《景觀設計學》2019年第1期

俞孔堅?論景觀的服務——《景觀設計學》2019年第1期“主編寄語”
On Services of Landscapes, By Yu Kongjian

因受邀參與產業發展與規劃咨詢，我先后于2017年3月和2019年1月兩次登上祖國南疆的西沙群島，幾乎踏遍西沙域內所有島嶼和沙洲，可以自豪地說，我算是屈指可數的幸運兒。每次登島歸來不久，我即又開始渴望下一次探訪。于我而言，這些遠在數千里之外、散落在大海上的島嶼和沙洲便是詩和遠方。那遠方沙洲上須臾的快樂和滿足，足以彌補舟車勞頓及漫長旅途中所付出的時間和機會成本。這種快樂和滿足便源于景觀所能提供的服務。

最早在我心中播下西沙群島之夢的是一篇小學三年級的課文——《美麗的西沙群島》，它至今還保留在小學課本里，但題目已改為《富饒的西沙群島》[1]。在我看來，把“美麗”改為“富饒”大大損害了文章原有的魅力。我至今仍記得其中所描繪的美麗與富饒：五光十色、瑰麗無比的海水，各種各樣的珊瑚和在珊瑚叢中穿來穿去的魚群；海灘上形狀千奇百怪的貝殼，被漁業工人翻個四腳朝天、沒法逃跑的海龜；島上遍地的鳥蛋和堆積達數米厚的鳥糞。文章最后感嘆道：西沙群島必將變得更加美麗，更加富饒！這不正是烙印在每個幼小心靈上的美麗中國夢嗎！

這夢伴隨我的人生近五十年之久。當我得以登上西沙群島時，盡管眼前所見美妙絕倫的景致令人傾倒，卻與小學課文中所描繪的美麗與富饒相距甚遠：海水依舊五光十色，但珊瑚卻已經大面積死亡，魚群也不見了蹤影。據專家解釋，這是由于漁民濫用氰化物來捕殺躲藏在珊瑚中的魚類，更有不法之徒不惜以大面積毀壞珊瑚為代價，開挖深埋于礁盤中的硨磲；此外，由于法螺（Charonia tritonis）等被過度捕撈，缺少了天敵的長棘海星（Acanthaster planci）恣意繁殖，摧毀了大量珊瑚。盡管細軟的沙灘仍然綿延于水陸之間，但大部分島嶼已經不再有海龜光顧；至于那遍地的鳥蛋和厚厚的鳥糞，早已變成“久遠的傳說”——早在1939~1945年間，日本侵略者將西沙群島上的鳥糞盜運回國，只因覬覦其中富含的磷；小小的幾個洲嶼就曾被法國、日本先后占領；更有非法漁民為財富而來，海洋生物、礦藏等資源被不斷掠奪。

遺憾的是，迄今為止，甚少有個人或團體是因其美麗或所提供的景觀服務而來。要獲得這些服務，我們無需摧毀珊瑚來開采硨磲華麗的珍珠質、攫取美味的海鮮，更無需侵占海鳥和海龜的棲息地以宣示人類的存在。相反，我們只需解放全部的人體感官，去體驗、享受其所帶來的精神、文化和社會層面上無窮無盡的財富。將一群穿梭于絢爛靈動的珊瑚中的活生生的魚變成魚肉所獲得的價值，必定無法等同于它們被無數次欣賞、喚起人們愉悅心情和激發藝術靈感的價值。

因而，當被熱情邀我上島的當地領導問及應如何發展島上的產業，諸如捕魚、海洋牧場、魚類標本制作等等時，我大聲反問道：難道在這小小島嶼和沙洲上，還有比鑄就愛和美麗中國夢更具價值的產業嗎？

It has been my honor to be invited to visit the Xisha Islands in southern China in both March 2017 and January 2019. In offering advice on the islands’ industrial development and planning, it was also a rare opportunity for me to explore the islands and shoals in more detail. I am already looking forward to a third visit to the islands, where those islands and shoals scattering in the sea thousands of miles away are fairylands to me. Even the passing pleasure and satisfaction provided by the landscape services far outweigh the time and expense of travel.

The Beautiful Xisha Islands in the textbook for my third year of primary school first inspired my desire to the islands. The beauty and fertility of the islands depicted in the text are still impressed: colorful and magnificent seawater, a variety of corals that attracted fishes, strange seashells, sea turtles that could not run away as they were turned over by fishermen, seabird eggs filled the islands, and thick seabird droppings. The text ends with an expectation that the Xisha Islands will be more beautiful and fertile, which is exactly a dream of Beautiful China — Although still found in textbooks, now it has been renamed The Fertile Xisha Islands[1], which for me could not fit into the text.

