地址：北京市海淀區中關村北大街100號（北樓）北京大學建筑與景觀設計學院一層 Email：info@landscape.cn
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俞孔堅?“海綿”的哲學
——《景觀設計學》2015年第2期“主編寄語”
Sponge Philosophy
By Kongjian Yu
盡管自以為披荊斬棘地為“海綿城市”的規劃建設做了不少工作，但真正使“海綿城市”在今天得到廣泛重視，還是因為習近平總書記的倡導及隨之而來的有關部委的積極推動。為了貫徹落實中央城鎮化工作會議精神（其間“海綿城市”得到了大力倡導），2014年2月，《住房和城鄉建設部城市建設司2014年工作要點》中明確提出：“督促各地加快雨污分流改造，提高城市排水防澇水平，大力推行低影響開發建設模式，加快研究建設海綿型城市的政策措施”，并于同年11月發布了《海綿城市建設技術指南》；2014年底至2015年初，海綿城市建設試點工作全面展開，并遴選出第一批共16個試點城市。一時間，“海綿城市”這一概念進入了廣大城市決策者的視野。“海綿城市”的概念被官方文件明確提出，代表著生態雨洪管理的思想和技術將從學界走向管理層面，并在實踐中得到更有力的推行。但不難發現，我國目前出臺的相關實踐導則主要圍繞以LID技術、水敏感性城市規劃與設計等為代表的西方國家先進的生態雨洪管理技術而展開，也越來越聚焦于城市內部排水系統和對雨水的利用、管理，并且在具體技術層面的詮釋依舊未能擺脫對現有治水途徑中“工程性措施”的依賴。
在我看來，“海綿城市”的理念不應拘囿于此。它為在不同尺度上綜合解決中國城市中突出的水問題及相關環境問題開啟了新的旅程，包括雨洪管理、生態防洪、水質凈化、地下水補給、棕地修復、生物棲息地的營造、公園綠地營造及城市微氣候調節等。因此，我們需要對“海綿城市”概念有更深刻的理解；否則“海綿城市”建設將很快淪為中央職能部門的權力尋租機會、地方政府新的GDP增長點、各類工程公司謀取暴利的借口，甚或將會開啟新一輪諸如河道整治、挖湖堆山之類的“破壞性建設”。“海綿城市”的哲學恰恰是對簡單、粗暴的工程思維的反叛。這種反叛集中體現在以下幾個方面：
完全的生態系統價值觀，而非功利主義的、片面的價值觀：稍加觀察就不難發現，人們對待雨水的態度實際上是非常功利、非常自私的。磚瓦場的窯工，天天祈禱明天是個大晴天；而久旱之后的農人，則天天到龍王廟里燒香，祈求天降甘霖，城里人卻又把農夫的甘霖當禍害。同類之間尚且如此，對諸如青蛙之類的其他物種，就更無關懷和體諒可言了。“海綿”的哲學是包容，對這種以人類個體利益為中心的雨水價值觀提出了挑戰，它宣告：天賜雨水都是有其價值的，不僅對某個人或某個物種有價值，對整個生態系統而言都具有天然的價值。人作為這個系統的有機組成部分，是整個生態系統的必然產物和天然的受惠者。所以，每一滴雨水都有它的含義和價值，“海綿”珍惜并試圖留下每一滴雨水。
就地解決水問題，而非將其轉嫁給異地：把災害轉嫁給異地，是幾乎一切現代水利工程的起點和終點，諸如防洪大堤和異地調水，都是把洪水排到下游或對岸，或把干旱和水短缺的禍害轉嫁給無辜的弱勢地區和群體。“海綿”的哲學是就地調節旱澇，而非轉嫁異地。中國古代的生存智慧是將水作為財富，就地蓄留—無論是來自屋頂的雨水，還是來自山坡的徑流—因此有了農家天井中的蓄水缸和遍布中國廣大土地的陂塘系統。這種“海綿”景觀既是古代先民適應旱澇的智慧，更是地緣社會及鄰里關系和諧共生的體現，是幾千年來以生命為代價換來的經驗和智慧在大地上的烙印。我家的多位祖先就因為試圖將白沙溪上游的一道水堰提高寸許，以便灌溉更多田畝，而與鄰村發生械斗甚至獻出生命。這樣慘痛的教訓告誡我們，人類要用適當的智慧，就地化解矛盾。
分散式的民間工程，而非集中式的集權工程：中國常規的水利工程往往是集國家或集體意志辦大事的體現。從大禹治水到長江大壩，無不體現著這種國家意志之上的工程觀。這也是中國數千年集權社會制度產生和發展的重要原因之一。在某些情況下這是有必要的，如都江堰水利工程，其對自然水過程的因勢利導中所體現出的哲學和工程智慧，使這一工程得以延用至今，福澤整個川西平原。但集中式大工程，如大壩蓄水、跨流域調水、大江大河的防洪大堤、城市的集中排澇管道等，失敗的案例多而又多。從當代的生態價值觀來看，與自然過程相對抗的集中式工程并不明智，也往往不可持續。而民間的分散式或民主式的水利工程往往具有更好的可持續性。中國廣袤大地上古老的民間微型水利工程，如陂塘和水堰，至今仍充滿活力，受到鄉民的悉心呵護。非常遺憾的是，這些千百年來滋養中國農業文明的民間水利遺產，在當代卻遭到強勢的國家水利工程的摧毀。“海綿”的哲學是分散，由千萬個細小的單元細胞構成一個完整的功能體，將外部力量分解吸納，消化為無。因此，我們呼吁珍惜和呵護民間水利遺產，提倡民主的、分散的微型水利工程。這些分散的民間水工設施不僅不會對自然水過程和水格局造成破壞，還構筑了能滿足人類生存與發展所需的偉大的國土生態海綿系統。
