《景觀設計學》2019年第3期

俞孔堅?從“桃花源”看社會形態與景觀韌性——《景觀設計學》2019年第3期“主編寄語”
Lessons from the Social Form and Landscape Resilience of the Peach Blossom Land, By Yu Kongjian

“社會形態與景觀韌性之間的關系”是一個非常有意思又極具挑戰性的話題。景觀是人類活動在大地上的烙印，因此，景觀形態亦反映了人類的社會形態。而景觀韌性則是指，景觀作為一個生態系統，在不確定環境中和外力沖擊（諸如颶風、干旱、洪水、地質災害、環境污染等）下自我適應、自我修復和自我健全的能力，通常表現為生態系統服務（或景觀服務）的可持續性。與自上而下的管理模式相比，多中心治理模式更有利于實現公共資源的有效保護和合理利用，也更有利于提升景觀韌性。關于這一認識，有必要再次回到中國文化中的“桃花源”來進行論述。

在中國文化中，“桃花源”被視為理想的景觀，這里的“理想”具有雙重含義——理想的社會治理模式與理想的景觀模式。據陶淵明的《桃花源記》所述，一方面，"桃花源"中的村民“自云先世避秦時亂”而來，“乃不知有漢，無論魏晉”——它是一個遠離中央集權制和郡縣制等政治制度、遠離苛捐雜稅的草根自治社會，這里擁有著夜不閉戶的和睦鄰里關系、童叟無欺的平等人際交往、“村中聞有此人，咸來問訊”的通暢信息交流、“余人各復延至其家，皆出酒食”的物資共享理念；另一方面，這里“屋舍儼然，有良田美池桑竹之屬”——在秦至東晉太元年間近六百年的漫長時間里，這里維持著一種人與自然和諧共處的可持續豐產景觀，堪稱韌性景觀的典范。

值得說明的是，雖然“桃花源”是虛構的理想世界，但其原型在中國的秀山麗水之間卻并不乏見，在某種意義上，正是這種對于理想世界的初步構想使得中國跨越幾千年的超穩定農業文明得以實現。在眾多農業文化景觀區域中，位于中國東部的古徽州地區尤使我陶醉。在這里，多中心社會治理與景觀韌性被展現到了極致！在一個個互相連系的山間盆地中，山林環護的村落緊湊有致地分布在山腳之下，儼然的屋舍掩映在村口的水口林和背靠的龍山之間，留白處則以“良田美池桑竹之屬”點綴。阡陌縱橫，河渠蜿蜒，塘堰密布，井然有序，千百年來以極其有限的自然資源，維系著一村一族的生存和繁衍。與此同時，各個村落中的祠堂成為不同親疏遠近的族人的議事場所和決策機構，加之“巡檢司”這樣的官設機構，構成了一個地道的多中心治理社會；土地廟、水神廟、山神廟與道觀、佛寺、理學書院則共同塑造著多樣化的倫理和精神教化體系。在多重因素的疊加作用下，這里形成了以家法、族規、民間信仰和倫理為主，皇權為輔的社會治理模式，長期維護著這片富有韌性的美麗而豐產的可持續生態景觀，使這片東南丘陵中的盆地得以成為遠離自然災害和戰亂的“桃花源”。

工業文明的出現伴隨著大一統的市場、標準化的技術、規模化的資金流，以及自上而下的單極社會管理模式，也使得中國大地上的秀山麗水逐漸喪失了韌性：蜿蜒的河流被水泥硬化和渠化，調節旱澇的池塘被填平為耕地，溪澗上用于合理分配水資源的片石低堰被更高更大的水泥大壩所代替，依賴化肥和農藥的單一作物品種取代了豐富多樣的鄉土作物，大棚溫室里鋪天蓋地地培育著反季節作物……值得慶幸的是，我們已經驚喜地看到，在生態文明理念指導下的美麗中國建設，尤其是美麗鄉村建設的作用下，一處處新時代的“桃花源”正在重現！

The relationship between social form and landscape resilience is a challenging but thought-provoking topic. Landscapes are the imprint of human activities on the earth, and their forms reflect social and cultural forms. Landscape resilience is the ability of a landscape or an ecosystem to adapt to and recover from environmental uncertainties and impacts such as hurricanes, droughts, floods, geological disasters, and pollution. It mirrors the sustainability of ecosystem services and landscapes. Compared with the top-down authoritative hierarchies, a polycentric governance model can ensure effective protection and smart use of public assets so as to enhance landscape resilience. To understand why this is true, it is necessary to understand the Peach Blossom Land context.

The Peach Blossom Land is an ideal Chinese landscape, and the "ideal" here is sending two messages - an ideal social governance model and an ideal landscape pattern. According to Chinese poet Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Spring, once there was a fisherman accidentally encountering a secluded village, called Peach Blossom Land. People lived there to avoid the chaos of the Qin Dynasty. The fisherman was surprised that they were completely cut off from the world and had not even known about the dynastic changes in centuries. They lived in an autonomous grassroots society far away from the centralized system of prefectures and counties, and exorbitant taxes or levies. The neighborly relationship within the community enabled the doors left unlocked and everyone was treated honestly and equally. The communication was so open that the news of the fisherman's arrival spread quickly. Then, the fisherman was invited to have shared meals and drinks. Moreover, the rows of houses were aligned on the smooth and flat land, and fertile farmlands, ponds, mulberry gardens, and bamboo forests composed the surroundings. In a long period of nearly 600 years, the generations there had maintained a sustainable and productive landscape where human beings and nature lived in harmony - a model of landscape resilience.

