人類世城市生態系統:其概念、定義和支持城市可持續性和彈性的策略
Novel Urban Ecosystems:Concepts, Definitions and a Strategy to Support Urban Sustainability and Resilience
作者:杰克?埃亨Jack AHERN
摘要
21世紀是一個充滿著前所未有的根本性變化和新軌跡的時代—想想氣候變化、全球經濟、人口遷移和人口增長。當今的世界以城市為主導,而且這一趨勢將一直持續到本世紀中葉,據預計,屆時約70%的全球人口將生活在城市。世界已經進入了一個全新的地質時代—人類世,人類的影響和創造已被認定為一種地質力。在這個“屬于城市的世紀”中,為了使世界擁有可持續性和彈性,城市是解決方案的關鍵所在—而且,人類世城市生態系統將發揮至關重要的作用。本文提出了21世紀“人類世”城市自然的新的概念、定義和類型,并以此為基礎,提出了一種人類世城市生態系統策略,以為城市可持續性和彈性的實現提供必要的生態系統服務。這一人類世自然策略是在景觀和城市生態的基礎之上提出的,該策略需要結合城市景觀設計學實踐,在“設計好的實驗”中進行系統性協作。這些設計好的實驗對于人類世城市生態系統的必要性體現在:1)對創新性設計的績效進行監測,以提供必要的生態系統服務;2)降低不可避免的生態系統危害;3)建立公眾對于人類世城市生態系統新類型和新模式的理解和支持。
關鍵詞
人類世城市生態系統;城市彈性;城市景觀;生態系統服務;景觀績效;適應性設計
Abstract
The 21st century is already known for unprecedented and fundamental changes and new trajectories — think climate change, global economics, migration and population growth. The world is now predominantly urban and will become increasingly so until mid-century when global population is expected to stabilize at around 70% urban. The world has entered a new geological era, the Anthropocene, in which the impacts and artifacts of humans are recognized as a geologic force. In this “Century of the City,” for the world to be sustainable and resilient, cities must be an essential part of the solution — and novel urban ecosystems will play a fundamental role. A new conception, definition, and typology of 21st century “novel” urban nature is proposed here as the basis for a novel urban ecosystem strategy to provide essential ecosystem services to support urban sustainability and resilience. This proposed novel nature strategy is informed by landscape and urban ecology and collaborates systematically in “designed experiments” with urban landscape architecture practice. Designed experiments on novel urban ecosystem are necessary to: 1) monitor the performance of innovative designs to provide essential ecosystem services; 2) to mitigate the inescapable ecosystem disservices; and 3) to build public understanding and support for new types and new models of novel urban ecosystems.
Key words
Novel Urban Ecosystems; Urban Resilience; Urban Landscapes; Ecosystem Services; Landscape Performance; Adaptive Design
迎接地球和諧時代的到來
Towards Human-Nature Harmony
作者:侯甬堅Yongjian HOU
摘要
本文試圖在人類慣常的思考方式—過去、現在和未來三種時態之間建立連貫性認識,以切入農業、工業和公元2000年以來三個時代的內容,集中就每一時態里的時代特征、人類與自然的關系展開近乎白描式的書寫,以此來探求人類世概念的內涵、厚待人類世地球生態系統的路徑。
人類世Ⅰ~Ⅲ分別為農業時代(農業起源至1769年)、工業時代(1769~2000年)、地球和諧時代(2000年至今后)。有史以來,在自然界中的人類活動已充分體現了人類智能所擁有的強大力量。人類及其創造與地球生態系統早已密不可分,且長期兼具生產者、消費者和分解者多種角色;人類只有恰當地運用科學、技術和工業手段,整個社會才會迎來地球和諧時代。
關鍵詞
人類世Ⅰ~Ⅲ;地球和諧時代;地球生態系統;歷史認知
Abstract
This paper connects human interventions on the land through three eras: agricultural, industrial, and a new era, which began around 2000. By examining the relationships of humans to nature during each period, the author attempts to improve human-nature relationships in the context of the Anthropocene, while bringing productive and healing changes to both.