Having had knowledge of the islands for nearly five decades, I was overwhelmed and thrilled by the true beauty of the islands once arriving there. At the same time, a shocking amount of the coral and fish had died, significantly differing from the beauty and fertility described in the textbook. According to local experts, it was caused by illegal fishing that used cyanides, capture of giant clams living among the coral reefs, and the imbalance of marine life — the triton’s trumpet (Charonia tritonis) had been overfished while the crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) had multiplied excessively and killed large amounts of coral. On the remaining soft beaches, also absent were the sea turtles, seabird eggs, and thick seabird droppings. During the World War II, the seabird droppings were collected and shipped to Japan for phosphorus. After that, the Xisha Islands have suffered from intensive exploitation of marine life and mineral resources.

However, few of the visitors or groups come for the beauty and the landscape services here, which can be easily accessed. The landscape services of the islands can be experienced and enjoyed through their spiritual, cultural, and social wealth, without damaging the coral to cut the reefs for gorgeous pearls and delicious seafood, or invading the habitats of seabirds and sea turtles to declare the ownership of human beings. The value of fish as food can never be worth the same as its ornamental value, pleasure, and artistic inspiration arisen by those swimming through the coral.

Therefore, when asked by the local officials who warmly invited me to visit the islands about how marine industries such as fishing, marine ranching, artwork manufacturing, and fish specimen making could be further developed, I responded proudly that there was nothing more valuable than nurturing love and Beautiful China dream.

Reference

[1] Chu, J. N. (2018). The Fertile Xisha Islands. Chinese (For Grade 3-1 of Primary School) (pp. 76-78). Beijing: People’s Education Press

主編寄語
論景觀的服務（俞孔堅）

論文
設計生態的不同視角（王志芳，袁振宇）
森林都市主義：比利時索尼安森林的城市－生態策略及實施途徑（布魯諾·德·繆德爾，凱利·香農，阮明匡）
北京市海淀區綠地結構功能性連接分析與構建策略研究（王博婭，劉志成）
雨洪管理多功能景觀文化生態系統服務的重要性－滿意度研究（楊青娟，梅瑞狄斯·弗朗西絲·多比）
設計生態學的景觀績效實證研究—以天津橋園公園鹽堿地改善為例（劉潔）

觀點與評論
生態系統服務研究思辨（李雙成）
自然資源資產管理與國土空間規劃（董祚繼）

主題實踐
景觀服務新模式：疏浚設計（埃塞克·哈梅茲，布萊恩·戴維斯）
景觀即工作場所—舊金山灣區Facebook總部設計（蕾娜·德尼奧德）
蘇格蘭鄧巴炮臺歷史遺跡再生設計（克里斯·蘭金）

探索與過程
環境原理：中國西北地區生態現代化工程分級權利的調和策略（歐陽頌恩）
植物眼中的臺北（侯志仁，鄧信惠）

【中文刊名】《景觀設計學》——景觀服務
【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers ? Landscape Services
【作者】王志芳（WANG Zhifang），袁振宇（YUAN Zhenyu），布魯諾·德·繆德爾（Bruno De MEULDER）等
【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司
【頁碼】175頁彩色印刷
【刊號】ISSN 2096-336X
【出版日期】2019年2月
【定價】58.00元

設計生態的不同視角
Perspectives of Designed Ecologies
作者：王志芳，袁振宇 WANG Zhifang, YUAN Zhenyu

摘要
設計生態是指在人居環境中，特別是生態破壞較嚴重的地方，設計積極主動介入生態系統功能優化、修復或重建的過程。與生態設計不同，設計生態是對復雜人居環境的創造性介入和改造。本文從相關概念的對比出發，將設計生態歸納為4個視角：再造自然風景、再造本土生境、加速自然修復，以及優化自然系統。以此為基礎，本文嘗試提出設計生態的三大內涵：1）生態的功能性，即設計需要創造一個可以自我維護的生態系統；2）過程的功效性，即需要使設計結果優于自然做功，甚至可以促進生態演進；3）結果的體驗性，即設計需要疊加美學體驗以使生態系統更符合人類社會的需求。作者指出，設計生態的有效推進有賴于設計實踐與生態研究雙方面的努力，包括對于地方生態系統、生態系統自我演替過程及生態系統承載力的研究，以及設計實踐對于改善人居體驗的探索。
關鍵詞
設計生態；生態設計；生態系統；維度；景觀服務；人居環境