While the Peach Blossom Land may be fictional, it is not difficult to find such real places exist between China's beautiful mountains and rivers. The initial conception of this ideal world makes a stable Agricultural Civilization for thousands of years in China. Among numerous agricultural cultural landscapes in China, the ancient Huizhou Region in Eastern China appeals to me particularly, which perfectly demonstrates both the polycentric social governance and landscape resilience. Across the inter-connected basins, compact villages lie around the bottom of hills. Tidy houses are hidden between the forests at the village entrances and mountains at the backside, while other spaces are interspersed by fertile farmlands, ponds, mulberry gardens, and bamboo forests. Straight paths cross the fields; rivers and canals meander, and ponds and reservoirs intersperse densely. For centuries, with extremely limited natural resource, such systems maintain the survival of the local generations in each village. The ancestral halls are the venue and the main body for decision-making among different clansmen, supplemented by official institutions such as Xunjiansi (an ancient patrol division), making the region a polycentric-governance community. Temples for the land god, the water god, and the mountain god, as well as Taoist, Buddhist, and Neo-Confucianism academies formed a diverse system of ethical and spiritual beliefs. Under these multiple factors, a social governance model based on family disciplines, clan rules, folk beliefs, and ethics, supplemented by the imperial power, has maintained the resilience and sustainability of the beautiful and productive ecological landscape, making itself a Peach Blossom Land in the hilly area in Southeast China and free from natural disasters and wars.

The Industrial Civilization has unified the market, standardized technologies, enlarged capital flows, and led to a top-down social management model. These practices have eroded China's landscape resilience: the meandering rivers are now replaced by concrete canals, the ponds that once addressed droughts and floods now have been occupied as cultivated lands, and the low-lying slab weirs used for distributing water resources have been transformed into higher and larger cement dams. Worse, various native crops are disappearing due to the prevailing monoculture that heavily relies on fertilizers and pesticides, while greenhouses now are filled with anti-seasonal crops. Nevertheless, it is fortunate to see the effect, especially in rural areas, of Beautiful China Construction under the Ecological Civilization - a return of Peach Blossom Lands!

主編寄語
從"桃花源"看社會形態與景觀韌性（俞孔堅）
引入多中心性以提升景觀韌性（劉偉）

論文
通過“生活實驗室”和多中心治理設計韌性水景（奧德?贊格拉夫-哈梅德，朱麗葉?馬丁，格爾德?魯普，喬安妮?林內魯斯-拜耳，史蒂文?鮑萊特）
奧地利私有土地滯洪工程補償機制：洪災風險管理中的多中心治理探索（盧卡斯?拉什納，拉爾夫?諾德貝克，亞瑟?辛德艾格，沃爾特?塞赫）
基于自然的解決方案中的多中心治理：墨爾本城市林業管理者的觀點（卡米羅?奧多內茲）
都市山地景觀的多中心治理與韌性構建：美國圣莫妮卡山案例（李正，裴欣）
基于系統動力學的印度尼西亞雅加達市“河流正常化”政策評估（黃志隆，納瓦魯恩?瓦爾馬，扎卡里?亞倫?史密斯）

觀點與評論
塑造適應氣候變化的水智慧型城市—南非開普敦干旱的經驗與教訓（吉娜?希爾翁戈，馬克?紐，劉偉）
論中國生態文明制度建設與景觀治理（張振威）

主題實踐
科羅拉多州的珍貴財富：美國25號州際公路廊道保護總體規劃（理查德?肖）
上海三林楔形生態綠地設計（張文沫，邢曉曄，陳嘉雯，聶雨晴）

探索與過程
阿爾巴尼亞地拉那的自由景觀（威廉?鮑姆加德納）
基于區域多中心治理模式的生態恢復——以吐魯番地區坎兒井水利系統的再生利用為例（杜澤慧）

【中文刊名】《景觀設計學》——多中心治理下的韌性景觀
【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers ? Polycentric Governance and Landscape Resilience
【作者】劉偉（LIU Wei），奧德?贊格拉夫-哈梅德（Aude ZINGRAFF-HAMED），朱麗葉?馬丁（Juliette MARTIN）等
【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司
【頁碼】175頁彩色印刷
【刊號】ISSN 2096-336X
【出版日期】2019年6月
【定價】58.00元

引入多中心性以提升景觀韌性
Operationalizing Polycentricity for Landscape Resilience
作者：劉偉 LIU Wei

摘要
景觀是由人類與自然環境和建成環境共同組成的復雜適應性社會－生態系統，其為社會提供必要的公共物品和服務。面對快速的社會－經濟、環境和政策變化和日益加劇的不確定性，塑造韌性已成為景觀規劃、設計和管理的首要目標。塑造景觀社會－生態系統的韌性的關鍵性策略之一是建立適宜的治理形式，使系統可以有效應對和適應外部沖擊和其他刺激。"多中心性"即是一種能夠提升韌性的形式。通過分析不同的案例，我們證明了多中心性——無論是涵蓋范圍還是協作水平——有可能影響治理結果。而當前正是豐富我們的理論和方法論，提升駕馭景觀社會－生態系統復雜性能力的最好的時代。
關鍵詞
多中心性；景觀韌性；適應性治理；復雜適應性系統

