《景觀設計學》2015年第1期

俞孔堅?城市環境與公共健康
——《景觀設計學》2015年第1期“主編寄語”
Urban Environment and Public Health
By Kongjian Yu


就在2015年元旦那一天，我與幾位同事隨婺源縣賦春鎮的書記，從車田村出發，徒步7km，沿著小溪琴江，穿過萬畝竹海，來到偏于一隅的港頭村，眼前的景像讓我陶醉：一個幾十戶的村落傍山而建，群山環抱，溪水纏繞，百畝良田，古木參天；時近響午，炊煙裊裊，人聲依稀，雞犬之聲相聞。這分明是陶淵明的桃花源，一處上帝留在人間的秘境。我和隨行的朋友們坐在小學院內的桂花樹下，四季桂的芬芳陣陣襲來，沁入心扉，禁不住深深地吸入，屏息良久，方舍得慢慢呼出。當地的村支書告訴我，他的工作中最大難題是村民們不愿意加入醫療保障計劃，對所謂的醫療保險毫無概念，而原因是村里人很少得病。至于城里常見的流感之類的疾病，更與這里的人無緣。是啊，為什么要買醫療保險呢，這里的青山綠水和有機良田難道不就是最好的保險嗎？

于是，我便開始眷戀這在地圖上難以查詢到的地方了。一個多月之后，我再次來到港頭村。此時，已近春節，村子里比上次熱鬧了許多，男人們殺豬宰雞，婦女們打掃衛生，老人們在村頭的小店門口打牌聊天，孩子們在田野上和弄堂里嬉戲打鬧……不用擔心食物的安全問題，不用擔心老人在城里的醫院里被虐待，不用擔心小孩在繁忙的馬路上被汽車碰撞，這一切不就是我們所倡導的健康、安全的社區生活嗎？

也許是我的懷舊情結在作怪，也許是我的農民出身在決定了我的立場。但30年的高速城鎮化到底給中國人帶來了什么，難道不值得我們深思嗎？沒有一個健康的公共環境，我們的城市化和發展建設還有意義嗎？被詬病的PM2.5僅僅是這種不健康城市環境的一個最顯而易見的指標而已，深埋在我們城市中的種種隱患時刻威脅著我們的生理和心理的健康和安全：從水質污染、土壤污染、噪聲污染、建筑材料和裝修材料的污染，一直延伸至食品安全問題、出行安全問題、社會關系問題。鋼筋混凝土構成的灰色空間和化學合成的環境仿佛將人類置于灰暗的牢籠。對于城市而言，我們只有兩條出路：要么逃離，要么改造。無論哪條路，景觀設計師都將承擔起天賦之重任—領導保護或再造秀美山川的重任。

逃離城市，意味著中國將迎來一場史無前例的新“上山下鄉”運動。景觀設計師將擔當保護鄉土中國不再遭受這一運動的破壞，同時為城里來的“外來務居人員”規劃設計如婺源港頭村一般的桃源社區。

改造城市，意味著中國將迎來一場新型城鎮化的建設高潮，要讓城市“望得見山，看得見水，記得住鄉愁”。這場改造和建設運動的核心是新型基礎設施的規劃和建設，即生態基礎設施，它將持續地為城市提供生產服務、調節服務、生命承載服務和文化精神服務。

我眷戀那遠方的鄉村，我也憧憬建立在生態基礎設施之上的新型城市，以及健康的新型城
市生活。

譯 陳立欣 薩拉?雅各布斯


On the first day of 2015 I walked seven kilometers along the Qinjiang Creek from Chetian Village to Gangtou Village. Colleagues and the Secretary of Fuchun, Wuyuan County accompanied me. I was intoxicated by the view: on the edge of a bamboo forest, a village of a dozen houses sat embraced by the mountains, protected by a meandering creek, fertile farmland, and giant ancient trees. Approaching noontime, the cooking smoke rose, and a human voice, crow squawking, and dog barking were occasionally heard. It was indeed an Acadia as described by Yuanming Tao: a secret Shangri-la. My friends and I sat under a fragrant Osmanthus tree in the yard of a primary school. As we breathed deeply and enjoyed the moment, the village secretary explained how villagers were skeptical of the national health care system and therefore reluctant to join. It was rare for anyone to get sick or require medical
care, and diseases like the flu were almost unheard of. Why should they buy insurance? Aren’t green mountains, crystal water and organic farmland the best health insurance?

