tǒng)綜合治理的現(xiàn)狀和重點(diǎn)問題，以及流域規(guī)劃亟待補(bǔ)充的重要內(nèi)容，尤其是與城市關(guān)系密切的中小尺度流域綜合規(guī)劃方法，提出了針對(duì)中國(guó)實(shí)踐的建議與啟示。
關(guān)鍵詞
新西蘭；流域；流域綜合管理規(guī)劃；城市水系統(tǒng)問題

Abstract 
China’s current catchment planning often focuses on formulating overall strategies for flood control and water resource distribution from a perspective of water conservancy. Usually, such plans are developed at large scales, covering a huge territory. However, city-scaled analyses, technical strategies, or roadmaps responding to issues of urban flooding, water pollution, etc. are less integrated into the current catchment planning; there is also an absence of comprehensive management methods for medium- or small-scaled urban water bodies. Combing with a case study on integrated catchment management plans (ICMP) for the Hamilton City, New Zealand, this paper reviews and summarizes the idea, role, objectives, key sections, and implementation of ICMPs in New Zealand, including a series of core tasks ranging from the trans-administrative catchment management mechanism, comprehensive and operational objectives and the technical system to the integration with long-term urban planning and Resource Consent requirements. In view of the status quo and major problems in China's comprehensive management of urban water systems, as well as the gaps in the existing formulation and implementation of catchment planning, especially the absence of integrated planning methods for medium- or small-scaled catchments that have a more direct and stronger relation with urban development, New Zealand’s experience in ICMP preparation and implementation reflects a paradigm significance.
Key words
New Zealand; Catchment; Integrated Catchment Management Plan; Issues of Urban Water System

基于控制單元的湖北省小南海湖流域生態(tài)修復(fù)措施體系及布局分析
Control-Unit-Based Analysis of the Ecological Restoration Measure System and Arrangement of the Xiaonanhai Lake Watershed in Hubei Province, China
作者：丁洋，趙進(jìn)勇，彭文啟，閆軍波，馮健 DING Yang, ZHAO Jinyong, PENG Wenqi, YAN Junbo, FENG Jian

摘要
針對(duì)湖北省松滋市小南海湖流域水環(huán)境惡化、水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)破壞等現(xiàn)狀，為了有效改善湖泊水質(zhì)與生態(tài)環(huán)境，本研究首先依據(jù)行政區(qū)劃和匯水分區(qū)對(duì)流域進(jìn)行控制單元?jiǎng)澐郑偻ㄟ^由土壤和水體評(píng)價(jià)模型和MIKE 21模型耦合而成的流域水環(huán)境系統(tǒng)模型統(tǒng)計(jì)并計(jì)算出了流域的污染源與污染負(fù)荷，并核算了其水環(huán)境容量。為了有效應(yīng)對(duì)各類污染并落實(shí)責(zé)任主體，研究提出了基于控制單元的水生態(tài)修復(fù)體系，包括三級(jí)人工濕地工程、自然型濕地工程、清水廊道工程、湖岸緩沖帶工程與淺水水生植物帶工程。最后使用由污染物濃度控制與總量控制體系構(gòu)成的“雙控”體系對(duì)水生態(tài)修復(fù)效果進(jìn)行評(píng)估。評(píng)估結(jié)果表明，以上5項(xiàng)生態(tài)修復(fù)措施可有效削減化學(xué)需氧量、總氮、總磷和氨氮等水質(zhì)指標(biāo)的總量，使小南海湖水質(zhì)達(dá)到地表水Ⅲ類水質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
關(guān)鍵詞
流域治理；控制單元；生態(tài)修復(fù)措施；水環(huán)境系統(tǒng)模型；小南海湖流域；“雙控”體系