Abstract 
Landscapes are complex adaptive social-ecological systems that encompass human and natural and built environments, and provide essential public and common goods to societies. Facing fast socio-economic, environmental, and policy changes and increasing uncertainties, building resilience has emerged as a main objective for landscape planning, design, and management. A key strategy to make landscape social-ecological systems resilient is to form appropriate governance forms that can be responsive and adaptive to external shocks and other stressors. Polycentricity is such a form that has been proven to enhance resilience. By analyzing a variety of cases, it demonstrates polycentricity — both its breadth of inclusion and collaborative degree - can affect governance outcomes. This is the best of times to become more plural in theory and methodology in order to have a stronger capacity of navigating the complexities of landscape social-ecological systems.
Key words
Polycentricity; Landscape Resilience; Adaptive Governance; Complex Adaptive System

通過"生活實驗室"和多中心治理設計韌性水景
Designing a Resilient Waterscape Using a Living Lab and Catalyzing Polycentric Governance作者：奧德?贊格拉夫－哈梅德，朱麗葉?馬丁，格爾德?魯普，喬安妮?林內魯斯－拜耳，史蒂文?鮑萊特 Aude ZINGRAFF-HAMED, Juliette MARTIN, Gerd LUPP, Joanne LINNEROOTH-BAYER, Stephan PAULEIT

摘要
多中心治理和“生活實驗室”概念均基于去中心化的參與式規劃、協同設計和決策而建立。盡管“生活實驗室”的概念在近幾年才剛剛興起，但于2000~2011年施行的伊薩河計劃既已對其進行了開拓性探索。該計劃沿德國慕尼黑市伊薩河對多種基于自然的解決方案進行了選擇、協同設計并予以實施。雖然多個管理部門參與了伊薩河計劃的決策過程，但時至今日尚缺乏對促成該項目的多中心治理的研究分析。本文以利益相關者訪談及文獻綜述為基礎，對伊薩河計劃的修復規劃流程進行了分析。文章闡述了伊薩河計劃治理架構的演變，論述了“生活實驗室”的協同治理方法，并分析呈現了多中心治理如何增進信任和相互交流，以及韌性水景的協同設計。最終，本文認為，當各具自主權的多層級決策者共同參與政策方案制定時，“生活實驗室”可以成為一種實施多中心治理的方法，反之亦然。
關鍵詞
參與式過程；社會－生態修復；城市研究；河流管理；水資源治理；生活實驗室；多中心治理

Abstract 
The both polycentric governance and Living Labs concepts are based on decentralized participatory planning, co-design, and decision-making. While the concept of Living Lab is still emerging, the Isar-Plan (2000 ~ 2011) pioneered the approach for selecting, co-designing, and implementing nature-based solutions along the Isar River in Munich, Germany. Despite multiple governing authorities involved in the decision-making process of the Isar-Plan, the polycentric governance that led to the success of the project has to date not been analyzed. This paper presents the results of an ex-post-analysis of the Isar-Plan restoration planning process based on stakeholder interviews and a literature review. The contribution describes the evolution of Isar-Plan governance arrangements and discusses the Living Lab approaches to cooperative governance. The analysis demonstrates how polycentricity facilitated trust, learning, and the co-design of a resilient waterscape. The paper concludes that Living Labs can be a way of applying polycentric governance when autonomous and multi-scale decision-makers are collaboratively involved in the design of policy solutions, and vice-versa.
Key words
Participative Process; Socio-Ecological Restoration; Urban Study; River Management; Water Resource Governance; Living Lab; Polycentric Governance

奧地利私有土地滯洪工程補償機制：洪災風險管理中的多中心治理探索
Compensating Flood Retention on Private Land in Austria: Towards Polycentric Governance in Flood Risk Management?
作者：盧卡斯?拉什納，拉爾夫?諾德貝克，亞瑟?辛德艾格，瓦爾特?塞赫 Lukas L?SCHNER, Ralf NORDBECK, Arthur SCHINDELEGGER, Walter SEHER

摘要
在洪澇風險管理戰略中，滯蓄洪水，尤其是調控滯洪正發揮著愈加突出的作用。滯洪工程雖然能夠有效降低洪澇高發地區的洪水風險，但也會占用大量土地，侵犯其所有者的財產權益。因此，此類工程在實施過程中，往往會面臨可用土地不足以及越發高昂的（農業）土地補償費等阻礙。滯洪工程的大規模推廣不僅會改變濱河土地的用途，也會使相關權力及機構向低層政府機關下沉，甚至轉移到提供滯洪用地的私人土地所有者、滯洪工程受益者等非政府行為主體。本文以奧地利山地城市阿爾滕馬克特市的調控滯洪工程補償方案為例，通過多中心視角探索了一系列新型治理路徑；同時以多中心理論的五大命題為依據，辨析了"治理"在奧地利滯洪工程補償機制中的含義，并分析了滯洪工程在提高濱河地區景觀韌性方面的潛力和局限性。
關鍵詞
調控滯洪；多中心治理；補償；景觀韌性