Abstract 
Designed ecology refers to a process of active and purposive design interventions that help enhance functional improvement, restoration, or reshaping of ecosystem in human settlements, especially in the areas suffering from severe ecological degradation. Different from ecological design, designed ecology is to creatively intervene and improve human beings’ complicated living environment. Starting from an examination of related concepts, this paper reviews designed ecology from four perspectives: creating natural environment; reintroducing native habitat; enhancing natural regeneration; and tending natural ecosystem. It further defines designed ecology at three levels: 1) ecological functionality, i.e. the design creates a self-maintaining ecosystem; 2) succession efficiency, i.e. the effect of the designed succession surpasses the results of natural regeneration or the design helps promote natural regeneration; and 3) landscape experience, i.e. the design offers aesthetic services to better respond to the needs of human society. The authors argue that an effective promotion of designed ecology relies on both the efforts of design practice and ecological study, including research on regional / local ecosystem, self-succession of ecosystem, and ecosystem capacity, as well as exploration of improving human living experience through design practice.
Key words
Designed Ecology; Ecological Design; Ecosystem; Dimension; Landscape Service; Human Living Environment

森林都市主義：比利時索尼安森林的城市－生態策略及實施途徑
Forest Urbanisms: urban and Ecological Strategies and Tools for the Sonian Forest in Belgium
作者：布魯諾·德·繆德爾，凱利·香農，阮明匡 Bruno De MEULDER, Kelly SHANNON, Minh Quang NGUYEN

摘要
本文通過回顧大布魯塞爾及周邊地區的索尼安森林與人居環境交融演變的發展歷程，闡釋了“森林都市主義”這一概念。森林景觀被認為是生態（提供大量生態系統服務）和城市環境的基本結構。森林都市主義是城市建設的一種形式，其依靠森林作為跨越（與交通、人居環境和生態相關的）尺度和維度的結構性要素。城市建設與大面積森林的相互作用體現為地域尺度上具有不同性質的各式森林形態。本文揭示了布魯塞爾地區的森林和城市建設之間的相互影響，其中，城市環境的尺度、密度、品質和發展壓力不盡相同，從坐落于森林中的人類定居點到擁有鮮明肌理的森林-城市的形式和方式也有所差異。索尼安森林及其周圍環境隨著時間發生的持續變化、所面臨的當代挑戰，以及未來可能的發展方向都非常引人矚目。本文探究了森林砍伐與造林、人居環境與城市環境重建之間平行卻又相互交織的過程和復雜關系。最后，作者認為，當下迫切需要通過重新梳理開發與保護的關系，來重建城市與森林之間生產與消耗的平衡。
關鍵詞
森林；都市主義；比利時；設計研究；索尼安森林

Abstract 
This article unfolds the notion of “forest urbanism” through a discussion on the intertwined evolution of the Sonian Forest and settlement development in the greater Brussels environs through history. The forest landscape is considered a fundamental structure, both for ecology (delivering numerous ecosystem services) and the urban environment. Forest urbanism is an urbanism that relies on the forest as a structuring device across scales and dimensions (in relation to mobility, settlement, and ecology). The interplay of urbanism with the large forest domain operates at the territorial scale and various forest domains of very different natures. It unravels forest and urbanism interplays within the Brussels region with quite different urban contexts (scale, density, quality, development pressure, etc.) and with quite different forms and modalities (from settlements embedded within the forest to the forest-city as adjacent domains). The Sonian Forest and its surroundings are exceptionally compelling with regards to both their continuous transformation over time, contemporary challenges, and possible future trajectories. The article traces the parallel, intertwined processes and complex relations of deforestation / afforestation and settlement / restructuring of urban environments. As will become evident, the relationship that always iterated between a productive and consumptive one, urgently requires a recalibration where exploitation / consumption is balanced by protection / production.
Key words
Forest; Urbanism; Belgium; Design Research; Sonian Forest

北京市海淀區綠地結構功能性連接分析與構建策略研究
Functional Connectivity Analyses and Construction Strategies of the Structure of Green Space Network in Haidian District of Beijing
作者：王博婭，劉志成 WANG Boya, LIU Zhicheng