Abstract 
To deal with the water environmental degradation and ecological damage of the Xiaonanhai Lake watershed in Songzi City of Hubei Province, China, this study first divided the watershed into 32 control units according to the administrative division and catchment zones, then analyzed the pollution source and load and calculated the water environmental capacity of the watershed with the water environment system model coupled by the Soil and Water Assessment Tool model and the MIKE 21 model. To better deal with different pollutants and divide the responsibility more efficiently, the study proposed a control-unit-based system of five ecological restoration measures including the three-stage constructed wetland, the natural wetland, the clean water corridor, the lakeshore buffer zone, and the emerged and floating plant belt. Finally, the performance evaluation of these measures was conducted under the “Dual Control” system of concentration control and total load control of pollutants. The result proved that the five measures could effectively reduce the total amount of COD, TN, TP, and NH3-N to improve the water quality, meeting the Surface Water Class Ⅲ Standard.
Key words
Watershed Management; Control Unit; Ecological Restoration Measures; Water Environment System Model; Xiaonanhai Lake Watershed; Concentration Control and Total Load Control of Pollutants

生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)研究在景觀規(guī)劃中的應(yīng)用
Application of Research on Ecosystem Services in Landscape Planning
作者：李方正，彭丹麓，王博婭 LI Fangzheng, PENG Danlu, WANG Boya

摘要
景觀規(guī)劃通過改變土地覆被類型和景觀格局來調(diào)整空間結(jié)構(gòu)和功能，進(jìn)而影響生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)。本文首先從土地覆被類型、景觀格局與服務(wù)功能特性三個(gè)方面對(duì)景觀規(guī)劃與生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)的關(guān)系進(jìn)行分析，提出調(diào)控土地覆被類型可以改變服務(wù)類型、改變景觀格局可以影響服務(wù)水平、調(diào)整服務(wù)功能特性可以影響服務(wù)發(fā)揮過程。隨后，本文總結(jié)了生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)評(píng)估、空間制圖和情景模擬分析等研究方法在景觀規(guī)劃中的應(yīng)用，認(rèn)為生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)評(píng)估是保證景觀規(guī)劃科學(xué)合理的手段；空間制圖是輔助決策者做出合理判斷的工具；情景模擬可供決策者直觀地選擇最優(yōu)方案。同時(shí)，本文詳細(xì)闡釋了以上研究方法當(dāng)前在綠色空間規(guī)劃、生態(tài)保護(hù)紅線劃定、土地利用規(guī)劃、生物多樣性保護(hù)規(guī)劃等景觀規(guī)劃中的應(yīng)用實(shí)例。最后，本文對(duì)相關(guān)研究的現(xiàn)狀和問題進(jìn)行了總結(jié)，并提出未來應(yīng)加快景觀規(guī)劃與生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)之間關(guān)系的研究、依據(jù)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)構(gòu)建動(dòng)態(tài)復(fù)合的規(guī)劃框架、推進(jìn)景觀規(guī)劃中生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)權(quán)衡－協(xié)同研究三項(xiàng)建議。
關(guān)鍵詞
生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)；景觀規(guī)劃；土地利用；景觀格局；情景模擬

Abstract 
Landscape planning adjusts spatial structures and functions by altering the types of land use / land cover and the patterns of landscapes, and thus further impacts ecosystem services. This paper examines the impacts of landscape planning on ecosystem services and draws the conclusion that the control over the types of land use / land cover, the altering of landscape patterns, and the adjustment of landscape functional characteristics could change the type, quality, and performance of ecosystem services, respectively. Through an overall review on the application of ecosystem service evaluation, spatial mapping, and scenario simulation, this paper further concludes their roles in landscape planning: ecosystem service evaluation provides means to ensure scientific landscape planning; spatial mapping serves as a basis to the decision making; and scenario simulation visualizes all kinds of possibilities for an optimal choice. At the same time, such applications in landscape planning practices, ranging from green space planning, ecological conservation redline planning, land use planning to biodiversity protection planning, are exemplified. Finally, this paper summarizes existing research findings and limitations and proposes that future research is expected to study the relationship between landscape planning and ecosystem services, to build a dynamic composite planning framework that can improve ecosystem services, and to propel the research on the tradeoff-and-synergy among ecosystem services in landscape planning.
Key words
Ecosystem Services; Landscape Planning; Land Use; Landscape Pattern; Scenario Simulation