Abstract 
Flood retention, in particular controlled flood retention, plays an increasingly prominent role in the portfolio of flood risk management strategies. Though a highly effective measure to reduce the risk of flooding for vulnerable areas, flood retention is land-intensive and infringes on landowners' property rights. Implementation efforts are thus often hampered by the lack of availability of land as well as by the growing demands of (agricultural) landowners for compensation of flood retention services. The proliferation of flood retention not only changes riparian land uses but also results in a shift of authority, power, and agency to lower levels of government as well as to non-governmental actors, including the private landowners who provide the land for flooding but also those who benefit from flood retention. By the example of a compensation scheme for the controlled flood retention in Altenmarkt, an alpine municipality in Austria, this paper explores these nascent forms of governance through the lens of polycentricity. Along five core propositions in polycentric theory, the paper evaluates the governance implications of flood retention compensation in Austria and discusses the possibilities and limitations of flood retention for enhancing landscape resilience in riparian areas.
Key words
Controlled Flood Retention; Polycentric Governance; Compensation; Landscape Resilience

基于自然的解決方案中的多中心治理：墨爾本城市林業管理者的觀點
Polycentric Governance in Nature-Based Solutions: Insights from Melbourne Urban Forest Managers
作者：卡米羅?奧多內茲 Camilo ORDó?EZ

摘要
“基于自然的解決方案”有助于塑造城市景觀的韌性。為了協助地方政府實施“基于自然的解決方案”，一些新的治理模式被相繼提出，引入多中心治理過程即為其中之一。本研究以一種典型的"基于自然的解決方案"--以增加城市樹木數量和提高樹冠覆蓋率為目的的舉措和政策為例，聚焦于在進行城市林業相關決策時，關鍵性決策者如何協調各項行動及其優先級，以探討城市林業多中心治理的運作方式。本研究重點關注多中心治理中的利益相關方，并著重從市政管理者的視角展開討論，旨在更好地厘清“基于自然的解決方案”實施過程背后的社會制度。研究所用的社會數據來源于研究者對來自澳大利亞大墨爾本地區中的9個地方議會的19位城市林業管理者進行的深度采訪。數據分析表明，市政管理者所做的最重要，同時也是受其他利益相關方影響最大的決策包括：移除樹木以讓位于開發、保留重要樹木、為更新場地而植樹，以及移除老化樹木；對這些決策影響最大的利益相關方包括非林業市政部門、開發商、州級行為主體及居民，而非政府綠化組織的影響較弱；為更好地動員各利益相關方的力量和資源，需要協調各市政部門之間、以及各非政府利益相關方（尤其是開發商和居民）之間的關系，并綜合考慮州政府的各項政策，同時做好公眾協商。為了向應對城市化壓力的決策制定提供潛在支持，市政管理者還需要充分借助綠化組織的力量以保留城市現有樹木，而非僅著眼于栽植更多的樹木。
關鍵詞
城市綠化；綠色基礎設施；自然資源管理；社會－生態系統；多中心治理；澳大利亞

Abstract 
Nature-based solutions can help build resilience in urban landscapes. New governance arrangements have been suggested for assisting local governments in implementing nature-based solutions. A dominant nature-based solution initiative is the activities and policies directed at the increase of the number of trees and tree-canopy coverage in a city. This study explores how polycentric governance of urban forests may operate by focusing on how key decision-makers coordinate their priorities and actions in urban forestry decisions. A stakeholder-centered view on polycentric governance is taken, specifically focused on the view of municipal managers, to develop a better understanding of the social systems behind the implementation of nature-based solutions. This was done by using social data elicited from 19 in-depth interviews with urban forest managers working in nine local councils in Greater Melbourne, Australia. The data analyses show that the most important decisions that municipal managers make, and where other stakeholders have the most influence, relate to tree removal for developments, significant tree retention, tree planting for site renewal, and ageing trees removal. The most important stakeholders influencing these decisions include other municipal departmental units, developers, state actors, and residents. Non-governmental greening groups do not play a very important role. Various types of coordination, such as the ones between municipal departments, between non-governmental stakeholders (especially developers and residents), between state government policies, as well as public consultation, are needed to better mobilize stakeholders' influence and input. Capitalizing on greening groups that aim to retain trees in urban areas, not just planting more trees, can potentially support the current decisions made by municipal managers, which respond to urbanization pressures. 
Key words
Urban Greening; Green Infrastructure; Natural Resource Management; Socio-Ecological System; Polycentric Governance; Australia

都市山地景觀的多中心治理與韌性構建：美國圣莫妮卡山案例
Polycentric Governance and Resilience Enhancement for Mountain Landscapes in Metropolitan Areas: The Case of the Santa Monica Mountains, the USA
作者：李正，裴欣 LI Zheng, PEI Xin

摘要
隨著全球城市化進程的加快，越來越多的山地景觀被納入都市圈的水源地、居住用地或娛樂空間。都市山地景觀往往具有極為多元的治理主體，其可持續發展很大程度上取決于是否能建立有效的機制協調集體行為。本文以美國加利福尼亞州圣莫妮卡山為研究案例，通過分析相關口述歷史、法規條例、研究報告、規劃方案和地理信息數據，系統性地探究了其合作規劃與管理的演變過程。研究發現，圣莫妮卡山多中心治理模式是在自然資源不斷破壞和戶外娛樂需求與日俱增等城市化背景下出現的，其中加州政府主要采取制定海岸區保護導則、建立保護協會等策略，聯邦政府則通過設立國家游憩區與地方政府和社區合作。這些策略幫助相關治理主體有效地應對了房地產開發熱潮、政治氣候變化、財政撥款減少、土地價格上漲、環保理念轉變等變化。這一模式還被推廣到圣莫妮卡山周邊其他山區，以構建區域尺度的韌性景觀。作者指出，圣莫妮卡山案例揭示了多中心治理與韌性景觀之間的緊密關系，其經驗對當代中國有重要啟示意義。
關鍵詞
都市山地景觀；多中心治理；合作規劃與管理；韌性