摘要
城市綠地結構布局一直是風景園林學科研究的重點之一，構建具有生態價值的空間結構是城市建設的迫切需求。本文對北京市海淀區綠地網絡結構功能性連接與構建策略進行研究，結合生態系統服務評估與權衡（InVEST）模型、最小費用模型等方法構建阻力面、確定連接路徑；采用功能性連接指數（NL、NC、IIC、PC和dIIC）表示不同距離閾值下綠地網絡結構特性。研究結果表明，整體而言，最適合海淀區綠地網絡現狀結構的距離閾值為2 200m；此時形成了10個組分共353條路徑，確立了西山、頤和園等6個需優先保護的重要節點和三條重要路徑。研究進一步顯示，以喬木為目標物種的林地網絡和以水禽為目標物種的水域網絡的破碎化程度較高，其中林地網絡在西部山區、北部平原和東南城區分別形成了優勢斑塊結構、局部網絡結構和點狀組團結構。研究同時證明，通過增加10條重要連接路徑可使林地網絡連接度提高至原來的1.7倍，使整體結構由破碎化網絡變成完整、沿多方向延伸的、穩定而具有韌性的網絡結構。最后，研究針對城市綠地結構的構建提出了明確目標、確定目標物種，識別并保護重要節點及重要連接路徑，增加潛在連接路徑、完善綠地網絡結構等策略，從而高效改善和提升城市生態品質。
關鍵詞
城市綠地結構；功能性連接；生態系統服務評估與權衡（InVEST）模型；最小費用模型；構建策略；生物多樣性保護

Abstract 
Urban green space structure and pattern have been one of the highlights in Landscape Architecture studies, accompanying with urgent demands of promoting ecological spatial structures in urban construction. Focusing on functional connectivity and construction strategies of the structure of green space network in Haidian District of Beijing, this research builds resistance surface and identifies linkages through habitat quality evaluation of the InVEST Model and the simulation with the Least-Cost Model, while adopting functional connectivity index (NL, NC, IIC, PC, and dIIC) to indicate the structural characteristics of green space network at varied distance thresholds. Results reveal that, on the whole, the distance threshold of 2,200 meters is most appropriate for the structure of the existing green space network of Haidian District, when 10 components and 353 linkages are identified and six important nodes and three important linkages that require a protection priority are further determined. Findings also disclose that the forest network of target tree species and that of water network of target water bird species are highly fragmented. Forest network serves in forms of dominant patch structure, local network structure, and fragmented cluster structure in the western mountainous area, the northern plain area, and the southeastern urban area, respectively. Moreover, the research proves that by introducing ten important linkages, the connectivity of forest network can be improved by 1.7 times, completing the overall structure in multiple directions and helping form a stable and resilient structure of the network. Finally, the research puts forward strategies for urban green space construction, including identifying construction objectives and target species, identifying and protecting important nodes and important linkages, and introducing possible important linkages and improving the structure of green space network, to help efficiently improve urban ecological quality.
Key words
Urban Green Space Structure; Functional Connectivity; InVEST Model; Least-Cost Model; Construction Strategy; Biodiversity Conservation

雨洪管理多功能景觀文化生態系統服務的重要性－滿意度研究
Importance — Satisfaction Analysis of Cultural Ecosystem Services of Multi-Functional Landscapes Designed for Stormwater Management
作者：楊青娟，梅瑞狄斯·弗朗西絲·多比 YANG Qingjuan, Meredith Frances Dobbie

摘要
基于可持續理念的雨洪管理多功能景觀是城市中重要的生態系統服務供給主體，能為公眾提供多種文化服務，兼具環境、美學、教育與經濟等多種效益。由于難以進行定量分析，文化生態系統服務的評估研究相對較少，導致業界與公眾一直對其重要性認識不足。重要性－滿意度分析（Importance-Satisfaction Analysis，簡稱ISA）以人的主觀感知為依據，使抽象的文化生態系統服務功能變得容易理解和評價。本研究以不同類型的雨洪管理景觀要素為例，探究了ISA方法在文化生態系統服務評價和景觀設計管理決策優化方面的實用性。結果顯示：審美欣賞、休閑/生態旅游、場所感是城市雨洪管理景觀所提供的最受重視的文化生態系統服務；同時，公眾對某些類型的雨洪管理景觀提供的文化生態系統服務的滿意度與重要性感知之間還存在差距。研究認為，ISA方法可為改善雨洪管理多功能景觀的設計與管理決策提供有益的參考。
關鍵詞
重要性－滿意度分析；文化生態系統服務；景觀設計；多功能景觀；水敏性城市設計

Abstract 
The multi-functional landscapes for sustainable stormwater management play a significant role in providing various benefits on the environment, aesthetics, education, economy, etc. through the cultural ecosystem services, which have been underestimated by both the professionals and the public, due to the difficulty in their interpretation and quantification. The Importance-Satisfaction Analysis (ISA) makes it easier by evaluating the cultural ecosystem services with human’s perception, and was tested with the multi-functional landscapes for stormwater management in this research. The results show that aesthetic value, recreation / eco-tourism, and sense of place are the most valued cultural ecosystem services. Those cultural ecosystem services with a gap between their perceived importance and the public satisfaction with their delivery are also identified. ISA can discover the public’s perception and expectation of the stormwater management landscapes, which helps the decision-making about their improvement a lot.
Key words
Importance-Satisfaction Analysis; Cultural Ecosystem Services; Landscape Architecture; Multifunctional Landscapes; Water Sensitive Urban Design