創(chuàng)新體制機(jī)制，共抓長(zhǎng)江大保護(hù)
Comprehensive Conservation of the Yangtze River with Innovative Systems and Mechanisms
作者：趙峰 ZHAO Feng

摘要
長(zhǎng)江流域承載著重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)及文化價(jià)值，但也面臨著嚴(yán)峻的水環(huán)境污染與生態(tài)破壞問題。2018年12月13日，作為三峽集團(tuán)以企業(yè)化、市場(chǎng)化方式推動(dòng)“長(zhǎng)江大保護(hù)”的核心實(shí)施主體，長(zhǎng)江生態(tài)環(huán)保集團(tuán)有限公司在湖北武漢注冊(cè)成立。其在探索生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)路徑的過程中，采取“先試點(diǎn)，再總結(jié)，再提煉，后推廣”的方法，提出“廠網(wǎng)一體”策略以確保排水系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行的安全性和高效性，以及“廠網(wǎng)河（湖）岸一體”策略來進(jìn)一步解決水環(huán)境綜合治理問題，兼顧水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)修復(fù)。“一城一策、因城施策”理念的提出則旨在運(yùn)用不同的治理方法來適應(yīng)不同的城市需求。只有加強(qiáng)水體治理，改善城市環(huán)境，才能使城市更具吸引力，進(jìn)而帶動(dòng)招商引資和產(chǎn)業(yè)導(dǎo)入等。當(dāng)形成了合理的回報(bào)機(jī)制，企業(yè)的生態(tài)價(jià)值鏈才能建立起來。此外，在“長(zhǎng)江大保護(hù)”工作中，各級(jí)管理人員都要扮演好資源提供者和協(xié)調(diào)者的角色，既要掌握專業(yè)知識(shí)，了解服務(wù)對(duì)象，也要具備極強(qiáng)的協(xié)調(diào)和組織溝通能力。
關(guān)鍵詞
長(zhǎng)江大保護(hù)；三峽集團(tuán)；長(zhǎng)江流域；水環(huán)境綜合治理規(guī)劃；生態(tài)修復(fù)；體制與機(jī)制

Abstract 
With huge economic and cultural significance, the Yangtze River Basin in China has long suffered from severe water pollution and ecological damage problems. On December 13, 2018, the Yangtze Ecology and Environment Co., Ltd. was established in Wuhan City, Hubei Province as the key implementer under the China Three Gorges Corporation to promote the Comprehensive Conservation of the Yangtze River in a market-oriented way. In the exploration of environmental protection path, “from pilot programs to experience summary, refinement, and promotion” method is adopted. Besides, two strategies are proposed: to integrate the sewage plants and the pipeline network to ensure the operation of the sewerage system safe and efficient; to integrate sewage plants, pipeline networks, river (or lake), and banks to reduce water pollution and restore the water ecosystem systematically. Furthermore, targeted strategies are put forward in different cities. After the environment is recovered and residents’ living quality is improved, the city can attract more investments and industries and a sustainable value chain of enterprises would be formed. Finally, all administrative bodies should serve the roles of resource suppliers and coordinators, acquiring expertise knowledge, learning the requirements of the service objects, and facilitating coordination and communication positively.
Key words
Comprehensive Conservation of the Yangtze River; China Three Gorges Corporation; Yangtze River Basin; Water Environment Comprehensive Treatment Planning; Ecological Restoration; Systems and Mechanisms

國(guó)土空間規(guī)劃下的流域生態(tài)規(guī)劃思考
THOUGHTS ON ECOLOGICAL WATERSHED PLANNING UNDER THE TERRITORIAL SPATIAL PLANNING
作者：張莉 ZHANG li