Abstract 
Globally, accelerated urbanization has wrapped more and more mountain landscapes into metropolitan areas as water sources or residential and recreational spaces. Such mountain landscapes are usually governed by multiple agencies, which means that its sustainable development largely depends on the effectiveness of the collective actions among these agencies. This paper examines the case of the Santa Monica Mountains in California, the United States by analyzing relevant oral histories, acts and ordinances, study reports, planning documents, and GIS data to depict the whole picture of the evolution of its cooperative planning and management. It is found that the polycentric governance in the Santa Monica Mountains emerged as a response to the deterioration of natural resource and the increasing outdoor recreation needs against the backdrop of urbanization. The California State government developed coastal zone protection guidelines and established conservancies, while the federal government cooperated with local governments and communities by forming a national recreation area. These methods helped the governing agencies tactically cope with the real estate development, changing political climate, shrinking financial allocation, rising land prices, and conceptual shifts in environmental protection. This polycentric governance mode was also applied to other mountain areas in the vicinity to form a regional-scale resilient landscape. The authors argue that the case of the Santa Monica Mountains reveals how the polycentric governance works on strengthening landscape resilience, which shows an important reference for contemporary China.
Key words
Mountain Landscape in Metropolitan Area; Polycentric Governance; Cooperative Planning and Management; Resilience

基于系統動力學的印度尼西亞雅加達市“河流正常化”政策評估
Evaluation of the Normalisasi Policy in Jakarta, Indonesia Using System Dynamics
作者：黃志隆，納瓦魯恩?瓦爾馬，扎卡里?亞倫?史密斯 Edwin Setiadi SUGENG, Navarun VARMA, Zachary Aaron SMITH

摘要
洪澇、干旱及水體污染等迫切問題暴露了印度尼西亞雅加達市的治理危機。盡管洪澇問題已經上升到政治層面，當地政府也正在推動河岸景觀的改善，但雅加達的公共政策仍未厘清供水不足與洪澇問題之間的復雜聯系。
早在1872年，雅加達的洪澇問題就已非常顯著。隨后出現了多次重大洪澇災害，最近一次發生于2015年。當地政府制定了多項政策來解決這一難題，新近提出的“河流正常化”政策即為其中一項。其旨在提高河流泄洪能力，避免暴雨期間河水泛濫，具體措施包括取締河岸地區的非正規居住點、拓寬河道和運河寬度及疏浚河床。但不少學者對這項政策持批判態度，技術官僚性過強是弊病之一，以開發流域基礎設施為名借機引資為其二。此外，該政策也未顧及非正規居住點居民的利益，難以促進建立兼具包容性與韌性的社會－水文系統。
本研究借助系統動力學模型，針對雅加達的洪澇問題，剖析了社會和水文－地貌因素間的相互作用，對當前用以改善洪澇問題、預防潛在風險的“河流正常化”政策進行了評估，并進一步對兩類不同的洪水治理政策——提升疏浚成效和綜合水景政策進行了檢驗和對比，結果表明：盡管前者可在短期之內實現較高的效益且實施難度較小，后者卻能夠更加系統地應對雅加達的洪澇問題以及未來的氣候風險，為城市帶來更加持久的韌性。但綜合水景政策在實施過程中既需要以多中心治理制度為保障，也需要依靠邊界組織來推動不同治理層面各行為主體的積極參與。
關鍵詞
洪水；雅加達；"河流正常化"政策；系統動力學；社會－水文系統；疏浚

Abstract 
Governance deficit in Jakarta, Indonesia is often associated to its pressing issues of too much, too little, and too dirty water. Although flood has become an important political issue and the government is pushing a landscape change in the riverbank areas, the public policy in Jakarta has yet to comprehend the complex linkages between the gap in water provisioning and flooding.
Flood is one major issue that has affected Jakarta since as early as 1872. Subsequently, major flood events occurred with the most recent being in 2015. To solve this problem, the government has implemented several policies, with the most recent one named as "Normalisasi." This policy focuses on increasing the flow capacity of the river to prevent it from overflowing during heavy rain events. Under this policy, the government claims eviction of informal settlements from the riverbank areas; widening rivers and canals; and dredging the river beds. Many scholars have criticized the overly technocratic framing of this policy, its covert agenda for attracting investments in infrastructure development in catchment areas, lack of empathy towards informal settlers, along with lack of vision for an inclusive and resilient socio-hydrological system.
This study uses system dynamics modeling to illustrate the interplay of social and hydro-geomorphological factors leading to Jakarta's vulnerability to flooding and to evaluate the policy response of Normalisasi against this vulnerability and future risk scenarios. The model is further used to test and compare two categories of policy strategies of increasing dredging efficacy and an integrated waterscape policy. Though the former seemed cost-efficient in short term and less complex in terms of governance, the latter will help in long-term resilience as it considers the Jakarta flooding issue more holistically with future climate risks. However, implementation of such an integrated waterscape policy requires the institutionalization of polycentric governance and also needs a boundary organization to increase participation of diverse actors across governance levels.
Key words
Floods; Jakarta; Normalisasi; System Dynamics; Social-Hydrological System; Dredging