設計生態學的景觀績效實證研究——以天津橋園公園鹽堿地改善為例
Empirical Research on the Performance of Designed Ecologies through a Field Observation of Saline-Alkali Soil Improvement in Qiaoyuan Park of Tianjin
作者：劉潔 LIU Jie

摘要
快速城市化導致自然生態系統退化，其調節、凈化、生產等服務受到嚴重破壞。景觀設計作為當代改善城市環境的重要手段，應當更加重視對景觀功能與過程的設計，使公園、綠地等景觀成為城市重要的生態服務供給者，而非城市的負擔。為此，俞孔堅提出了“設計生態學”概念：它是人工的生態或人工設計的生命（包括人）與自然環境相互作用的系統，是景觀設計及規劃塑造的生態過程，也是一種跨尺度、跨學科的實證主義研究。本研究以基于此概念設計的天津橋園公園為案例，利用生態學實驗等方法，對公園鹽堿地改良的景觀績效進行了實證研究。研究證明，橋園人工生態系統實現了設計的預期目標，即經過景觀設計的公園坑塘區域土壤pH值明顯低于非設計區域，并且不論在坑塘內部微環境還是在坑塘區域整體空間上，都將土壤鹽分累積在地勢較低的空間，從而達到了顯著的排鹽排堿效果。其設計模式對類似城市公園和綠地景觀的生態設計具有借鑒意義。
關鍵詞
設計生態學；景觀生態設計；橋園公園；生態學實驗；景觀績效；鹽堿地改良

Abstract 
The current rapid urbanization leads to a degeneration in natural ecosystems whose regulating, purification, and production services have been seriously damaged. Landscape architecture focusing more on landscape functions and processes in this context is significant to urban environment improvement, by creating more urban parks and green spaces to provide ecological services as benefits rather than cities' burdens. Therefore, Yu Kongjian defined Designed Ecology as a constructed ecosystem or a system of interactions between living creatures (including human beings) and nature by human design, also ecological processes formed by landscape architecture and planning, and an interdisciplinary, cross-scale, and empirical research in a form of landscape. This research examined the landscape performance of saline-alkali soil amelioration in Qiaoyuan Park designed with the Designed Ecology principles by ecological experiments. The results prove that through micro-topography design, the park's constructed ecosystem significantly drains away salt and alkali to the lower areas of the site, both within the pond and across the whole pond system, achieving its design goal. This case study provides models for similar ecological landscape design of urban parks and green spaces.
Key words
Designed Ecologies; Ecological Design of Landscape; Qiaoyuan Park; Ecological Experiment; Landscape Performance; Saline-Alkali Soil Amelioration

生態系統服務研究思辨
Reflections on Ecosystem Service Research
作者：李雙成 LI Shuangcheng

摘要
本文通過梳理生態系統服務研究的重要節點，系統介紹了其發展過程、現狀、熱點和趨勢。當前研究的熱點聚焦于生態系統服務的分類、價值評估、服務簇識別、權衡與協同、流動模擬及其在決策優化過程中的作用等。生態系統服務研究涉及多個學科，涵蓋社會－生態系統的方方面面，整合不同學科的優勢將有助于在研究中對更多自然與社會因素進行綜合考量。此外，對生態系統服務價值的評估不僅能夠為規劃設計的前期工作提供基礎信息和數據，也能為社會、經濟和管理等方面的決策提供直觀依據，因此我們應當探索多樣化的物質量－價值量換算方法。最后，文章強調在生態系統服務級聯框架研究與應用不斷加強的情況下，景觀設計師可以借助自身優勢在生態建設中發揮更大的作用。
關鍵詞
生態系統服務；價值評估；級聯框架；生態系統服務簇；權衡與協同

Abstract 
Through literature review, this article introduces milestones, current situation and focuses, and trends of the ecosystem service research, which concentrates recently on classification, value evaluation, identification of bundles, balance, synergy, and flow simulation of ecosystem services, and their role in decision-making optimization. The research involves several disciplines related to social-ecological interactions, for which the collaboration between different disciplines may facilitate the research by comprehensive considerations on more natural and social factors. In addition, ecosystem service value evaluation provides not only basic information and data for preliminary planning and design, but also a direct evidence for decision-making in social, economic, and management affairs. As a result, more diverse estimation methods should be explored for converting physical amounts into value amounts in ecosystem service value evaluation. Finally, this article proposes that by strengthening research and application of the cascade framework of ecosystem services, landscape architects may play a more important role in ecological construction.
Key words
Ecosystem Services; Valuation; Cascade Framework; Bundles of Ecosystem Services; Balance and Synergy