摘要
筆者首先提出了當(dāng)前國(guó)內(nèi)流域普遍存在的問題，指出流域生態(tài)規(guī)劃對(duì)于多學(xué)科協(xié)同的迫切需求，并從流域水系規(guī)劃、自然河流與濕地保護(hù)、河流與濕地的生態(tài)基流恢復(fù)、面源污染削減、生物多樣性保護(hù)幾個(gè)方面闡述了流域生態(tài)規(guī)劃的理念與實(shí)踐。筆者認(rèn)為，如果利用好國(guó)土空間規(guī)劃重新編制之機(jī)，通過多學(xué)科協(xié)同，在國(guó)土空間規(guī)劃時(shí)預(yù)留出多功能生態(tài)空間，可有效實(shí)現(xiàn)防洪排澇、水質(zhì)提升、生態(tài)基流保障、生物多樣性保護(hù)等目標(biāo)。在這一綜合性解決方案中，只有在規(guī)劃層面進(jìn)行協(xié)同，將地上地下、上游下游、河岸等在空間及時(shí)間維度上進(jìn)行統(tǒng)籌兼顧，才能將多種生態(tài)功能進(jìn)行整合，使之在同一土地空間內(nèi)發(fā)揮多重生態(tài)效益。最后，筆者提出，規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)師有能力統(tǒng)籌各個(gè)專業(yè)解決各種生態(tài)問題，而實(shí)現(xiàn)這一愿景的前提是在新的國(guó)土空間規(guī)劃中將城市總體規(guī)劃與流域生態(tài)規(guī)劃相結(jié)合。
關(guān)鍵詞
流域生態(tài)規(guī)劃；協(xié)同規(guī)劃；跨學(xué)科協(xié)作；國(guó)土空間規(guī)劃；生態(tài)廊道

Abstract 
The author firstly points out several problems that commonly exist in China’s watersheds and the urgent need for multidisciplinary collaboration in ecological planning. The theories and practices on watershed ecological planning are reviewed respectively from the aspects of waterway planning, natural river and wetland protection, ecological baseflow recovery, nonpoint source pollution reduction, and biodiversity protection. The author suggests that if we could reserve multi-functional ecological zone in the new territorial spatial planning by multidisciplinary collaboration, ecological goals including flood control, water quality improvement, ecological base flow provision, and biodiversity protection could be achieved. In this comprehensive solution, only when water bodies and associated habitats such as the ground and underground, upstream and downstream, and rivers and banks are coordinated as a whole, it will generate multiple ecological benefits. Finally, the author believes that planners and designers have the ability to solve ecological problems. To fulfill this vision, we must call for collaboration between land planning and ecological watershed planning in the process of territorial spatial planning.
Key words
Ecological Watershed Planning; Collaborative Planning; Cross-Disciplinary Collaboration; Territorial Spatial Planning; Ecological Corridor

黃河國(guó)家濕地公園濟(jì)南區(qū)段生態(tài)規(guī)劃實(shí)踐
Ecological Planning Practices of the Yellow River National Wetland Park in Jinan Section
作者：菲利普?安奎斯特，周茵櫻，德魯?溫斯利，艾倫?路易斯 Philip ENQUIST, ZHOU Yinying, Drew WENSLEY, Alan LEWIS

