哈佛設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)教授理查德.福爾曼

理查德T.T.福爾曼
哈佛設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)研究院景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)教授

人物簡(jiǎn)介

　　生平 
　　Richard是哈佛大學(xué)景觀生態(tài)學(xué)PAES教授，他在設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)研究院和哈弗福德學(xué)院教授生態(tài)學(xué)課程。他主要的學(xué)術(shù)研究是將空間格局和科學(xué)聯(lián)系起來，以使自然和土地上的人和諧相處。他常常被稱為景觀生態(tài)學(xué)和道路生態(tài)學(xué)之父，幫助促進(jìn)了城市區(qū)域生態(tài)和規(guī)劃學(xué)的出現(xiàn)。其他研究領(lǐng)域包括變化的土地鑲嵌類型、土地保護(hù)和利用規(guī)劃、城市建成空間和綠地類型以及斑塊—廊道—基質(zhì)模型。

　　Richard 獲得了哈弗福德學(xué)院理科學(xué)士學(xué)位、賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)哲學(xué)博士學(xué)位、邁阿密大學(xué)文學(xué)榮譽(yù)博士學(xué)位和佛羅里達(dá)國際大學(xué)理科博士學(xué)位。他曾任教于拉特格斯大學(xué)和威斯康辛大學(xué)，并獲得Lindback基金會(huì)杰出教學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。他歷任三個(gè)專業(yè)團(tuán)體的主席或副主席，并在法國、哥倫比亞、英格蘭、意大利、中國、捷克共和國、澳大利亞和美國獲得過各種獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)和榮譽(yù)。Forman教授撰寫了無數(shù)文章，他出版的著作包括《景觀生態(tài)學(xué)》（1986）、獲獎(jiǎng)的《土地鑲嵌體》（1995）、《景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)和土地利用規(guī)劃中的景觀生態(tài)學(xué)原則》（1996）、《道路生態(tài)學(xué)》（2003）、《Mosaico territorial para la region metropolitana de Barcelona》（2004）和《城市區(qū)域：超越城市的生態(tài)和規(guī)劃》。

　　教育和學(xué)術(shù)歷程
　　Forman教授在哈弗福德學(xué)院獲得了生物學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位、在賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)獲得植物學(xué)哲學(xué)博士學(xué)位，隨后他作為美國公誼服務(wù)會(huì)志愿者在危地馬拉和洪都拉斯工作了兩年。他早期的學(xué)術(shù)研究專于與植物、地衣、鳥類和森林生態(tài)，這些研究引起了他對(duì)之后的研究領(lǐng)域的關(guān)注：景觀生態(tài)學(xué)、道路生態(tài)學(xué)和城市區(qū)域生態(tài)和規(guī)劃學(xué)。
　　
　　目前他的研究和寫作包括這些領(lǐng)域，另外還有變化的土地鑲嵌體、土地保護(hù)和利用規(guī)劃、城市建成空間和綠地類型、斑塊—廊道—基質(zhì)模型、以及更寬泛地將科學(xué)和空間格局和科學(xué)聯(lián)系起來以使自然和土地上的人和諧相處。除了任教于哈佛大學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)研究院和哈弗福德學(xué)院外，他還是哈弗福德林業(yè)學(xué)會(huì)和哈佛大學(xué)環(huán)境中心的成員。

　　教學(xué)
　　Forman曾任教于洪都拉斯Escuela Agricola Panamericana大學(xué)、威斯康辛大學(xué)、拉特格斯大學(xué)等等。在哈佛大學(xué)，他在設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)研究院教授研究生課程（景觀生態(tài)學(xué)、城市和郊區(qū)生態(tài)學(xué)以及景觀生態(tài)學(xué)更深入的話題），同時(shí)他還在藝術(shù)和科學(xué)學(xué)院環(huán)境科學(xué)和公共政策系教授一個(gè)初高級(jí)課程（生態(tài)和土地利用規(guī)劃）。

　　這些課程探究土地的理解、保護(hù)、設(shè)計(jì)、政策、管理和規(guī)劃的生態(tài)學(xué)原則和應(yīng)用，一般包括3到7天的集中現(xiàn)場(chǎng)研究考察。他是25個(gè)博士和碩士生的指導(dǎo)教授，曾3次獲得哈弗福德學(xué)院利文森杰出教師獎(jiǎng)，此外還獲得了Lindback基金會(huì)杰出教學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。