After this short trip, I grew attached to this place hardly found on map. A month later, at the beginning of February, I returned to Gangtou Village. The Spring Festival was approaching and the atmosphere was lively. Men were slaughtering pigs and chickens as the women helped clean the homes. The elderly played cards at the one small shop while the children played in the adjoining rice fields and alleys. There was no worries about the food security; there was no mistreatment or neglect of the old people; there was no concern of kids being hit by cars on the road. Isn’t this the ideal lifestyle of health and safety we advocate for creating in our cities and communities?

Perhaps I was overcome with nostalgia for my own rural childhood, but I was left asking, what does the 30-year high-speed urbanization bring the Chinese? Isn’t this a question worth our time and consideration? What is this type of urbanization and development worth without a healthy public environment? The castigated PM 2.5 is only one of the obvious indicators of how we have decimated the urban environment. Serious and long-lasting health and safety risks are buried deep in our cities. Water, soil, noise, and construction pollution are threatening our physiological and psychological health and safety. A lack of food security and neighborhood relationships are two of the consequences of poor urban and environmental health. The grey space that is constructed by steel and concrete and by the chemical-synthesized environment puts human life in dark dungeons. There are only two ways to emancipation: we can either flee from the cities or we can reconstruct the cities. Landscape architects are central to this mission. We must pioneer the revolution to rebuild our glorious mountains and rivers.

The first option, fleeing from the cities, will only bring on a new “Down to the Countryside Movement”. It will be necessary for landscape architects to protect the countryside from being damaged by this movement. Instead, we can help to design new communities modeled after Gangtou Village that will live in peace and harmony with the environment. The second option, rebuilding the city, will mean that China needs to adopt a new model of urbanization that will enable cities to sense the mountains, feel the waters, and recall the nostalgia. This reconstruction will require a campaign to design and construct new infrastructures that can provide provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural service for the cities.

I am attached to far away villages, but I also long for new cities built on the basis of eco-infrastructures
and new healthy urban life.

Translated by Connie CHEN Sara JACOBS

主編寄語

城市環境與公共健康（俞孔堅）

論文

綠色等于健康？建立高密度健康城市研究的實證基礎（克里斯·韋伯斯特，錢莫伊·沙卡，斯考特·杰寧斯·墨爾本，鄧信惠，彭文輝，內扎爾·卡法菲）

健康城市：論城市綠色景觀對大眾健康的影響機制及重要研究問題（姜斌，張恬，威廉·C·蘇利文）

觀點與評論

重要卻被低估的景觀功能—提升專注力（威廉·C·蘇利文）

健康的城市生態與健康的人（張俊彥，唐宜君）

親自然的景觀設計對改善健康與福祉的作用（喬·克蘭西，雷康玲）

以兒科醫生的視角診斷城市環境：訪談理查德·J·杰克森（姜斌）

彈性樂清：氣候變化、公共健康和景觀基礎設施（鄧信惠，茱莉亞·凱恩·艾弗里卡）

主題實踐

澳大利亞博士山花園多功能區（澳派景觀設計工作室）

哈普雷的未來：健康、水、植被和農業（萊昂納多·羅伯勒托·克斯坦特）

風之域—一個集降溫、生產及娛樂于一體的新型城市公園（OFICINAA設計事務所，TRANSSOLAR設計事務所）

哈特福德市2014年首府城市公園總體規劃（Sasaki設計事務所）

探索與過程

農業都市主義：城郊地區的發展（泰勒·奧斯汀，陸小璇，大衛·羅斯）

墨西哥城：重組過程中的水景改造（洛蕾塔·卡斯特魯·雷古拉-曼塞拉）

簡訊

Editorial

Urban Environment and Public Health (Kongjian YU)

