地址：北京市海淀區中關村北大街100號（北樓）北京大學建筑與景觀設計學院一層 Email：info@landscape.cn
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俞孔堅?生態安全格局與國土空間開發格局優化
——《景觀設計學》2016年第5期“主編寄語”
Ecological Security Pattern and Spatial Development Pattern Optimization of National Territory
By Kongjian Yu
2012年11月8日，舉世矚目的中國共產黨第十八次全國代表大會（以下簡稱十八大）在北京召開。此次大會工作報告的重要內容之一是非常具體而專業地表述了國土空間開發格局在生態文明建設中的意義，并使用了“生態安全格局”這樣的專業詞匯，明確提出其在優化國土空間開發格局中的地位：“國土是生態文明建設的空間載體，必須珍惜每一寸國土。要按照人口資源環境相均衡、經濟社會生態效益相統一的原則，控制開發強度，調整空間結構，促進生產空間集約高效、生活空間宜居適度、生態空間山清水秀，給自然留下更多修復空間，給農業留下更多良田，給子孫后代留下天藍、地綠、水凈的美好家園。加快實施主體功能區戰略，推動各地區嚴格按照主體功能定位發展，構建科學合理的城市化格局、農業發展格局、生態安全格局。”
一年之后，2013年11月12日，中國共產黨第十八屆中央委員會第三次全體會議進一步提出“加快生態文明制度建設”，并指出應“建立空間規劃體系，劃定生產、生活、生態空間開發管制界限，落實用途管制。健全能源、水、土地節約集約使用制度”，并具體提出應“劃定生態保護紅線，堅定不移實施主體功能區制度，建立國土空間開發保護制度，嚴格按照主體功能區定位推動發展。”
這其中涉及三個核心概念：國土利用的空間格局（包括城鎮化格局、農業生產格局和生態安全格局）、生態紅線和主體功能區。這三個概念明確了將國土作為生態文明建設空間載體的定位。而這其中有一個關鍵的學術概念“格局”，尤其是“生態安全格局”。
生態安全格局的概念最早于1995年提出，是景觀安全格局的一種。景觀安全格局的精髓是把景觀中的水平過程（包括雨洪過程、火災蔓延、動物遷徙、城市擴張、農業開墾等）作為競爭性的空間控制和土地覆蓋過程來理解，它們必須有效地克服空間阻力來完成這樣的空間覆蓋。換句話說，要維護某種過程的安全和健康，必須占據一個關鍵性的格局，這個格局就稱為景觀安全格局。景觀安全格局研究主要針對中國國土和城市規劃建設中面臨的重大問題：緊張的人地關系問題，即保護和開發這兩類基本的水平空間過程。在這兩大類格局之下，可以細分為多種競爭性的控制和覆蓋過程，形成包括農業用地、工業用地、城市建設用地、旅游用地等用地類型的格局。
正如圍棋中的“金角、銀邊、草肚皮”所描繪的，無論對白方或黑方來說，占據“角”和“邊”這樣的空間位置都至關重要。城鎮化格局、農業生產格局、生態安全格局有時是互不相干的，但更多情況下是重疊的，如平原濱水地帶，它們既是農業的高產地帶，也是城鎮建設的關鍵地段，更是保障生態安全的關鍵地段。必須強調的是，與圍棋博弈不同的是，這場格局間的博弈不是非贏即輸，而是以平衡與和諧為目標的多贏博弈。其理論支點是博弈論關于平衡點或者安全點的研究——事實上，安全格局概念本身最初也是受到了博弈論中的“安全點”的啟發。
生態安全格局是維護生態過程（如雨洪過程、動物棲息地和遷徙等）的安全和健康的關鍵性格局，即空間意義上的生態底線，或稱為生態紅線。由于生態過程在當今快速的城鎮化過程中總是處于劣勢，因此，確定生態安全格局、劃定生態底線（生態紅線）就顯得格外重要，除了其科學的意義之外，還有環境倫理的意義。相仿，農業用地在中國的城鎮化過程中也極易被侵噬，因此，耕地保護紅線也至關重要。好在中國政府對糧食問題一直較為關注，所以有了“18億畝耕地保護紅線”的概念——這一數據的準確性暫且不論——但相對于生態安全格局來說，農業生產格局的保護要受重視得多。
真正使生態安全格局被提升到今天這樣高度的是十八大之后新一屆政府的認識水平。過去30年的城市擴張帶來的一系列生態安全危機日漸凸顯，特別是近年來的城市洪澇問題日益嚴峻，生態危機已經成為危及人類生存的問題。但相較于農業生產格局，生態安全格局或生態底線空間的研究、規劃和管理等則相對滯后得多。過去30多年，盡管在達成三個格局的和諧方面，我們已經失去了許多機會，但所謂“亡羊補牢，未為晚矣”，今天來推動關于生態安全格局和生態基礎設施的研究仍然具有重要意義。而且，中國的經驗將為其他發展中國家及早開展國土生態安全格局研究，以及協調生產、生活與生態三個格局提供借鑒。
On November 8, 2012, the Eighteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in Beijing. One of the most important topics of this congress meeting was to convey the significance of territorial development on ecological civilization construction. Terms such as “Ecological Security Pattern” were used, along with intentions to optimize national spatial development pattern. “It is in geographical space that ecological civilization can be advanced, and we must cherish every bit of it. Guided by the principle of maintaining balance between population, resources and the environment and promoting economic, social and ecological benefits, we should keep the pace of development under control and regulate its spatial composition. We should ensure that the space for production is used intensively and efficiently, that the living space is livable and proper in size, and that the ecological space is unspoiled and beautiful; and we should leave more space for nature to achieve self-renewal. We should keep more farmland for farmers, and leave to our future generations a beautiful homeland with green fields, clean water and a blue sky. We should ensure the speedy implementation of the functional zoning strategy and require all regions to pursue development in strict accordance with this strategy, and advance urbanization, agricultural development and ecological security in a scientific and balanced way.”