In this paper, the agricultural era begins with the rise of organized agricultural production and lasts until 1769. It is followed by a shorter period of industrialization (1769 ~ 2000) and ends at the start of the new millennium, which the paper proposes as the beginning of a new era of human-nature harmony. Despite dominating planet level changes, human activity is mutually dependent on the natural environment, and humans have long been producers, consumers, and decomposers. With our current reliance on science and technology, we will only enter a new era of human-nature relationships, or a“harmonious” era when the whole society — human and nonhuman — is truly integrated.
Key words
AnthropoceneⅠ~Ⅲ; Era of Human-Nature Harmony; Earth’s Ecosystem; Historical Cognition
新的城市設計感知力:一種可為全球不斷增長的人口提供空間的科學途徑
A New City Design Sensibility: A Science Based Approach to Accommodating Rising Global Populations
作者:
卡梅倫?巴瑞戴爾,菲利普?恩奎斯特,保羅?歐科納,德魯?溫斯利Cameron BARRADALE,Philip ENQUIST,Paul O’CONNOR,Drew WENSLEY
摘要
我們看到了一個不同的未來……
據預測,到2050年時,地球上將有約97億人口—大致占全球人口的66%—居住在城市。隨著人口爆炸和飛速的人口城市化,設計在為人類提供優質的生活空間這一方面變得日益重要;同時,設計還需謹慎負責地利用全球資源,以保持我們人類和地球家園的健康。未來的彈性城市一定是誕生于并從其環境中得到支持;反過來,如果我們人類想要以某一物種的身份在地球上蓬勃發展,那么我們便必須尊重、提升并保護供我們所有人類生存發展的自然生態系統。
因此,我們必須探索一種新的城市設計感知力,這種感知力再度強調人類要服從于自然的力量,并迫使設計者、決策者和科學家對我們的選擇進行重新評估—這些評估應更加基于需要消耗多少來自我們周遭環境的投入,并要求我們進行更為系統的思考,而非盲目追求好看。這種探索城市設計的新方式,使科學和生態得以決定城市形式,而非反過來由形式所決定。
關鍵詞
可持續的都市主義;科學;技術;生態;城市設計;生態系統
Abstract
We see a different future….
It is projected that by the year 2050, about 9.7 billion people, roughly 66% of humans on our planet, will live in cities. As populations swell and our population urbanizes rapidly, design becomes ever important in providing quality places for people to live, while responsibly leveraging global resources to maintain the health of our people and planet. The resilient cities of the future must be born and supported from the strength of their environment, and in turn if we are to thrive as a species we must respect, enhance and protect the natural systems that support us all.
Therefore, we must explore a new city design sensibility that once again subordinates mankind to the power of nature, and compels designers, policy makers and scientists to re-evaluate choices based more on input from the environments that surround us and systems-based thinking rather than our opinion of what is beautiful. The new way to approach city design allows science and ecology to shape its form, rather than allowing form to shape the ecology.
Key words
Sustainable Urbanism; Science; Technology; Ecology; City Design; Ecosystem
《多極:極地中的空間實踐》節選
Excerpt from Many Norths: Spatial Practice in a Polar Territory
作者:羅拉?謝潑德,梅森?懷特Lola SHEPPARD,Mason WHITE
摘要
居住在加拿大北極地區的因紐特人近千年來都對季節性氣候類型、物種遷徙路線,以及土地和環境有著敏銳的了解,而他們的日常生活也需要與這些因素相協調。如今,隨著氣候條件的變化,地緣政治的紛爭和資源開發型經濟的發展,加拿大北部地區無論從環境、文化還是經濟上來講,都是一個正劇烈變化著的生態系統。這種嚴酷而又脆弱的環境要求當地居民采取標準化、創新式的空間實踐活動,數個世紀以來他們通過不斷適應,使得傳統和現代兩種生活方式得以共存。《多極:極地中的空間實踐》一書所記錄的實踐活動在土地上留下了或永久或短暫的印跡;這些活動有的是當地古老傳承下來的,有的是近期出現、經過精心籌劃的;所有這些活動要么受季節性和全球性變化所影響,要么是這些變化的產物。所有實踐活動均具有深深扎根于本土生態系統之中的、與眾不同的創新性,使得加拿大北部地區的居民已經能夠在該地區生活,進而建造居所、促進流動和獲取資源。
關鍵詞
《多極:極地中的空間實踐》;加拿大北極地區;空間實踐;環境
Abstract
For the Inuit living in the Canadian Arctic, daily life has been, for millennia, finely tuned to seasonal weather patterns, species migration routes and a keen knowledge of the land and environment. Today, with changing climatic conditions, geopolitical negotiations and the opening up of resource economies, the Canadian North is a dramatically changing ecosystem — environmentally, culturally and economically. This harsh and fragile environment has required calibrated and innovative spatial practices by its inhabitants, who have continued to adapt over centuries, enabling traditional and contemporary ways of life to co-habit. Some of the practices documented in Many Norths: Spatial Practice in a Polar Territory leave permanent physical imprints on the land, others are impermanent; some are indigenous, while others are more recent and engineered; and all are subject to, or product of, seasonal and global forces of transformation. Together, these practices give a sense of the unique innovations, deeply embedded in the local ecosystem, that Northerners have developed to enable life in the region; to provide shelter, facilitate mobility, and harvest resources.