Papers

Green Equals Healthy? Towards an Evidence Base for High Density Healthy City Research (Chris WEBSTER, Chinmoy SARKAR, Scott Jennings MELBOURNE, Dorothy TANG, Mathew PRYOR, Nezar KAFAFY)

Healthy Cities: Mechanisms and Research Questions Regarding the Impacts of Urban Green Landscapes on Public Health and Well-being (Bin JIANG, Tian ZHANG, William C. SULLIVAN)

Views & Criticisms

A Significant but Under-Appreciated Benefit of Landscape Architecture: Supporting People's Capacity to Pay Attention (William C. Sullivan)

Connecting Healthy Urban Ecology with Human Health (Chun-Yen CHANG, I-Chun TANG)

The Role of Biophilic Design in Landscape Architecture for Health and Well-being (Joe CLANCY, Catie RYAN)

Examining the Urban Environment through the Eyes of a Pediatrician: An Interview with Richard J. Jackson (Bin JIANG)

Resilient Yueqing: Climate Change, Public Health, and Landscape Infrastructure (Dorothy S. TANG, Julia Kane AFRICA)

Thematic Practices

Box Hill Gardens Multi Purpose Area, Australia (ASPECT Studios)

Future Hopely: Hutano, Mvura, Miti (Leonardo ROBLETO COSTANTE)

Aeolian Fields — A New Urban Park to Cool, Produce and Play (OFICINAA, TRANSSOLAR)

Hartford 2014 Capital City Parks Master Plan (Sasaki Associates, Inc.)

Experiments & Processes

Agro-Urbanism: Peri-Urban Developments (Tyler AUSTIN, Xiaoxuan LU, David ROSS)

Mexico City: A Transformed Waterscape in the Process of Reconfiguration (Loreta Castro REGUERA-MANCERA)

Brief

【中文刊名】《景觀設計學》——城市環境與公共健康
【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers ? Urban Environment and Public Health
【作者】克里斯?韋伯斯特（Chris WEBSTER）；姜斌（Bin JIANG）；威廉?C?蘇利文（William C. Sullivan）等
【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司
【頁碼】168頁彩色印刷
【刊號】ISSN 2095-5405
【出版日期】2015年2月
【定價】58.00元

 綠色等于健康？建立高密度健康城市研究的實證基礎

Green Equals Healthy? Towards an Evidence Base for High Density Healthy City Research

作者：克里斯·韋伯斯特，錢莫伊·沙卡，斯考特·杰寧斯·墨爾本，鄧信惠，彭文輝，內扎爾·卡法菲 Chris WEBSTER, Chinmoy SARKAR, Scott Jennings MELBOURNE, Dorothy TANG, Mathew PRYOR, Nezar KAFAFY

摘要

雖然城市綠化能夠有助于身心健康這一觀點已在景觀和城市規劃中得到了廣泛認可，但是其仍缺乏具體的研究成果來支持。本文探討“綠色植被”和健康之間的關聯如何在景觀和城市設計的歷史進程中得到發展，并提出以明確實證為支持在城市中創建更多更高品質的綠色植被基礎的迫切需要。我們就增加城市綠色植被和改善公共健康之間的諸多假設性的因果關聯進行了討論，并根據廣泛的文獻綜述，對那些發現了這二者之間關聯方面的近期研究予以了著重闡述。除此之外，本文還對未來的研究方向提出了建議。

關鍵詞

城市綠地；綠色植被；公共健康；步行；景觀；城市規劃

Abstract

The doctrine that urban greenery is positively associated with physical and mental health is widely acknowledged in landscape and urban planning, but is not underpinned by specific research findings. This paper examines how the association between “greenery” and health has developed through the history of landscape and urban design, and sets out the need for clear evidence based research as the foundation of credible arguments for the provision of more and better quality greenery in the city. We discuss the many hypothetical causal pathways between increased urban greenery and improving public health, and from a broad literature review we highlight recent research studies that have found associations between them. Directions for future research are suggested.