自然資源資產管理與國土空間規劃
Natural Resource Asset Management and Land and Spatial Planning
作者：董祚繼 DONG Zuoji

摘要
作者首先對自然環境、自然資源，以及自然資源資產等概念進行了辨析，并指出自然資源可提供支持服務、供給服務、調節服務、文化服務等生態系統服務；進而強調，中國自然資源資產在調查與評估等方面存在權屬邊界不清、權責劃分不明、價值不易衡量等問題，且各類自然資源粗放利用現象突出。作者認為，生態環境問題往往源于對資源的過度掠奪。整體而言，近些年中國的生態治理和修復工作并未取得顯著成效，主要由于這些工作大多以散點式進行，同時執法力度不足，且公民對自然資源的保護意識還較薄弱。新一輪的國家大部制改革（如自然資源部和生態環境部的成立），以及“多規合一”政策的施行對中國的自然資源保護管理工作起到了積極推動作用。作者最后指出，在未來，國家層面應努力協調國土空間規劃與國民社會經濟發展規劃，而城市規劃者應當跳脫工程技術層面，使規劃真正成為解決社會問題、提升發展質量的工具。
關鍵詞
自然資源；自然資源資產；生態系統服務；自然資源資產調查與評估；國土空間規劃；國民社會經濟發展規劃

Abstract 
At the beginning, the author examines the concepts of natural environment, natural resource, and natural resource asset and the ecological services what natural resources could provide as ecosystems, including supporting services, provisioning services, regulating services, and cultural services. The author stresses that, in China, the survey and assessment of resource assets face many difficulties in defining ownerships and tenures, rights and responsibilities, and valuation, and extensive exploitation and utilization still dominates the country’s natural resource management. He argues that ecological damage and environmental degradation often resulted from over-exploitation of resources; on the whole, China’s recent ecological restoration has not seen a substantial improvement, largely resulting from the separate and inconsistent practice, ill enforcement, and the weak public awareness of ecological remediation and restoration in the country. He highlights that China’s new reform of a Super-Ministry System (including the establishments of the Ministry of Natural Resources and the Ministry of Ecology and Environment), as well as the implementation of the Integrated Planning policy, has facilitated an integrated management on natural resource conservation. Finally, the author underscores that, in the future, the Chinese government ought to coordinate its land and spatial planning with domestic socio-economic planning, and urban planning professionals are expected to go beyond engineering and technical explorations and realize planning approaches as tools that would truly and efficiently cope with societal challenges and improve the quality of development.
Key words
Natural Resource; Natural Resource Asset; Ecosystem Service; Survey and Assessment of Natural Resource Asset; Land and Spatial Planning; Domestic Socio-Economic Planning

景觀服務新模式：疏浚設計
Beyond Services: Design with Dredge 作者：埃塞克·哈梅茲，布萊恩·戴維斯 Isaac HAMETZ, Brian DAVIS

摘要
景觀設計正處于復興時期——一個重要的標志是景觀設計師第一次被授予麥克阿瑟獎。透過大型景觀項目，景觀設計師需要對城市公園、濱水區，以及城市中心開發區得以提出新的構思。這些項目因巨大的規模和尺度，會對其所在的城市帶來重要的社會、生態和經濟影響。這種客戶主導的服務模式影響著景觀項目的進行，也影響了景觀設計師的收入及聲望，但這只是景觀實踐的其中一種模式。本文介紹的“疏浚設計”計劃旨在擴展服務范疇并建立新型專業實踐模式，它整合了研究、設計、實驗、實踐，和由社區及不同合作對象執行的適應性管理。這種模式并非意在推翻或否定現有的景觀設計模式，而是力求拓展景觀設計的可能性，并鼓勵更多的設計師關注景觀設計中的不同媒介，同時探索各種尺度下非自然的淤積過程及處理。這一橫跨多專業的協作機制有助于在從業者、社區成員、學者、監管者和專業人士之間建立一套整合的概念框架、規劃優先等級和應用景觀策略，以推進巴爾的摩－切薩皮克灣地區的疏浚物韌性設計管理，并為其他港口城市和沿海社區在新型實踐模式和新興景觀基礎設施方面的探索提供借鑒。
關鍵詞
淤積物；設計研究；景觀基礎設施；專業實踐；韌性；服務