Key words
Many Norths: Spatial Practice in a Polar Territory; Canadian Arctic; Spatial Practice; Environment
寧波生態走廊深度觀察:不斷演替的植物群落
Observing Ningbo Eco-Corridor: Evolving Planting Communities
作者:張志維Chih-Wei G. V. CHANG
摘要
本文介紹了天然植物群落與人工植物群落的差別,并指出,人類世生態系統如果能夠借鑒天然植物群落,將顯現出更強的功能性。作者將寧波生態走廊一期項目作為第一手觀察對象,在文章中分享了創建無論在水平方向還是垂直方向上都更具彈性的植物群落的經驗。該項目還以文化語言定義并闡釋了連系起自然與寧波市民的種植設計。
關鍵詞
人類世生態環境;種植設計;植物群落;寧波生態走廊
Abstract
This article describes the difference between wild and cultivated planting communities and argues that novel ecosystems could be more functional as long as they learn from the plant community developed in nature. Using Ningbo Eco-Corridor Phase I as firsthand observation object, the author shares the experiences in building more resilient planting communities, horizontally and vertically. The project also frames and translates planting design in a cultural language that reconnects wilderness and people of Ningbo.
Key words
Novel Ecology; Planting Design; Plant Community; Ningbo Eco-Corridor
加拿大不列顛哥倫比亞省詹姆斯島景觀規劃與設計
Landscape Planning and Design for James Island in British Columbia, Canada
作者:Design Workshop設計事務所 Design Workshop, Inc.
摘要
在一個世代內,一座原始的無人島在人類的擴張欲望下,因入侵物種和工廠建設遭受了幾近無可挽回的破壞。然而,通過廣泛的治理、深思熟慮的規劃,和堅持不懈致力于保護的決心,詹姆斯島成為了在脆弱生態系統中開發敏感居住模式的范例。
關鍵詞
詹姆斯島;保護;生態系統;治理;社區
Abstract
Within a generation, a once pristine uninhabited island was almost irreparably destroyed by invasive species and a factory for the worst of human nature. Yet, through extensive remediation, thoughtful planning, and an unwavering commitment to conservation, James Island becomes a beacon for sensitive living in fragile ecosystems.
Key words
James Island; Conservation; Ecosystem; Remediation; Community
馬來西亞森林城市總體規劃
Forest City Malaysia Master Plan
作者:Sasaki設計事務所 Sasaki Associates
摘要
在馬來西亞南部地區,無規劃的發展和被放任的城市蔓延令脆弱的生態環境面臨嚴重威脅。森林城市項目旨在為新的國際都市探索出一種新的模式,通過廣泛合作和公眾對話,對生態、社會和經濟效益的綜合考慮,以及精妙的設計安排,為實現人類與自然的整合建立一種富有前瞻性的方法。
關鍵詞
森林城市;總體規劃;生態系統;社會與經濟效益
Abstract
In Southern Malaysia, fragile ecologies are threatened by unplanned development and unchecked suburban sprawl. Forest City seeks to create a model for a new global city by establishing a forward-looking approach to the integration of humans and nature through extensive collaboration and public dialogue, comprehensive consideration of ecological, social and economic benefits, and delicate design choreography.