Key words

Urban Green Space; Greenery; Public Health; Walking; Landscape; Urban Planning

健康城市：論城市綠色景觀對大眾健康的影響機制及重要研究問題

Healthy Cities: Mechanisms and Research Questions Regarding the Impacts of Urban Green Landscapes on Public Health and Well-being

作者：姜斌，張恬，威廉·C·蘇利文Bin JIANG, Tian ZHANG, William C. SULLIVAN

摘要

本文針對目前中國突出的城市環境問題及其所導致的大眾健康問題，從促進身體鍛煉、舒緩精神壓力、減輕精神疲勞、提供生態產品與服務、提升社會資本5個理論機制來解釋城市綠色景觀對公眾健康及福祉的影響，并據此提出了一個簡明的理論框架和一系列有待研究的重要問題。

關鍵詞

公眾健康；城市綠色景觀；影響機制；理論框架；研究問題

Abstract

The paper presents a summary of critical environmental problems in Chinese cities and serious public health crisis resulting from those environmental problems. The paper explains five theoretical pathways through which urban natural landscape influences human health and wellbeing: promoting physical exercises, relieving stress, reducing mental fatigue, providing ecological products or services, and enhancing social capital. A theoretical framework connecting urban natural landscape with health outcomes is established and a set of important research questions are presented.

Key words

Public Health; Urban Green Landscape; Mechanism; Theoretical Framework, Research Questions

重要卻被低估的景觀功能—提升專注力

A Significant but Under-Appreciated Benefit of Landscape Architecture: Supporting People’s Capacity to Pay Attention

作者：威廉·C·蘇利文 William C. SULLIVAN

摘要

專注力—即將注意力集中在某一想法或任務上，同時屏蔽大腦中諸多刺激與思緒—是所有人類成就的基礎。但是這項能力卻是一種有限的資源，我們會在專注過程中變得疲勞而無法集中注意力。科學家們最近發現：接觸綠色空間，即便是高密度城市中的綠色空間，也是恢復專注力的一種有效方法。因此，公園、相互連通的綠色廊道、行道樹、雨水花園、綠色屋頂、綠色景觀墻等綠色空間的功能不止局限于提供生態系統服務，它們還能幫助人們集中注意力，并在保持專注的過程中實現人生活中的目標。這項研究成果意味著我們應該加倍努力在每一扇門前營造出綠色自然環境。

關鍵詞

專注力；修復；精神疲勞；景觀設計；綠色基礎設施

Abstract

Our capacity to pay attention — to direct our focus toward one idea or task while excluding from our minds a host of competing stimuli and thoughts — is key to every human achievement. But our ability to pay attention is a limited resource, it fatigues with use. Scientists have recently discovered that having contact with green spaces, even in otherwise dense urban settings, is an effective way to restore our ability to focus. Thus, green spaces in the form of parks, interconnected green corridors, street trees, rain gardens, green roofs and green walls do more than provide ecosystem services. They help people concentrate their attention and in doing so, help us achieve our goals in life. One implication of these findings is that we should re-double our efforts to ensure that we provide nature at every doorstep.

Key words

Attention; Restoration; Mental Fatigue; Landscape Architecture; Green Infrastructure

健康的城市生態與健康的人

Connecting Healthy Urban Ecology with Human Health

作者：張俊彥，唐宜君 Chun-Yen CHANG, I-Chun TANG

摘要

我們的城市建設已將人類隔離于生態世界之外。然而，近期實驗證據表明，自然環境是影響人類健康，尤其是城市居民健康的一個重要因素。在本文中，我們提出了“健康的城市生態與健康的人”的概念框架，倡導健康的城市生態可以支撐健康城市生活的觀點，通過對生態及人類健康兩個方面的綜合考慮，我們可以形成健康城市發展的可行途徑。我們建議以實證為基礎的療愈性景觀設計。創造一個健康的城市需要考慮城市居民的身心健康，同時也需要考慮生態建設，包括綜合考慮空間解決方案、自然格局和生態流，以及文化和環境的社會經濟條件。也就是說，建立一個健康的城市必須同時考慮人類健康與生態建設，發展兩者兼備的城市環境。雖然我們不能創造一個具有這兩方面所有品質的城市綠地空間，但至少應采取行動，尋找機會，在城市環境開發中至少滿足這些目標的某些方面。我們應為了人與自然世界的和諧尋求機會以創造健康城市環境。借由所提出的框架，我們建議城市規劃師和景觀設計師利用所介紹的理論和環境因子來創造出健康城市。這一目標的實現對個人和城市都將帶來有利影響。