Abstract 
Landscape architecture is in the midst of a renaissance. For the first time, a landscape architect was awarded the McArthur Foundation Fellowship. Large professional service contracts are being tendered to practitioners to reimagine urban parks, waterfronts, and downtown development districts. The scope and scale of these projects are significant, as are the impacts these commissions are having on the social, ecological, and economic fabric of the cities in which they are taking place. However, inasmuch as the client-driven professional service model through which these landscapes take shape is essential to the financial health and prestige of landscape architects, it represents only one model of landscape practice. The Design with Dredge program seeks to expand beyond services and into a model of professional practice that proactively collocates research, design, experimentation, activism, and adaptive management with community and strategic partnerships. The model does not attempt to supplant or undermine the business of landscape architecture. What it does do is to widen the aperture of possibilities and extend the field of action for landscape architects who wish to engage more directly with the medium of landscape and specifically with anthropogenic sediment processes including large- and small-scale dredging operations. This broadened professional nexus creates opportunities for practitioners, community members, academics, regulators, and industry experts to advance shared conceptual frameworks, planning priorities, and applied landscape strategies for resilient dredged material management in the Baltimore-Chesapeake Bay region, providing a precedent for others who may wish to explore new modes of practice and emerging landscape infrastructure issues facing port cities and coastal communities.
Key words
Sediment; Design Research; Landscape Infrastructure; Professional Practice; Resilience; Service

景觀即工作場所——舊金山灣區Facebook總部設計
Workplace as Landscape — Design of Facebook Headquarter in San Francisco Bay Area
作者：蕾娜·德尼奧德 Rayna DENIORD

摘要
本文概括介紹了位于加利福尼亞州門洛帕克市的Facebook總部規劃設計，以及正在修建中的海灣園區。該項目基于生態原則，旨在將一片后工業棕地修復為一處具有生物多樣性的韌性景觀，并將工作場所文化的功能需求與建立自然系統所創造的棲息地相結合。MPK20和MPK21是三座新建筑中已落成的兩座，其建筑與景觀渾然一體。它們共同構成了一個豐富的復合園區，該園區不僅可以促進人與人、人與自然之間的交流、減少及處理雨水徑流，還可將熱島效應降至最低，并實現開放空間的最大化。作為對施工現場和項目需求的回應，我們對MPK20（2015年落成）進行了一系列觀察和意見收集工作，這些反饋為優化MPK21（2018年落成）提供了寶貴經驗。該設計提供了豐富的景觀服務，不僅增強了人們對于加利福尼亞州本土植物的了解，也使人們可以進行沉浸式體驗——放松心靈、增強體驗，并激發想象力。
關鍵詞
工作場所；景觀；社區；海灣園區；公眾可達性；連通性；棕地；自然；生物多樣性；活動

Abstract 
This article is broadly about Facebook Headquarters in Menlo Park, California, with a focus on the planning, design, and ongoing construction of the Bayfront Campus. The project is rooted in ecological principles, restoring a post-industrial brownfield site to a biodiverse and resilient landscape. It reaches to merge the functional needs of workplace culture with habitat created by the establishment of natural systems. Two of three new buildings — MPK 20 and MPK 21 — are now completed, fluidly integrating the architecture and landscape. Together, they form a rich and complex campus landscape that brings people close to each other and to nature, reduces and treats stormwater runoff, minimizes head island effects, and maximizes open space. Responding to ongoing site and program needs, the observations and feedback from MPK 20 (completed in 2015) provided valuable insights on the improvement of MPK 21 (completed in 2018). The design provides abundant landscape services, not only enhancing the knowledge of species that define local California native habitats, but also allowing people to learn through osmosis — relaxing the mind, expanding perception, and stimulating imagination.
Key words
Workplace; Landscape; Community; Bayfront Campus ; Public Access; Connectivity; Brownfield; Nature; Ecological Diversity; Activity

蘇格蘭鄧巴炮臺歷史遺跡再生設計
Regeneration Design of the Historic Dunbar Battery in Scotland
作者：克里斯·蘭金 Chris RANKIN

摘要
本項目的設計對象是位于蘇格蘭鄧巴海港區拉默島上的一座石砌炮臺遺跡。Rankinfraser景觀設計事務所作為項目的總領導者，通過妥善協調設計團隊、項目委托方與公眾之間的關系，在從前期場地調研到建設資金及許可申請等一系列工作中展現了出色的專業水平。項目秉持迪特·拉姆斯的至簡設計理念，在尊重場地原貌的前提下對其進行全面、深入的特征信息挖掘，最終將炮臺打造為一個集公共藝術、歷史詮釋、環境教育、娛樂集會等多種功能為一體的市民空間。自2017年建成以來，當地公眾與景觀設計行業均對其給予了積極評價。
關鍵詞
景觀設計；多層次歷史遺跡；公共藝術；再生；社區；景觀服務