慢下來而非快起來，滯蓄而非排泄：將洪水、雨水快速排掉，是當代排洪排澇工程的基本信條。所以三面光的河道截面被認為是最高效的，所以裁彎取直被認為是最科學的，所以河床上的樹木和灌草必須清除以減少水流阻力也被認為是天經地義的。這種以“快”為標準的水利工程罔顧水文過程的系統性和水文系統主導因子的完全價值，以至于將洪水的破壞力加強、加速，將上游的災害轉嫁給下游；將水與其他生物分離，將水與土地分離，將地表水與地下水分離，將水與人和城市分離；使地下水得不到補充，土地得不到滋養，生物棲息地消失。“海綿”的哲學是將水流慢下來，讓它變得心平氣和，而不再狂野可怖；讓它有機會下滲，滋養生命萬物；讓它有時間凈化自身，更讓它有機會服務人類。
彈性應對，而非剛性對抗：當代工程治水忘掉了中國古典哲學的精髓—以柔克剛，卻崇尚起“嚴防死守”的對抗哲學。中國大地已經幾乎沒有一條河流不被剛性的防洪堤壩所捆綁，原本蜿蜒柔和的水流形態，而今都變成剛硬直泄的排水渠。千百年來的防洪抗洪經驗告訴我們，當人類用貌似堅不可摧的防線頑固抵御洪水之時，洪水的破堤反擊便不遠矣—那時的洪水便成為可摧毀一切的猛獸，勢不可擋。“海綿”的哲學是彈性，化對抗為和諧共生。如果我們崇尚“智者樂水”的哲學，那么，理水的最高智慧便是以柔克剛。
海綿的哲學強調將有化為無，將大化為小，將排他化為包容，將集中化為分散，將快化為慢，將剛硬化為柔和。在海綿城市成為當今城市建設一大口號的今天，深刻理解其背后的哲學，才能使之不會淪為新的形象工程、新的牟利機會的幌子，而避免由此帶來的新一輪水生態系統的破壞。誠如老子所言：“道恒無為，而無不為”，這正是“海綿”哲學的精髓。
譯 陳立欣 薩拉?雅各布斯
I have done a lot of work — often forwarding thinking and groundbreaking — for the design and construction of Sponge Cities, but the true driving force in the development of a Sponge City is proactive administration by President Xi Jinping and related national departments. In the spirit of urbanization put forth by the central government, the notion of a Sponge City was clearly mentioned in February 2014. In Working Points of Ministry of Housing and Urban – Rural Development of the PR China in 2014, the central government urged local governments to increase reform of rainwater and sewage diversion, improve urban flood systems, and carry out low-impact development. The Ministry also urged policy research into Sponge City construction, and published Sponge City Construction Techonlogy Guidelines in October 2014. Sponge City programs were carried out from the end of 2014 to the beginning of 2015, selecting 16 cities as the first pilot cities. The Sponge City concept was clearly proposed in planning documents, but it became public almost overnight. Its incorporation into official rhetoric represents how the ideology and technology of ecological stormwater management has been raised to policy level and become a powerful part of professional practice. However, currently, most guidelines are still about learning best practices of LID, Water Sensitive Urban Planning and Design from western countries, specially focusing on the internal urban drainage system and the utilization and management of stormwater. The interpretation of specific technology still depends on engineering strategies.