關鍵詞

健康城市；生態福祉；人類健康；綠色空間

Abstract

Our cities have been created to isolate humans from the ecological world. However, recent empirical evidence shows that the natural environment is a crucial determinant of human health, especially for urban dwellers. In the current article, we propose a conceptual framework of “healthy urban ecology and healthy people” to advocate the idea that healthy urban ecology can support healthy urban living, and by considering both aspects, we might reach a feasible approach to developing healthy cities. We suggest an evidence-based therapeutic landscape design. Creating a healthy city requires spatial development that considers both the physiological and psychological health and wellbeing of urban dwellers. A healthy city also needs ecological construction that considers a spatial solution, natural patterns and ecological flows, and the culture and socioeconomics of the environment. Moreover, the creation of a healthy city must include the idea of ecological construction with human health to develop an urban environment that includes both features. Although we cannot create a green space that has all of these qualities in both features, actions should be taken to find opportunities to fulfill at least some aspects of these goals in the development of urban environments. We should make every attempt to create a healthy city for humans and the natural world. With the proposed framework, we suggest city planners and landscape architects to use the introduced theories and environmental factors to create healthy cities. Achieving this goal will benefit both individuals and cities.

Key words

Healthy City; Ecological Well-being; Human Health; Green Space

親自然的景觀設計對改善健康與福祉的作用

The Role of Biophilic Design in Landscape Architecture for Health and Well-being

作者：喬·克蘭西，雷康玲 Joe CLANCY, Catie RYAN

摘要

截至2007年，全球50％以上的人口生活在城市。隨著城市居民越來越多，全球城市化的水平不斷提高，而城市中心的綠色空間與自然環境卻不斷減少。親自然設計的目的是在我們建造與設計的環境中恢復自然刺激，以保護、維持、恢復、提高我們與自然世界在生理、認知和心理上的聯系。作為助益健康的一種途徑，親自然設計可以催化景觀設計在改善城市環境中的公眾健康方面發揮核心作用。

關鍵詞

熱愛自然的天性；景觀設計；城市；健康；復雜系統

Abstract

As of 2007, over 50% of the global population is now urban. With more global urbanites, has come increased urbanisation and displacement of green space and natural environments from our urban centres. Biophilic design aims to restore natural stimuli in our built and designed environments to protect, maintain, restore and enhance our physiological, cognitive and psychological connections with the natural world. As part of a wider salutogenic approach to health, biophilic design has the potential to catalyze landscape architecture into playing a central role in public health of urban environments.

Key words

Biophilia; Landscape

以兒科醫生的視角診斷城市環境：訪談理查德·J·杰克森

Examining the Urban Environment through the Eyes of a Pediatrician: an Interview with Richard J. Jackson

作者：姜斌 Bin JIANG

摘要

本次訪談從兒科學的視角， 就與城市景觀對人類健康的影響相關的幾個重要問題進行了討論。理查德·J·杰克遜介紹了其在該領域內的職業生涯，并對如何通過改善城市環境來促進身體、精神和社會健康這一問題進行了闡釋。另一位對話者姜斌也在中國城市的社會和物質環境語境下提出了與該主題相關的一些重要問題。本次對話以一種全新的視角，將有助于城市管理者和設計專業人士通過重塑城市環境和改變市民的生活方式和社會規范，解決迫在眉睫的人類健康問題。

關鍵詞

兒科學；人類健康；城市環境；中國城市；后代

Abstract

This interview article focuses on discussion of several important issues related to the influence of urban landscape on human health from a perspective of pediatrics. Richard J. Jackson introduced his career in the field and explained how to promote physical, mental, and social health through improvement of urban environment. Bin Jiang, the interviewer, raised a few important questions related to the topic within the social and physical context of Chinese cities. Together, through a fresh perspective, this work would help city managers and design professionals to contribute to solving pressing human health problems by reshaping urban environment and changing citizens’ lifestyles and social norms.