塑造適應氣候變化的水智慧型城市——南非開普敦干旱的經驗與教訓
Making Cities Water-Wise and Climate-Resilient — Lessons and Experience from the Cape Town Drought
作者：吉娜?希爾翁戈，馬克?紐，劉偉 Gina ZIERVOGEL, Mark NEW, LIU Wei

摘要
目前全球已有一半的人口居住在城市，且這種面向城市的人口凈流入仍將繼續下去。在城市面臨的所有挑戰中，最緊迫的當屬供水和衛生問題。2017~2018年，因連年干旱、嚴重缺水而導致的水資源危機使南非開普敦市頻繁出現在世界各地的媒體頭條中。幸運的是，象征著城市水資源耗盡的"零水日"并未到來。盡管如此，這場危機仍暴露出該市供水系統在面對持續氣候變化時總體缺乏韌性，在氣候適應性治理方面亦存在缺口。眾多城市，尤其是南半球城市，可以從開普敦的遭遇中吸取鮮活的經驗和教訓，了解如何通過強化治理來提高氣候適應性。受訪人馬克?紐和吉娜?希爾翁戈長期關注開普敦的干旱問題，并致力于制定"開普敦干旱響應學習計劃"。在本文中，受訪人剖析了氣候變化對開普敦干旱問題及城市供水系統的影響，并就干旱及水資源短缺的應對及預防措施提出了建議。本文亦簡要介紹了由希爾翁戈提出的"適應性水敏城市框架"以及由二位受訪人共同推行的"開普敦干旱響應學習計劃"對提高開普敦城市韌性的促進作用。
關鍵詞
開普敦；干旱；氣候變化；供水；韌性

Abstract 
Half of humanity now lives in cities and the net in-flow of population into cities will continue. Among all challenges faced by cities, the provisioning for water and sanitation is probably the most pressing one. From 2017 to 2018, the city of Cape Town in South Africa frequently made itself media headlines around the world, in many languages, for its severe water shortage due to consecutive years of drought that later resulted in a water crisis. Fortunately, the potential "Day Zero" when the city would run out of water, did not arrive. However, the crisis exposed a lack of resilience in the city's water supply system in the face of ongoing climate change and a governance gap for climate adaptation. Many cities, especially those in the Global South, can learn from Cape Town's experience and lessons on how to enhance governance to become more climate-resilient. Mark New and Gina Ziervogel, the interviewees, have been devoting themselves to studying about the Cape Town drought, and working on establishing the Cape Town Drought Response Learning Initiative. In this article, they analyzed the influence of climate change on Cape Town drought and the water supply system, and suggested effective methods to address and prevent the drought and water shortage. Ziervogel briefly described her adaptive and water-sensitive city framework while both of them revealed the role of Cape Town Drought Response Learning Initiative in making Cape Town more resilient.
Key words
Cape Town; Drought; Climate Change; Water Supply; Resilience

論中國生態文明制度建設與景觀治理
A Discussion on Institutional Improvement for Ecological Civilization and Landscape Governance in China
作者：張振威 ZHANG Zhenwei

摘要
隨著景觀學科與治理理論的發展，"景觀治理"正成為二者交叉領域的新研究熱點，并被視為環境治理領域的分支與延伸。制度建設是推動景觀治理理論與實踐發展的重要因素。中共十八大以來，中國生態文明建設進入了新階段，系統性的頂層設計及以制度建設為先導是其顯著特色；同時，十八屆三中全會提出"推進國家治理體系與治理能力現代化"，將治理作為評判國家能力和國家與社會關系的新路徑。兩者都將對中國景觀規劃、設計、保護與管理產生重大影響。
本文從景觀的空間尺度效應，景觀的地方性、文化性和集體認知，以及景觀治理概念的應用等三個方面追溯了西方景觀治理理論的發展，繼而分析了中國生態文明制度建設將為景觀治理帶來的諸多契機，包括：頂層設計將從源頭上破除環境生態問題的固有矛盾；將助推國家景觀治理能力的提高；將構筑以生態安全和生態系統服務為導向的土地利用管制體系；將使景觀公共利益回歸本位；將有利于培育公民社會與景觀治理民主；將對風景園林學的教育科研產生多維影響。最后，本文基于全球和中國國家尺度，分別指明了中國景觀治理的進路。
關鍵詞
生態文明；制度建設；治理；景觀治理；景觀途徑