　　國際榮譽(yù)
　　Forman 教授曾任哥倫比亞富布賴特學(xué)者、法國國家科學(xué)研究中心研究員、澳大利亞國立大學(xué)CRES Fellow和景觀生態(tài)學(xué)國際協(xié)會(huì)的組織副主席。他曾獲得由布拉格查爾斯大學(xué)科學(xué)學(xué)院和意大利弗羅倫斯大學(xué)建筑學(xué)院頒發(fā)的獎(jiǎng)?wù)隆Ｋ胃缢惯_(dá)黎加總統(tǒng)和自然資源和能源部長(zhǎng)的顧問，以及巴塞羅那市長(zhǎng)何首席規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)師的顧問。他還是劍橋大學(xué)克萊爾講堂學(xué)院的成員和中國學(xué)術(shù)中央研究院的榮譽(yù)教授。

　　美國榮譽(yù)

　　Forman博士獲得了邁阿密大學(xué)（人文文學(xué)博士）、哈佛大學(xué)（藝術(shù)碩士）、康韋設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)院和弗羅里達(dá)國際大學(xué)（科學(xué)博士）等榮譽(yù)學(xué)位。他曾任美國生態(tài)協(xié)會(huì)副主席和托里植物學(xué)會(huì)主席。他建立了美國生態(tài)協(xié)會(huì)的華盛頓辦公室，并監(jiān)督其原始的實(shí)踐和政策。除了主持大學(xué)的研究生課程外，12年來他還主持了一個(gè)小的生態(tài)學(xué)研究中心：哈奇森紀(jì)念森林公園中心。Forman曾任6個(gè)科學(xué)期刊的編輯部成員和3個(gè)國家研究顧問/技術(shù)評(píng)審委員會(huì)成員。他曾為12本書撰寫前言。 

　　他的委員會(huì)成員身份包括自然保護(hù)區(qū)管理機(jī)構(gòu)曼徹斯特分會(huì)成員。1992年他被授予杰出景觀生態(tài)學(xué)者稱號(hào)并當(dāng)選為美國科學(xué)發(fā)展協(xié)會(huì)董事。

　　早期職業(yè)生涯
　　Forman教授的學(xué)術(shù)根源在于生態(tài)學(xué)，尤其是森林、植物、地衣和鳥類生態(tài)學(xué)。早期的研究包括實(shí)驗(yàn)性地解釋物種分類結(jié)構(gòu)（浮游動(dòng)植物時(shí)代）(Forman,1964),地衣生態(tài)學(xué)（Forman，1976）、熱帶雨林（Forman 1975）和社區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)（Allen和Forman 1976）。在生態(tài)學(xué)家都還沒有專注于研究帶有人類深刻印記的空間和結(jié)構(gòu)和景觀的年代，F(xiàn)orman便率先利用一個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)景觀中的老齡樹林開展了一項(xiàng)經(jīng)過精心設(shè)計(jì)的實(shí)驗(yàn)以研究斑塊的尺度對(duì)生物多向性和豐富性的影響 　(Forman et al. 1976, Forman and Elfstrom 1975, Galli et al. 1976)。隨后他立刻率先組織了一個(gè)當(dāng)時(shí)罕見的對(duì)整體景觀的多維分析并編輯出版了《松林地：生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和景觀》（Forman 1979）。

　　景觀生態(tài)學(xué)
　　反映了景觀生態(tài)理念（大片區(qū)域的生態(tài)學(xué)，比如說透過飛機(jī)窗戶能夠看到的區(qū)域）的這兩個(gè)階段，協(xié)同來自各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的同事，F(xiàn)orman為該究領(lǐng)域打下了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)，包括一些基礎(chǔ)性的出版物（Forman 1979，F(xiàn)orman and Godron 1981, Forman 1981, Forman 1983, Risser et al. 1983）。一個(gè)開拓性的景觀尺度的建模研究案例成為隨后美國太平洋西北地區(qū)伐木和貓頭鷹爭(zhēng)議的關(guān)鍵。(Franklin and Forman 1987).

　　Forman 1986年和M. Godron 合著的《景觀生態(tài)學(xué)》一書是當(dāng)代景觀生態(tài)學(xué)第一次綜合，詳細(xì)描述了有助于理解和改善土地利用類型的斑塊—廊道—基質(zhì)模型。。1995年他出版了更詳細(xì)地研究景觀生態(tài)學(xué)書籍，并將研究對(duì)象擴(kuò)展到區(qū)域的尺度《土地鑲嵌：景觀和區(qū)域生態(tài)學(xué)》。 　(Cantwell and Forman 1994, Forman and Collinge 1995, Collinge and Forman 1998, Hersperger and Forman 2003, Forman 2009a, 2009b).