Key words

Pediatrics; Human Health; Urban Environment; Chinese Cities; Future Generations

彈性樂清：氣候變化、公共健康和景觀基礎設施

Resilient Yueqing: Climate Change, Public Health, and Landscape Infrastructure

作者：鄧信惠，茱莉亞·凱恩·艾弗里卡 Dorothy S. TANG, Julia Kane AFRICA

摘要

氣候變化對公共健康的負面影響激發了因地制宜的、強調方案彈性的設計實踐。成功的景觀設計從公共健康專家、工程師和生態學家那里吸收真知灼見，從而能對建成環境、公共健康和氣候變化間的復雜關系進行整合式的探討。位于浙江省沿海地區樂清市的景觀設計研討課程為我們提供了一個討論城市景觀如何可持續地支持人類健康和福祉的機會。小尺度的干預被用于檢驗一種策略途徑的可行性，從而在全球和系統性的尺度下解決問題。

關鍵詞

氣候變化；健康；適應性；景觀基礎設施；浙江；彈性

Abstract

The impact of climate change on public health spurs geographically specific and resilient design interventions. Successful landscape architecture, harnesses insights from public health professionals, engineers, and ecologists to synergistically address the complex relationships between the built environment, public health, and climate change. A landscape architecture workshop in Yueqing City, a coastal community in Zhejiang Province, provides an opportunity to explore how urban landscapes might sustainably support human health and well-being. Small-scale interventions are used to test the viability of a tactical approach to design that addresses problems at a global and systemic scale.

Key words

Climate Change; Health; Adaptation; Landscape Infrastructure; Zhejiang; Resilience

澳大利亞博士山花園多功能區

Box Hill Gardens Multi Purpose Area, Australia

作者 澳派景觀設計工作室 / ASPECT Studios

摘要

澳派接受懷特霍斯市政府委托，為博士山花園打造了一個可容納各種娛樂項目和活動的公共空間。該場地最終的設計方案通過場地歷史和記憶的彰顯，以及景觀和建筑形式的細致整合，成功地體現了一種大膽的當代審美。設計師為這個不斷擴大的社區創造了一個珍貴而獨特的公共空間，為場地本身的歷史抹上了濃墨重彩的一筆。

關鍵詞

城市公共空間；公園；健康；歷史；社區

Abstract

ASPECT Studios was commissioned by the City of Whitehorse to create an innovative space with a diverse array of recreation activities and events within the Box Hill Gardens. The final design of the space successfully embodies a bold contemporary aesthetic with layers of history and memory, and the careful integration of landscape and built form elements. This growing community has been delivered a valued and unique public space that adds to the local history of the site.

Key words

Urban Public Space; Park; Health; History; Community

哈普雷的未來：健康、水、植被和農業

Future Hopley: Hutano, Mvura, Miti

作者：萊昂納多·羅伯勒托·克斯坦特 Leonardo ROBLETO COSTANTE

摘要

通過簡單的區域及場所營造手法，該項目為哈普雷農場的發展設立了一個景觀框架。哈普雷農場是在津巴布韋哈拉雷市的一個非正規聚居區。該項目為非正規的居民創建了他們往往無法自己建立的社交中心，而這些社交中心亦將成為對未來自建城市形成補充的核心基礎設施。項目將區域擴張格局、雨水管理以及農林業系統連接在了一起，解決了困擾哈拉雷目前與未來發展的問題，創建了一個健康的社區。

關鍵詞

非正規；健康；濕地；社交；教育

Abstract

Through territorial and simple place-making moves, the project establishes a landscape framework for the growth of Hopley Farms, an informal settlement in Harare, Zimbabwe. The provision of social hubs that informal dwellers usually do not build on their own become the centerpiece infrastructures that complement the future self-built city. A territorial growth pattern, rainwater management and an agroforestry system are linked to create a healthy community by tackling issues that plague Harare and its future growth.