Abstract 
With the development of landscape discipline and governance theories, "landscape governance" has become a new frontier of inter-disciplinary research, and is considered a sub-topic and extension of "environmental governance." Institution is an important factor to the development of landscape governance theory and practice. Since the Eighteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2012, the construction of Ecological Civilization has marked itself a new milestone for its systematic top-down design and institution-oriented efforts. At the same time, the Third Plenary Session of the Eighteenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in 2013 proposed to improve the contemporary national governance system and capacity, and took governance as a new means to evaluate state capacities and state-society relations. Both of them will significantly impact landscape planning, design, protection, and management in China.
This article reviews the evolution of western landscape governance theories driven by 1) the emphasis on the spatial scale effect of landscape; 2) the exploration of the regional variety of cultural and collective identities of local landscapes; and 3) the emphasis on the practice of landscape governance. It also examines the opportunities in China's landscape governance brought by the institutional improvement of Ecological Civilization, which might help: resolve the inherent conflicts that cause the existing environmental and ecological problems; enhance China's capacity on landscape governance; establish a new land-use management system with a greater ecological security and broader ecosystem services; endow landscapes with more public benefits; cultivate a civil society and democracy in landscape governance; and, influence the education and research of Landscape Architecture in multiple dimensions. Finally, the article proposes roadmaps for China's landscape governance at both global and national scales.
Key words
Ecological Civilization; Institutional Improvement; Governance; Landscape Governance; Landscape Approach

科羅拉多州的珍貴財富：美國25號州際公路廊道保護總體規劃
A Colorado Legacy: Interstate 25 Conservation Corridor Master Plan
作者：理查德?肖 Richard SHAW

摘要
美國25號州際公路在科羅拉多－懷俄明兩州交界處向南延伸至科羅拉多斯普林斯一段，走向與科羅拉多州的弗蘭特山脈平行——那里擁有世界上最壯美的景致。但同時，這里也曾是美國一處發展迅猛的地區，開發建設不斷改變著當地的天際線，影響著風景品質。科羅拉多州自然保護信托基金會與Design Workshop設計事務所展開合作，啟動了25號州際公路廊道保護總體規劃項目，鼓勵各個保護組織、政府機構、私人土地所有者和當地居民參與到公共開放土地的保護工作中，以實現對眺望景觀、水質、野生動物、空氣及休閑空間的永久保護。該規劃旨在為當地無節制的擴張建設提供解決方案，利用獨特的規劃方法和適度開發策略，來實現曾經被認為是遙不可及的目標：保護科羅拉多州弗蘭特山脈周邊超過405km2的開放空間。
關鍵詞
保護；規劃；管理；政治協調；科羅拉多州；增長管理

Abstract 
Colorado's Front Range runs parallel to Interstate 25 from the Wyoming border to the Colorado Springs, offering some of the most spectacular scenery in the world. This area of the United States was growing fast and development and construction continued to change the skyline. Colorado Conservation Trust Fund, in collaboration with Design Workshop Inc., initiated the Interstate 25 Conservation Corridor Master Plan to engage conservation organizations, government entities, private landowners, and residents in conserving open lands to forever protect scenic vistas, water quality, wildlife, clean air, and recreational opportunities along the corridor. Devised to offer solutions to the surrounding uncontrolled sprawl, the plan leveraged unique planning methods and limited development strategies to achieve what had been previously considered impossible: the preservation of over 100,000 acres of open space along Colorado's Front Range.
Key words
Conservation; Planning; Stewardship; Political Coordination; Colorado; Growth Management

上海三林楔形生態綠地設計
Shanghai Sanlin Valley Park — Landscape Design of an Urban Green Wedge
作者：張文沫，邢曉曄，陳嘉雯，聶雨晴 ZHANG Wenmo, XING Xiaoye, CHEN Jiawen, NIE Yuqing

摘要
作為上海中心城區總體規劃中的8塊楔形綠地之一，三林生態谷項目是上海黃浦江生態廊道及城市外環生態廊道的重要交匯。在上海市城鎮化進程中，場地生態環境不斷惡化，存在生物多樣性喪失、城市熱島效應突出等問題。項目設計以“谷”作為核心設計概念，并采取了水管理、風道系統與微氣候、生態系統、交通和體驗優化五大設計策略，旨在提升場地的連通性，修復場地生態環境，重塑動植物棲息地及韌性景觀，創建充滿活力的城市宜居環境和城市生態科普及研究基地。
在整個項目設計過程中，設計團隊將美國本土項目強調的社會各個層級的公眾參與、重視公共利益的經驗帶到了中國，形成了一種具有借鑒意義的多邊合作模式。在這種多邊合作模式下，上海三林楔形生態谷項目不僅實現了對設計方案的持續優化，不斷解決施工建造中的落地問題，同時也充分考慮了園區建成后運營管理和生態維護的成本和可行性，旨在使項目真正滿足市民需求，為城市帶來更加持久而顯著的社會、生態和經濟效益。
關鍵詞
城市楔形綠地；多邊合作；微氣候；風道設計；設計模擬

Abstract 
As one of the eight major green wedges within Shanghai's overall urban planning in the city center, Sanlin Valley Park serves as an important intersection between ecological corridors along the Huangpu River and Shanghai's outer ring road. During the rapid urbanization process, the city's ecology has been facing constant deterioration. Furthermore, the city is experiencing an alarming loss of biodiversity, as well as increasingly severe urban heat island effect. To alleviate these issues, the project adopts a "valley" concept as the core of its design and utilizes thoughtful design strategies in five aspects: water management, wind corridors and micro-climates, ecosystem, transportation, and program and experience. With these strategies, the design team aims to improve the site's connectivity, restore its ecology, reshape habitats, create a resilient landscape, and forge a vibrant urban hub that can also serve as the city's ecological research base.
During the design process, the design team adopts certain principles of landscape practices within the USA — that a project should encourage public participation of all socio-economic levels and place emphasis on the experience and benefits of the public. This form of multi-lateral cooperation allows for the park to constantly have its design plan reviewed and improved. It also allows for iterative responses to issues on the ground during construction. Last but not least, it instigates careful considerations of how to manage the park and its ecosystem, both in terms of cost and feasibility. By adopting all of these principles, the design team aspires to truly accede to citizens' needs, all while introducing a sustainable ecosystem that would, ultimately, contribute to a much improved ecology and economy.
Key words
Urban Green Wedge; Multi-Lateral Cooperation; Micro-Climate; Wind Corridor Design; Design Simulation