Abstract 
The project is for the design of a new civic space within Lamer Island Battery, a stone defensive structure built on a rocky outcrop in Dunbar Harbour, Scotland. Rankinfraser Landscape Architecture was employed to provide professional design services from early site research to helping secure funding and permit application as the primary leader of coordination among the design team, the client, and the public. Based on a Dieter Rams’ principle that “good design is as little design as possible,” the design prioritises the importance of site along with a detailed and thorough understanding of the components that constitute the character of the place, providing new public art, deeper interpretation of the site’s history, environment education, and attractive places for gathering. Since its completion in 2017 the battery has been very well received, both by the local communities and professionals.
Key words
Landscape Architecture; Palimpsest of History; Public Art; Regeneration; Community; Landscape Service

環境原理：中國西北地區生態現代化工程分級權利的調和策略
An Environmental Rationale: Strategies to Reconcile the Graduated Interest of Northwestern China’s Eco-modernization Programs
作者：歐陽頌恩 AU YOUNG Chung Yan

摘要
在1980~2010年，中國中央政府在西北地區主導了一系列環境工程，包括三北防護林工程、 “吊莊移民”及寧夏扶貧揚黃灌溉工程、天然林保護工程、退耕還林工程，以及退牧還草工程。本文以寧夏回族自治區為例，探討了大規模生態現代化工程之間的重疊與沖突。通過闡釋農業綜合發展下的分級權利并對三個案例設定預景，本文認為上述工程在生態現代化框架下具有一定的局限性。相比生態現代化的視角，結合了保育移民與生態移民的二元框架更能夠評估這些工程中復雜的相互作用與矛盾沖突，從而優化資源分配，并探索中國西北部地區綠化工程的替代性方法。
關鍵詞
寧夏；生態現代化工程；分級權利；重新安置；保育移民；生態移民；二元框架

Abstract 
From 1980 to 2010, the Chinese government introduced a set of environmental programs across northwestern China, including Three-North Shelterbelt Program, Suspended Village Migration, 1236 Yellow River Irrigation Program, Natural Forest Protection Program, Sloping Land Conversion Program, and Converting Pastures to Grasslands Program. Focusing on the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, this paper explores the overlaps and frictions between China’s large environmental programs, and reveals some of the limitations of these programs in the eco-modernization framework by studying the graduated interest under agricultural comprehensive development and scenarios in three case studies. Compared with the insights from eco-modernization, the conservation refugee and eco-refugee binary framework could review complex interaction and overlapping histories from these coexisting programs, so that resources could be distributed better and alternative ways of greening work of northwestern china could be explored.
Key words
Ningxia; Eco-Modernization Programs; Graduated Interest; Resettlement; Conservation Refugee; Eco-Refugee; Binary Framework

植物眼中的臺北
Plant’s-Eye Views of Taipei
作者：侯志仁，鄧信惠 Jeffrey HOU, Dorothy TANG
摘要
《植物眼中的臺北》是2018臺北雙年展中的一個裝置作品，其素材源自2018年夏季于臺北市舉辦的國際工作坊。在兩位參展人以及數位生態學家與攝影專家的指導下，來自亞太地區不同國家的大學生在工作坊中分別將自己想象為一種特定的植物。通過研究植物的生理機能，學員們可以更好地了解這些植物的生理特征、生命歷程，以及環境適應性。通過“化身”為植物，他們可以從嶄新的視角觀察臺北市—一個由植物群落和人類社區共同塑造的城市。該裝置最終在臺北市立美術館展出，包括支架、示意圖，以及相關影像成果。這一作品旨在探索從植物視角觀察城市的不同方式，并傳達植物“擬人化”、城市結構“植物化”，以及“向光性”的概念。
關鍵詞
植物視覺；擬人化；植物化；向光性；臺北

Abstract
The installation of “Plant’s-Eye Views of Taipei” is the result of an international workshop that took place in Taipei in summer 2018, organized as part of the 2018 Taipei Biennial. Under the direction of two participating artists, and with the help from ecologists and videographers, university students from the Asia-Pacific region each imagined themselves as a particular plant. Students began by examining the physiology of selected plants to better understand their characteristics and life histories, as well as their adaptive features and ecosystem behaviors. In viewing themselves as plants, students were able to see Taipei through a new lens as a place co-produced by the city’s urban flora and human communities. The installation including scaffolds, sketches, and films was exhibited at the Taipei Fine Arts Museum to explore different ways through which plants view the city, as well as notions of anthropomorphism, phytomorphism, and phototropism.
Key words
Plant’s-Eye View; Anthropomorphism; Phytomorphism; Phototropism; Taipei