Key words

Informal; Health; Wetland; Social; Education

風之域——一個集降溫、生產及娛樂于一體的新型城市公園

Aeolian Fields — A New Urban Park to Cool, Produce and Play

作者：OFICINAA設計事務所，TRANSSOLAR設計事務所 OFICINAA, TRANSSOLAR

摘要

“風之域”（一個可用于降溫、生產及娛樂的新型城市公園），是OFICINAA和TRANSSOLAR設計事務所為位于曼海姆的原美國軍事基地所做的競賽入圍方案，其采用空氣的流動作為設計前提。設計方案提出用一系列大型景觀形態來塑造風的流動極其在該場地中的特性。該方案描繪了一個新型公園，其運用空氣來雕琢空間環境，以提升社區的使用和健康，在加強城市和臨近街道通風性的同時，也能夠防止熱量累積和空氣污染。

關鍵詞

生物氣候學；景觀設計；城市設計；城市氣候學；通風走廊；小氣候；舒適和健康

Abstract

Titled Aeolian fields (a new urban park to cool, produce and play), the competition entry by OFICINAA and TRANSSOLAR for Mannheim’s former US military base, uses air movement as a premise in design. The design proposes a series of large-scale landscape features to sculpt the wind flow and its qualities through the site. While promoting the ventilation of the city and the adjacent neighborhoods and preventing accumulation of heat and air pollution, the proposal sets forth a new park with spatial conditions crafted by air for the community’s use and wellbeing.

Key words

Bioclimatic; Landscape Architecture; Urban Design; Urban Climatology; Ventilation Corridor; Microclimates; Comfort and Wellbeing

哈特福德市2014年首府城市公園總體規劃

Hartford 2014 Capital City Parks Master Plan

作者 Sasaki設計事務所 Sasaki Associates, Inc.

摘要

哈特福德市的公園系統擁有輝煌的公園設計歷史，包括從袖珍的口袋公園到地區性景區的大批規模不等的城市公園。但是這種豐富度也為哈特福德帶來了挑戰。Sasaki設計事務所的“首府城市公園總體規劃”旨在復興公園系統的傳統，為21世紀及更長遠的未來創造在環境和財政上均可持續的公園系統。在解決關鍵的維護與安全問題的同時，該項目為增加收入，以及同學校、社區和企業進行戰略性合作創造了機遇，旨在提升城市的自然資產的環境健康、改善城市居民的身心健康，提高整個公園系統的財政健康。

關鍵詞

城市公園；總體規劃；健康；可持續的公園系統；戰略性合作

Abstract

The City of Hartford's park system has a rich legacy of park design, and comprises abundant acreage of urban parks, ranging from small pocket parks to large parks that are a regional attraction. Yet this abundance is also a challenge. Sasaki's Capital City Parks Plan aims to renew the park system's legacy, creating a fiscally and environmentally sustainable park system for the 21st century and beyond. Addressing key issues of maintenance and safety, the project identifies opportunities for revenue generation and strategic partnerships with schools, neighborhoods, and businesses, to improve the environmental health of the city's natural assets, the physical and mental health of its residents, and the fiscal health of the park system as a whole.

Key words

City Park; Master Plan; Health; Sustainable Park System; Strategic Partnerships

農業都市主義：城郊地區的發展

Agro-Urbanism: Peri-Urban Developments

作者：泰勒·奧斯汀，陸小璇，大衛·羅斯 Tyler AUSTIN, Xiaoxuan LU, David ROSS

摘要

隨著農業科技的進步、景觀同質化和城市發展，那些為不斷提升工業模式效率而進行的研究和開發使我們的土地成了犧牲品。隨著人口的不斷增長，城市周邊的土地不斷被開發。土地開發之所以帶來負面影響是由于缺乏健康的導則和監管標準。為了應對食物和生態資源的喪失，“農業都市主義”這項研究試圖為位于美國地理中心的內布拉斯加州林肯市的城郊地區（城市周邊地區）的發展提供一種全新的、健康的城市框架，這一框架建立在對公共空間系統和基本農田（土壤等級I-II）的保留和保護基礎之上。

關鍵詞

農業都市主義；城郊地區；土壤；開發

Abstract

Research and development devoted to streamlining our inherently progressive industrial model sacrifices the land with the advancement of agricultural technologies, mono-cultured landscapes and the urban development. As our population increases, land continues to be developed around our cities. The negative connotations of land development are due to a lack of healthy guidelines and regulation standards. In an effort to combat against food and ecological resource losses, this research Agro-Urbanism① attempts to provide a new healthy city framework for peri-urban (urban perimeter) development in Lincoln, Nebraska, the geographic center of the United States, based on the conservation and preservation of open space networks and prime farmland (Soil Class I-II).