摘要
山東省濟(jì)南市南依泰山，黃河自西南向東北方向從城中穿流而過，地勢(shì)南高北低。濟(jì)南位于黃河下游，黃河攜帶的泥沙在這里沉積形成地上“懸河”。在過去的幾十年里，黃河大堤雖然確保了城市和村莊免受洪水的侵害，卻猶如一道屏障，阻礙了黃河以北地區(qū)與濟(jì)南中心城區(qū)的聯(lián)系。與此同時(shí)，生態(tài)失衡、水環(huán)境惡化、棲息地碎片化等現(xiàn)象也愈發(fā)嚴(yán)重。自2017年起，SOM建筑事務(wù)所城市設(shè)計(jì)和景觀團(tuán)隊(duì)與濟(jì)南市政府協(xié)作，從生態(tài)、文化、交通、經(jīng)濟(jì)等多個(gè)層面對(duì)沿河區(qū)域進(jìn)行改造，并提出了在整個(gè)黃河沿岸構(gòu)建一條連續(xù)的黃河國(guó)家濕地公園的設(shè)想。本文從國(guó)家、流域、區(qū)域、城市等多個(gè)尺度上展開了分析，從183km河段規(guī)劃中提出的建設(shè)目標(biāo)，到30km核心示范段中的規(guī)劃策略，再到鵲華秋色園中的具體設(shè)計(jì)，SOM由宏觀規(guī)劃到微觀設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行了一步步推導(dǎo)，保證了整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)方案的統(tǒng)一性與連貫性。SOM期待以黃河濟(jì)南段為例，為其他沿河城市加入到黃河國(guó)家濕地公園的建設(shè)中提供先行范本，也希望為長(zhǎng)江流域或其他國(guó)家類似流域的規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)提供參照。
關(guān)鍵詞
黃河；懸河；流域；大堤改造；生態(tài)涵養(yǎng)；國(guó)家公園

Abstract 
Jinan in Shandong Province, China is a city with favorable location — the Yellow River runs through this region from southwest to northeast while the notable world heritage Mount Tai is its south background. The low reach of the Yellow River where Jinan is located is a “suspended river,” which is caused by a large amount of sediments from the upper and middle reaches. Over the past decades, the levee has ensured the city and villages free from floods. However, it blocks the connection between the north bank area of the Yellow River and the urban town. The problems of ecological imbalance, deterioration of aquatic environment, and fragmented habitats have become more acute. Since 2017, the City Design Practice team of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP (SOM) has collaborated with the Jinan Municipal Government to envision a transformation of the riverfront from ecological, cultural, transportation, and economic aspects and further proposed the idea of building a continuous Yellow River National Wetland Park along the entire Yellow River. The design proposals address the national, watershed, regional, and city scales. From the concept proposed in the plan of the 183 km reach, to the planning strategies of the 30 km core demonstration area, and further to the specific design of the Autumn Colors on the Que and Huabuzhu Mountains Park, SOM has developed step by step from macro-planning to micro-design, to ensure the uniformity and consistency of the entire design at all scales. SOM looks forwards to presenting the Yellow River in Jinan as a proven model for other river cities to follow the construction of the Yellow River National Wetland Park, and providing a practical reference for the planning and design of the Yangtze River Basin and similar watersheds in other countries.
Key words
Yellow River; Suspended River; Watershed; Levee Renovation; Ecological Conservation; National Park

中國(guó)深汕特別合作區(qū)流域尺度海綿城市水城格局策略研究
Study on Water-City Pattern Strategies of Shenshan Special Cooperation Zone, China with Sponge City Construction at the Watershed Scale
作者：李毅，薛菲，景瑞瑛，王燕，王健 LI Yi, XUE Fei, JING Ruiying, WANG Yan, WANG Jian

摘要
本研究聚焦于中國(guó)深汕特別合作區(qū)的水城格局，探討了從區(qū)域尺度轉(zhuǎn)向流域尺度的海綿城市建設(shè)策略，并從合作區(qū)面臨的挑戰(zhàn)出發(fā)，嘗試將流域空間建設(shè)要素與海綿城市相關(guān)控制指標(biāo)進(jìn)行關(guān)聯(lián)對(duì)應(yīng)，為合作區(qū)未來的開發(fā)建設(shè)提供剛性準(zhǔn)則，以確保整個(gè)流域的健康與安全。在水城格局的具體構(gòu)建中，本研究詳細(xì)討論了海綿系統(tǒng)布局、城市水系規(guī)劃、土地開發(fā)模式三個(gè)方面的策略，通過高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)踐行生態(tài)保育原則提升全域生態(tài)資源占比，通過加密水網(wǎng)、蓄泄兼籌防御風(fēng)險(xiǎn)保障安全，通過島式開發(fā)、河灘利用、湖庫(kù)保留、坑塘拓展實(shí)現(xiàn)資源調(diào)蓄以帶動(dòng)土地開發(fā)的均衡發(fā)展。在合作區(qū)即將進(jìn)入高速發(fā)展之際，本方案通過研究合作區(qū)水城關(guān)系構(gòu)建策略，探討了通過流域尺度的海綿城市建設(shè)促進(jìn)綠色可持續(xù)發(fā)展的創(chuàng)新思路。
關(guān)鍵詞
流域；海綿城市建設(shè)；深汕特別合作區(qū)；水城格局；防洪