阿爾巴尼亞地拉那的自由景觀
Freescape of Tirana, Albania
作者：威廉?鮑姆加德納 William BAUMGARDNER

摘要
阿爾巴尼亞首都地拉那是一座言論不自由且身份認同感淡漠的城市。曾經動蕩而黑暗的歷史使得地拉那公民對于政府的信任早已支離破碎。那么，我們是否可以通過重構城市公共空間來更好地幫助個人與集體發聲？本項目嘗試從阿爾巴尼亞紡織品中提取體現人們身份認同感、記憶和聲音的文化元素，并將其在城市尺度上再現。雖然該市正在實施的總體規劃幾乎沒有考慮設置公共空間，但其提出了一種新型的多中心開發模式。項目以其中一個中心-一座廢棄的紡織廠為切入點，通過在多功能城市開發的背景下對場地的文化記憶進行解讀、提煉和表達，以實現集商業孵化、住房供給、公共空間營造、社區農業培育和交通導向型開發等為一體的綜合性目標。該項目希望通過修復土壤、引入新的勞動形式，以及進行社區開發來挖掘場地的過去，進而改寫地拉那的命運。通過解鎖記憶和重構城市肌理，一種可供人們自由發聲的開放的公共空間便形成了。
關鍵詞
社會公平；后工業化；社區開發；都市主義；記憶

Abstract
Tirana, capital of Albania, is a city where voices are silenced and identities remain opaque. With a tumultuous and dark history, Tirana's political landscape, which is inherent to public trust, has been fractured. Then, how can the public realm be reconceived to better express individual and collective voices? This project explores how cultural forms of identity, memory, and voice found in Albanian textiles can be interpreted at the urban scale. The master plan currently implemented in the city scarcely recognizes public spaces but allocates new poly-center developments. Grounding the project in one of these poly-centers, a derelict textile factory, cultural memory is interpreted, extracted, and manifested in a multi-faceted urban development. Such a process aims to operate as a business incubator, housing and public space, community agriculture, and transit-oriented development. This project aspires to reposition the city's history by excavating the past through soil remediation, new forms of labor, and community development. Unlocking this memory and restructuring its texture will form a liberated, vocal, and free public realm.
Key words
Social Equity; Post Industralization; Community Development; Urbanism; Memory

基于區域多中心治理模式的生態恢復——以吐魯番地區坎兒井水利系統的再生利用為例
Ecological Restoration Based on a Regional Polycentric Governance Model — Regeneration of the Karez Water System in Turpan Region
作者：杜澤慧 DU Zeihui

摘要
快速的人口增長及工農業發展加劇了吐魯番地區水資源供應不足的問題，現代水利工程使坎兒井形成的獨特生態系統逐漸失衡，與坎兒井相伴而生的綠洲文明和特色文化景觀也逐漸喪失活力。本文以坎兒井為切入點，以當下氣候變化為契機，在分析吐魯番地區水資源現狀的基礎上，提出基于區域多中心治理模式的規劃、設計和實施途徑，以探尋能夠協調社會各方利益的公共環境治理新思路。具體策略包括：1）建立水賬戶管理體系；2）建立生態農業節水、控水機制；3）構建"農－牧－漁"循環發展模式；4）挖掘廢棄空間的潛在價值。通過重新梳理場地的供需關系，重置現狀資源與區域發展之間的平衡參量，發揮景觀作為生態基礎設施的功能性作用，上述策略可在各方利益達成共識的基礎上形成公共利益，以實現韌性景觀的構建及資源的可持續利用。
關鍵詞
多中心治理模式；吐魯番；坎兒井；水賬戶；生態農業；廢棄空間

Abstract
With the population boom and the rapid industrial and agricultural development, regional water demand has exceeded the supply capacity in Turpan. Modern water infrastructure not only made the unique ecosystem formed by the Karez out-of-balance, but also devitalized the oasis civilization and the indigenous cultural landscape associated with the Karez. Taking the Karez system as an example, this article proposes planning and design schemes and roadmaps based on a regional polycentric governance model to explore a new path of public environmental governance which coordinates the interests of all stakeholders. Four strategies are proposed: 1) establishing the water account management system; 2) establishing an ecological agriculture water saving and control mechanism; 3) introducing an agriculture-husbandry-fishery circular development mode; and 4) revitalizing abandoned space. By re-identifying water supply and demand, rebalancing the existing resources and regional development, and encouraging the role of landscape as ecological infrastructure, resilient landscape and sustainable resource utilization could be realized to maximize the public interest.
Key words
Polycentric Governance Model; Turpan; The Karez; Water Account; Ecological Agriculture; Abandoned Space