Key words
Forest City; Master Plan; Ecosystem; Social and Economic Benefits
費耶特維爾2030:食物之城設計方案
Fayetteville 2030: Food City Scenario
作者:阿肯色大學社區設計中心 University of Arkansas Community Design Center
摘要
如果一個城市想要食物自給,那么它需要建設怎樣的基礎設施?食物之城對全國食物安全形勢最為嚴峻的地區建立在彈性、恢復性的城市化模式之上的未來進行了展望。食物之城為恢復規模介于獨立菜園和產業化農場之間且目前尚缺失的中等規模都市農業設計了一套典型的農業生態學語匯。這種缺失的中等規模的食物廠區以綠色基礎設施、公共種植景觀,以及食物加工和運輸空間為主要組成部分,承擔著生態性和市政性的實用功能。與目前特設的生產實踐不同,下一階段的都市農業包含大規模的保護區、快速的營養管理和市政垃圾的升級回收。食物之城有借鑒意義的一套規劃方法不僅有助于在美國的城市化進程中植入高質量的食物產品,也展示了城市基礎設施同時提供重要的生態系統服務的途徑。
關鍵詞
都市農業;城市設計;農業生態學;城市基礎設施
Abstract
What kind of infrastructure would a city have to develop if it cultivated its own food? Food City envisions a future based upon resilient and recuperative forms of urbanism in a region with the nation’s highest food insecurity. Food City devises a model agroecological vocabulary for reclaiming a missing middle scale of urban agriculture between that of the individual garden and the industrial farm. This missing middle foodshed functions as an ecological municipal utility featuring green infrastructures, public growscapes, and spaces for food processing and distribution. Beyond current ad hoc production practices, the next stage of urban agriculture includes large-scale conservation, accelerated nutrient management, and upcycling of municipal waste. Food City’s transferable set of planning tools not only assists to embed high-quality food production into American urbanism, but shows how urban infrastructure can also deliver important ecosystem services.
Key words
Urban Agriculture; Urban Design; Agroecology; Urban Infrastructure
美國加爾維斯頓島西部地區風暴潮防護基礎設施景觀整合
Landscape Integration for Storm Surge Barrier Infrastructure: WESTERN Galveston Island, USA
作者:格倫?紐曼,郭芮絲,張祎珣,埃里克?巴登哈根,金埈鉉 Galen NEWMAN, Grace GUO, Yixun ZHANG, Eric BARDENHAGEN, Jun-Hyun KIM
摘要
該項目以美國德克薩斯州加爾維斯頓島西部地區為研究場地,探索整合風暴潮防護系統和海岸景觀的設計途徑。其利用島上的4處目標場地,進行了綜合性總體規劃,并提出了堤岸整合的設計策略和參考準則。
關鍵詞
風暴潮;颶風;彈性;景觀生態學;洪水衰減
Abstract
This project uses western Galveston Island, Texas, USA to explore design options for integrating a projective storm surge barrier system into the coastal landscape. The design creates a comprehensive master plan by using four target sites on the island, develops design strategies for barrier integration, and suggests principles for successful integration.