The concept of Sponge City is more than that. It will start a new journey for approaching water issues and other prominent environmental issues at different scales, including stormwater management, eco-flood control, water purification, supplements of underground water, restoration of brownfields and urban habitats, and improvement of green spaces and urban micro-climates. We need to better understand the concept of the Sponge City; otherwise it will fall through the cracks and be treated as an “excuse” for power rent-seeking of some central government agencies, a “stimulus” for local economic growth, and an “opportunity” to engineering companies to profiteer; or even start a new round of “destructive projects” such as artificial channels, lakes and hills. The philosophy of Sponge City should inspire a rebellion against traditional engineering practices. We need to consider the following:
Value complete ecosystems rather than provincial interests. The public attitude towards rainwater is utilitarian and selfish. Workers at a tile factory might pray for a sunny day, while farmers suffering from drought pray for rain. The Sponge philosophy is inclusive of multiple approaches to rainwater. It values the affect that rainwater has on an entire ecosystem, not just one group of people or species. Humans benefit the most from a Sponge City, but we must remember that every drop of rain water has value and meaning. Sponge City cherishes and intends to conserve every drop of the gift from the nature.
Resolve water issues on site. Transferring risk, through shifting water from one place to another, is the intension and solution of almost all the modern hydraulic engineering projects, even often with disastrous consequences. For example, levees and long distance water transport drains water downstream, often taking it away from water-scarce regions or disadvantaged groups. The Sponge City draws on historic practices to regulate flood and drought conditions on-site and conserve runoff. The Sponge philosophy does not only grow on the ancestors’ wisdom and sacrifice in regulating flood and drought but also embodies geographical society and neighborhood. It is a sorrow to recall that some members of my family died in fighting for increasing the height of the weir in order to lead more water of the Baishaxi River for irrigation.
Decentralize civil projects. Traditional hydro projects, such as King Yu’s taming of the flood or the Three-Gorges Dam, reflect a nationalized power through civic infrastructure. Centralized systems have dominated in China for a thousand years. It is necessary in some cases, such as Dujiangyan irrigation system, the hydraulic project with the lasting positive effect on the western Sichuan Plain. But, overall, the failings of centralized projects — dams, levees, and urban drainage projects — are too great to count. Centralized projects that work against, rather than with, ecological forces are not in our best interest. Distributed civil hydraulic projects are more sustainable. Mass, micro-hydraulic projects spread over ancient farmlands, and are maintained by the local people. These types of systems are far more successful in the long run than single-used macro engineering projects. More and more of these types of landscapes are being destroyed in favor of larger, powerful national hydraulic projects. The Sponge City will distribute water to form a larger system of integrated units. We call for conservation of these projects which are nondestructive to natural watershed structure and integral to the establishment of a national-scale Sponge system.
Slow down rather than speed up, store rather than discharge stormwater. The basic philosophy of modern anti-flood projects is to rapidly drain stormwater. Smooth channel interfaces are regarded as the most efficient and direct form. As a result, removal of trees and shrubs on riverbeds is taken for granted in order to reduce hydraulic “resistance”. Such “quick-focus” hydraulic projects neglect the systematic nature of water so that the destructivity of the flood is strengthened and transfers the upper river disaster downstream. Channeling separates water from creatures, from land, from textures and surfaces, people and cities. They deplete groundwater and make habits degenerate. The Sponge City will slow down and tame the water, and enable downward movement that will help infiltrate and supply groundwater, benefit wildlife habits, and purify water to better serve urban environments.
Flexible rather than rigid resistance. Modern anti-flood projects miss an important aspect of Chinese philosophy — taming hardness with softness. Few rivers are free from the constraint of a rigid levee in China. The original meandering rivers have been turned into stiff and straight drainage channels. Floods from these types of rigid systems result in massive destruction that destroys everything in their path. The Sponge philosophy encourages flexibility, so the best to interact with water is to tame hardness with softness.
Sponge City philosophy highlights a conversion from big to small, from exclusive to inclusive, from centralized to distributed, from fast to slow, and from hardness to softness. At the heart of this position is what Lao-tsu said: Nature does not hurry, yet everything is accomplished. When Sponge City becomes a popular slogan, thorough understanding of its philosophy turns out significant.
Translated by Connie CHEN Sara JACOBS
地址：北京市海淀區中關村北大街100號（北樓）北京大學建筑與景觀設計學院一層 Email：info@landscape.cn
Copyright ? 2013-2022 景觀中國（www.36byz.com）版權所有 京ICP備05068035號
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