One year later, on November 12, 2013, the Third Plenary Session of the Eighteenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China further defined the strategy to speed up systems building to promote ecological civilization progress by calling for the establishment of a spatial planning system that would designate the control limits in spatial development in production, life and ecology. The same planning system would be used to implement land use regulations for the economical use of energy, water, and land. Specifically, the Central Committee called for “delimiting a redline for ecological protection; firmly implementing functional zoning system; establishing protection system of national spatial development; progressing the development in strict accordance of functional zone positioning.”
There are three concepts at work here: 1) spatial pattern of land uses, including urbanization, agricultural, and ecological patterns, 2) ecological redline, and 3) functional zones. Together, these concepts illustrate how land is the spatial foundation for ecological civilization construction. Still, the most important academic concept to understand is that of “pattern,” specifically, “ Ecological Security Patterns.”
The concept of Ecological Security Pattern was first introduced in 1995 as a type of Landscape Security Pattern, which was developed as a framework for treating horizontal landscape processes, such as stormwater management, fire control, animal migrations, urban expansion, and agricultural reclamation as active spatial land processes. These processes seek to maximize their spatial coverage through overcoming spatial limitations and resistances. In other words, to maintain the safety and health of a landscape process, the key patterns at work must be identified beforehand. These came to be known as “Landscape Security Patterns.” The studies of Landscape Security Patterns focuses on the human-environment relationship in China’s territorial development and urban growth. The tension between protection and development creates various competitive control and coverage processes, seen in the protection and development of agricultural land, industrial land, urban land, and tourism land.
As in Go game, it is critical to occupy as much space in the corners and edges of the board as possible. The planning and management of urbanization patterns, agricultural patterns, and ecological security patterns are pieces in a Go game of national territory. The different patterns can be unrelated, but more often are overlapped. Waterfront plain areas, for example, have potential to be high-yield agricultural land as well as spaces for urban construction and ecological protection. It must be emphasized however that this is not a win-or-lose game, but seeks balance and harmony — in fact, the theoretical foundation in the game of landscape security patterns is that of Game Theory and security points.
Ecological Security Patterns play a pivotal role in maintaining ongoing ecological processes such as stormwater management, animal habitat and migration. In a physical sense, it is the ecological bottom line (red line) of territorial land. In the context of rapid urbanization, ecological processes are often pushed towards a disadvantaged position. It is important to establish ecological security patterns as a way to mark the ecological bottom line. In addition to maintaining the scientific importance of these landscapes, marking the ecological bottom line helps establish an environmental site ethics. Agricultural land also faces similar challenges, thus making the agricultural redline equally important. Fortunately, the Chinese central government pays close attention to grain issues, going as far as establishing a “1.8 billion Mu of agricultural land redline.” However, when compared with the ecological security pattern, agricultural protection is greater.
The new government after the Eighteenth National Congress helped lift the concept of an ecological security pattern into mainstream governmental work. The urban expansion of the past 30 years has brought about an ecological security crisis resulting in a question of survival. Compared with agricultural security pattern, the research, planning, and management of ecological security pattern have remained lackluster. Although we may have lost lots of opportunities to achieve harmony among the three patterns, there is still room for ecological security patterns and ecological infrastructures. The experiences of China can help other developing countries to start early on ecological security pattern studies in order to coordinate the three patterns of production, life and ecology.
Translated by Sara JACOBS Angus ZHANG
地址：北京市海淀區中關村北大街100號（北樓）北京大學建筑與景觀設計學院一層 Email：info@landscape.cn
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