Abstract 
This article focuses on the water-city pattern development in the ShenShan Special Cooperation Zone in China and discusses the watershed-based sponge city construction strategy. Specific to the challenges of the zone, this study attempts to establish the correspondence between watershed spatial construction and the control indicators of sponge city, providing rigid norms for future urban development to ensure the safety and health of the whole watershed. At a practical level, three strategies of water-city pattern construction are proposed in aspects of 1) sponge system layout, to increase the proportion of the ecological resources across the watershed by a high-level ecosystem conservation; 2) urban waterway planning, to protect the zone from floods by increasing the water network density as well as introducing infrastructures for flood storage and discharge; and 3) land development mode, to regulate resources to achieve balanced land development by dividing the zone into many “islands,” taking full advantage of flood plains, reserving the lakes and reservoirs, and introduce more ponds. As the zone is going to start high-speed development, this article studies strategies of the water-city pattern construction and discusses the innovation methods of promoting sustainable development with sponge city construction at the watershed scale.
Key words
Watershed; Sponge City Construction; ShenShan Special Cooperation Zone; Water-City Pattern; Flood Control

城市河流社會(huì)－經(jīng)濟(jì)－自然復(fù)合生態(tài)系統(tǒng)構(gòu)建——長(zhǎng)沙市圭塘河流域治理與生態(tài)修復(fù)規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)
A Social-Economic-Natural Compound Ecosystem Constructed for Urban Rivers — Planning and Design for the Remediation and Ecological Restoration of the Guitang River Watershed in Changsha City, China
作者：劉苑，王潤(rùn)，陸文欽，彭赤焰 LIU Yuan, WANG Run, LU Wenqin, PENG Chiyan

摘要
圭塘河作為湖南省長(zhǎng)沙市最長(zhǎng)的城市內(nèi)河，曾是一條人水和諧的自然河流，如今隨著城市迅速擴(kuò)張，其水資源、水環(huán)境和水生態(tài)問題日益嚴(yán)峻，甚至成為了城市發(fā)展的障礙。受長(zhǎng)沙市圭塘河流域開發(fā)建設(shè)有限公司委托，項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)以重塑圭塘河自然水循環(huán)過程為設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)，綜合運(yùn)用水系水動(dòng)力模型、水質(zhì)模型、排水管網(wǎng)水動(dòng)力模型和流域水文模型輔助尋找最適宜的規(guī)劃方案，借此提出融合藍(lán)綠生態(tài)網(wǎng)絡(luò)與城市功能分區(qū)、恢復(fù)自然河道、優(yōu)化河岸空間、構(gòu)建流域尺度生態(tài)廊道和實(shí)施街區(qū)尺度海綿城市建設(shè)等策略，完成了由面（整個(gè)流域范圍）及線（圭塘河），再由線到點(diǎn)（街區(qū)尺度的具體項(xiàng)目）的跨尺度流域治理規(guī)劃。該規(guī)劃旨在讓河流回歸自然，構(gòu)建融社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)和自然于一體的城市河流復(fù)合生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，化解城市發(fā)展與生態(tài)系統(tǒng)構(gòu)建之間的重重矛盾，實(shí)現(xiàn)城市河流的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
關(guān)鍵詞
社會(huì)－經(jīng)濟(jì)－自然復(fù)合生態(tài)系統(tǒng)；流域治理；數(shù)學(xué)模型；城市發(fā)展；跨專業(yè)協(xié)作