Key words
Storm Surge; Hurricanes; Resilience; Landscape Ecology; Flood Attenuation
攀升:沿卡利甘達基河溯流至世界屋頂
ASCENT: Following the Kali Gandaki to the Roof of the World
作者:戴恩?卡爾森Dane CARLSON
摘要
“非現代景觀”作為一項景觀設計學行業和學術領域內的研究對象,幾乎完全為人們所遺忘。針對全球為數不多的現存非現代景觀,本研究旨在提出一些有關觀察和記錄它們的方法的建議,從而扭轉這一情況。坐落于尼泊爾卡利甘達基河谷至高點的木斯塘地區,將作為本文中展示方法論的案例。步行觀察和記錄是這一方法論探究的基礎:本研究指出,質地、材料性、文化意識和個體直覺等因素在構建非現代景觀的過程中,等同或超越了通過數字化場外分析所獲得的數據的現實意義。在對我們所忽略的這些景觀展開研究時,景觀表現也起到非常重要的作用。景觀表現的演化不僅呈現了項目在不同尺度之間、研究進程中的不同時間點之間的變化,還呈現出了一個從可觸知的實體到幾乎無法感知的無邊無際的界面,其處于一個起源于地球洪荒時代的,擁有涂抹著鮮艷的泥土色調的神圣石堆的景觀之中。
關鍵詞
非現代景觀;鄉土景觀;文化景觀;喜馬拉雅;表現
Abstract
Nonmodern landscape has been almost entirely neglected as a subject of study within the professional and academic pursuit of landscape architecture. This work intends to reverse this trend through the proposal of methods for observation and documentation of the world’s few extant nonmodern landscapes. Upper Mustang, located in the highest reaches of Nepal’s Kali Gandaki river valley, is presented here as a methodological case study. Observation and documentation on foot lie at the foundations of this methodological exploration: this work confirms that texture, materiality, cultural consciousness, and individual perception equal or surpass the relevance of data gathered through digital, off-site analysis in building a narrative of nonmodern landscape. Representation also plays a critical role in the study of these landscapes neglected by our field: evolution of project representation illustrates movement between scales, points in time during project research, and the interface between tangible materiality and almost imperceptible vastness in a landscape where sacred cairns, painted with vivid earthen hues, rise from the primordial earth.
Key words
Nonmodern Landscape; Vernacular Landscape; Cultural Landscape; Himalaya; Representation
行星模擬景觀:景觀、太空探索、虛構場景設計
Terrestrial Analogues: Landscapes, Space Exploration, and Design Fiction
作者:肯?崇蘇瓦特Ken CHONGSUWAT
摘要
在地球上模擬月球或火星等天體在過去或現在某一特定時期的地質特征、環境屬性和生物條件的景觀,稱為“行星模擬景觀”。這類模擬場地被用于進行太空探索領域內的相關活動,包括研究在其他星球上觀察到的地質和生物過程,以及為宇航員在天體表面活動進行準備。
本項目以距離亞利桑那州弗拉格斯塔夫市19.3km處的火山渣湖坑場為研究對象。該場地曾為美國國家宇航局提供了一個絕佳的“月球模擬景觀”,即地球上某一塊與月球的地質條件和地形特征極為相似的區域。該地區地表覆蓋的玄武巖火山渣與阿波羅11號選定的月球著陸點“靜海”的地表物質完全相同。1968年,美國地質勘探局的天文地質學研究小組參照衛星照片,在此模擬打造了月坑群。
本文將探討該項目的歷史、場地的重新規劃與設計:從一個為模擬月球環境及登月演習而誕生的場所,到其伴隨阿波羅計劃的衰落與重啟而變遷的歷史,再到如今以露天博物館公園這種獨特形式吸引公眾參與的新生場地—“月球公園”。
關鍵詞
行星模擬景觀;月球地質學;虛構場景設計;天文地質學
Abstract
Terrestrial Analogues are sites on Earth with an assumed past or present geological, environmental or biological conditions of a celestial body such as the Moon or Mars. Analogue sites are used in the frame of space exploration to study geological or biological processes observed on other planets and to prepare astronauts for surface activity.
The project focuses on the Cinder Lakes crater field, a terrestrial analogue located 13 miles from Flagstaff, Arizona which offered NASA the perfect location for a lunar analogue, a portion of Earth used to simulate lunar geology and topography. The area is covered in basaltic cinders, the same material that covers Mare Tranquillitatis, the landing site for the Apollo 11 mission. In 1968, using satellite photographs, the USGS's Astrogeology Division sculpted lunar craters within the site.
This article will explore the project from its history to the reprogramming and design of the site. From a site that once used for simulations and routine fieldwork rehearsal to the dissolution and rejuvenation of the Apollo program and how in its new form, will engage the public through an open-air museum park, the “Lunar Field.”
Key words
Terrestrial Analogues; Lunar Geology; Design Fiction; Astrogeology