Key words

Agro-Urbanism; Peri-urban; Soil; Development

墨西哥城：重組過程中的水景改造

Mexico City: A Transformed Waterscape in the Process of Reconfiguration

作者：洛蕾塔·卡斯特魯·雷古拉-曼塞拉 Loreta Castro REGUERA-MANCERA

摘要

墨西哥城建立于1325年，古名“特諾奇提特蘭”，它位于一個內流盆地湖泊系統的中心。其所在的地理位置對于城市的形態起著決定性作用：這里由疏浚過的渠道和“水中田畦”——即人工地塊，這種田畦系統對于城市的居住和功能等各個方面有著決定性的作用——組成。作為一個大都市，其充滿矛盾的歷史發展，深刻影響了它的景觀和城市形態。如今，城市發展已經完全不再倚仗水景，而是被改造成由土和石構成的系統，而伴隨這一突變而來的卻是嚴峻的后果。由于建造在一個動蕩的湖床上并持續受到洪水的影響，這個有著2 200萬人口的大都市已經使得自身淡水資源逐漸枯竭，還面臨著土地下沉等相關問題。所幸的是，上文所提及的渠道系統并沒有完全喪失。在盆地的南側，那片曾被稱為“索奇米爾科”（那瓦特語，意為“播種鮮花的土地”）和提拉霍克（那瓦特語，意

為“水之地”）的古鎮，還依舊保留著一種通過理解原始景觀所蘊藏的益處而生活的方式，他們在經濟上、社會上都依賴于水中田畦系統。盡管在盆地各地恢復這一類型的城市肌理的想法不太實際，但它提供了一種與水完全融和的城市設計范式。除此之外，世界上其他城市在處理水景方面也有著成功經驗，

這使得我們意識到，水可以成為城市的資產而非威脅。這種情況對設計相關的專業人士而言既意味著機遇，也意味著責任，因為提供能夠保證城市未來生存力的解決方案是他們所應關注的范疇。本文探討了墨西哥城在干旱的景觀條件下，如何以水為基礎并依水而設計。

關鍵詞

渠道；水中田畦；水；洪水；彈性

Abstract

Mexico City was founded in 1325, under the name of Tenochtitlan, in the center of the lake system of an endorheic basin. Its geographical position was fundamental in the conception of its form: a settlement of dredged channels and constructed pieces of land, called chinampas, which determined every aspect of habitability and use. The history of this metropolis has been a conflicting one, profoundly affecting its landscape and urban form. Today, far from having a waterscape, the development of the city has transformed its context into an earth and stone setting with severe effects resulting from this mutation. The 22 million-megalopolis, built upon the unstable ground of a lakebed, continuously floods, has depleted its freshwater sources, and suffers from profound ground subsidence related problems. However, not all traces of the above mentioned city of channels are lost. The southern part of the basin, the former towns of Xochimilco and Tlahuac, still have a lifestyle that relies on the understanding of the benefits that the original landscape provided, economically and socially dependent on the system of chinampas. Despite the fact that it is impossible to recover this type of urban fabric around the basin, these burrows set a paradigm of an urban design fully blended with water. Beyond these examples, several other cities around the world have managed to successfully deal with their waterscapes, making of water an asset instead of a menace. This condition raises an opportunity and an obligation for the design related professionals as it is in their sphere to provide solutions that guarantee the city’s future viability. This article tells the story of an ongoing effort to design for and with water in the apparently dry landscape of Mexico City.

Key words

Channel; Chinampa; Water; Flood; Resilience