Abstract 
Guitang River, a once natural river breeding a harmonious human-water relationship, is now the longest inland river of Changsha City, Hunan Province, China, suffering from severer water problems such as water shortage, environmental polloution, and ecological degradation, which heavily impede the urban development. Commissioned by Changsha Guitang River Catchment Development and Construction Co., Ltd., the project team employed 4 mathematic models including a hydrodynamic model of water systems, a water quality model, a hydrodynamic model of drainage networks, and a hydrological model of watersheds to generate an optimal planning scheme for restoring the natural water circulation with the most appropriate planning scheme. Strategies were proposed including the blue and green ecological network combined with urban functional zoning, natural river restoration, riparian space improvement, watershed-scale ecological corridor construction, and neighborhood-scale sponge city construction. The whole planning and design, from a coordinated planning at the watershed scale to the river scale, and to specific neighborhood projects, is to establish a social-economic-natural compound ecosystem to balance urban development with ecosystem improvement, while promoting the sustainability of the river.
Key words
Social-Economic-Natural Compound Ecosystem; Watershed Remediation; Mathematic Models; Urban Development; Multi-Disciplinary Collaboration

當(dāng)代基塘景觀的空中觀察
Seeing From Above: Observation of Contemporary Dike-Pond Landscape
作者：田夢(mèng)曉 TIAN Mengxiao

摘要
基塘景觀由漁農(nóng)復(fù)合耕作系統(tǒng)和人類聚落共同組成，承載著活躍的水土共生與互動(dòng)關(guān)系。在河網(wǎng)豐富的珠江三角洲，此類景觀中拼貼狀的人工魚塘和彎曲的自然河道相結(jié)合，展現(xiàn)了人工環(huán)境與自然環(huán)境的交融，也為景觀賦予了更強(qiáng)的韌性。而在當(dāng)代，伴隨著城鎮(zhèn)化與工業(yè)發(fā)展對(duì)土地資源需求的增加，基塘景觀正在不斷萎縮，并被蔓延的城市所包圍。人類聚落的擴(kuò)張不僅改變了水土關(guān)系，也使基塘景觀呈現(xiàn)出新的肌理。通過歷史衛(wèi)星影像、Google Map圖片和無人機(jī)照片等一系列基于空中視角的圖像，本研究嘗試觀察并記錄珠江三角洲地區(qū)基塘景觀的變化，并主要將其歸納為聚落的擴(kuò)張與變形、基面萎縮與基塘比的失衡，以及基塘原有機(jī)拼貼肌理的逐步標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化三個(gè)方面。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)可作為反思城鎮(zhèn)化與生態(tài)問題之間辯證關(guān)系的依據(jù)，并為進(jìn)一步探索珠江三角洲景觀可持續(xù)發(fā)展的潛力提供基礎(chǔ)。
關(guān)鍵詞
基塘景觀；珠江三角洲；水土關(guān)系；漁農(nóng)復(fù)合生態(tài)系統(tǒng)；衛(wèi)星影像；無人機(jī)照片

Abstract 
A dike-pond landscape is characterized by a symbiotic and interacted relationship between water and land and considered an integration of human settlements with an aquaculture-agriculture system. The Pearl River Delta has historically enjoyed a rich river network and been shaped by the mosaic-like constructed ponds with the meandering natural river systems, where the boundary of the constructed and the natural blurred and a resilient dike-pond landscape prevailed. However, the increasing demand for land resource during urbanization and industrial development has made such a landscape shrunk and surrounded by urban sprawl. The expansion of human settlements has not only changed the water-land symbiosis but also reshaped the pattern of the dike-pond landscape. This article, as an ongoing work, intends to observe and document the changes of such water-related landscapes from a different perspective, “seeing from above,” with historical satellite photos, Google Map images, and contemporary aerial drone photography. It discovered three important transformations: the settlement sprawl and transformation, the shrinking dike surfaces and imbalanced ratio of dike to pond, and the disappearance of the organic pond pattern. These findings can evoke critical studies on the dialectical relation between urbanization and ecology, and offer possibilities of re-creating a sustainable landscape in the Pearl River Delta.
Key words
Dike-Pond Landscape; Pearl River Delta; Water-Land Relationship; Agriculture-Aquaculture Ecosystem; Satellite Image; Drone Photo

在水體中/截獲水分：在中國(guó)山西省的采礦景觀中創(chuàng)造雨
In-Between Waters / Intercepting Wetness: Inventing Rain in the Mining Landscape of Shanxi Province, China
作者：何潔茹 HE Jieru (Hedy)

摘要
在利用各種大型工程手段（如建立水庫(kù)和跨流域輸水基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施工程）來解決中國(guó)山西省和印度西高止山脈分別因開采煤礦和有色金屬而導(dǎo)致的干旱和洪澇問題的背景下，作者對(duì)雨洪問題的產(chǎn)生進(jìn)行了全面的分析思考，并提倡“雨”先于“洪”、“流”后于“域”的水資源管理方法。多數(shù)大型工程類基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施在解決水問題時(shí)的基本理念是將水從其所在的自然環(huán)境中抽離，因而水成為了各種被管道、水渠和水庫(kù)限制住的流體。為了補(bǔ)償現(xiàn)有水利基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的不足，筆者建議匯聚整個(gè)地域的景觀潛力來塑造具有韌性的“水分”以應(yīng)對(duì)極端“水”問題。這是一種從將水作為單一孤立問題去解決的工程方法，向以探索更多機(jī)遇為目標(biāo)的景觀方法的根本性轉(zhuǎn)變。
本文介紹的景觀研究和設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目意在為看似“干旱”和發(fā)展模式單一的山西省構(gòu)建另一種可能的未來。項(xiàng)目的研究設(shè)計(jì)跨越4個(gè)嵌套的尺度，以一種用于截獲水分的新的景觀基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施作為脈絡(luò)基底，促發(fā)了生態(tài)、活動(dòng)、時(shí)間、物質(zhì)等事物演變的軌跡。值得一提的是，項(xiàng)目還展現(xiàn)了研究、表達(dá)、設(shè)計(jì)和規(guī)劃如何互相引導(dǎo)。設(shè)計(jì)改善了環(huán)境，且其自身也在不斷接受和適應(yīng)環(huán)境的變化。
關(guān)鍵詞
采礦景觀；干旱；流域管理；景觀基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施；水分；剖面表達(dá)

Abstract
Under the background of imposing engineered structures, including reservoirs and inter-basin water transfer infrastructures, being applied to solve drought caused by coal mining in Shanxi Province of China and floods caused by mineral mining in Western Ghats of India, the author reviews the intrinsic reason of water problems and recommends a water management solution that is design on “rain before floods” and “fields of wetness before flows of water.” Most magnificent engineered infrastructures are designed upon an idea of separating water from its milieu, thus becoming contained flows in pipes, channels, and reservoirs to solve water problems. To compensate for the shortage of existing water infrastructures, the author suggests gathering a regional-level landscape capacity for building “wetness” of resilience when facing problems of “water” in extremities. This is a radical shift compared with a problem-solving approach, as engineering does, to one that is grounded in landscape and uncovers opportunities.
The landscape research and design project introduced in this article aims to provide an alternative future for Shanxi Province, China, which seems arid and is challenged by mono-development mode. The research and design within the project are across four nested scales. A landscape infrastructure of intercepting wetness is taken as an underlying thread which initiates intertwined ecological, programmatic, temporal and material trajectories. On the other hand, the project demonstrates research, representation, design, and planning can actually inform one another, and the design remains open and adaptive to its changing environments.
Key words
Mining Landscape; Drought; Watershed Management; Landscape Infrastructure; Wetness; Sectional Representation