　　道路生態(tài)學(xué)
　　1995年，面臨景觀中道路系統(tǒng)顯而易見的矛盾和對(duì)此生態(tài)學(xué)視角的理解的缺乏，F(xiàn)orman博士開始與交通部門和野生生物學(xué)家合作為建立“道路生態(tài)學(xué)”做出基礎(chǔ)性工作。他早期的文章提供了一些綜合性分析和概念。(Forman and Hersperger 1996, Forman and Alexander 1998, Forman and Deblinger 2000, Forman 2000, Forman et al. 2002). 　這項(xiàng)工作在第一次由14位生態(tài)學(xué)家、水文學(xué)家和交通專家合著的作品中達(dá)到了頂峰。（《道路生態(tài)學(xué)：科學(xué)和對(duì)策》(Forman et al. 2003)）這是第一本關(guān)于道路生態(tài)和交通工具綜合型的圖書，有效地使該領(lǐng)域跳轉(zhuǎn)到一個(gè)了聯(lián)合發(fā)展的時(shí)期。道路生態(tài)學(xué)進(jìn)一步的研究包括其理論發(fā)展和對(duì)交通和土地問題提出的對(duì)策。

　　城市區(qū)域生態(tài)學(xué)和規(guī)劃
　　Forman教授對(duì)城市區(qū)域生態(tài)和規(guī)劃的興趣源于一本早期合著的《景觀設(shè)計(jì)和土地利用規(guī)劃的景觀生態(tài)學(xué)原則》(Dramstad et al. 1996)。這些概念之后開始在巴塞羅那大規(guī)模的規(guī)劃項(xiàng)目中成形，強(qiáng)調(diào)了城市區(qū)域中自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)及其利用的重要性。(Mosaico territorial para la region metropolitana de Barcelona) (Forman 2004)。

　　進(jìn)一步研究包括一個(gè)城郊小鎮(zhèn)當(dāng)?shù)厣鷳B(tài)和規(guī)劃分析(Forman et al. 2004)和全球尺度的研究(McDonald et al. 2008, Forman 2008)。這些基礎(chǔ)性的工作，以及從大到小、世界各地的38個(gè)城市區(qū)域的空間環(huán)境分析綜合在一起，成為第一本描述科學(xué)、規(guī)劃和社會(huì)面臨的挑戰(zhàn)前沿的書。（《城市區(qū)域：超越城市的生態(tài)和規(guī)劃》）。研究包括不同城市形式的生態(tài)學(xué)(Forman 2008, 2009c, Forman et al. 2009)。

　　其他經(jīng)驗(yàn)
　　美國漁業(yè)和野生生物服務(wù)處生物學(xué)副官、馬里蘭州帕圖克森特研究保護(hù)中心、教育考試服務(wù)處GRE生物學(xué)高級(jí)考試審查委員會(huì)成員。自然保護(hù)署自然地區(qū)保護(hù)顧問和研究員。

　　四個(gè)景觀生態(tài)學(xué)及其在意大利弗羅倫斯的應(yīng)用專題研討會(huì)的主講人。曾受邀在23個(gè)國家的學(xué)術(shù)組織做報(bào)告（〉240），以及在Forma母校進(jìn)行演講，并為專業(yè)會(huì)議撰寫論文(ca. 60)。在佛羅里達(dá)軌跡大學(xué)的畢業(yè)典禮上進(jìn)行了題目為“選擇一個(gè)地方，無論什么尺度，讓它變得更好！為自然也為我們自己”的演講。他任職于多任務(wù)的團(tuán)體、組織和當(dāng)?shù)鼗蛑萘C(jī)構(gòu)理事會(huì)以及國家范圍內(nèi)的非盈利組織，這些組織致力于開放空間保護(hù)、自然保護(hù)、休閑和歷史保護(hù)。

英文介紹
Profile

Biographical Sketch
Richard T. T. Forman is the PAES Professor of Landscape Ecology at Harvard University, where he teaches ecological courses in the Graduate School of Design and in Harvard College.  His primary scholarly interest is linking science with spatial pattern to interweave nature and people on the land.  Often considered to be a “father” of landscape ecology and also of road ecology, he helps catalyze the emergence of urban-region ecology and planning.  Other research interests include changing land mosaics, conservation and land use planning, built-and-greenspace urban forms, and the patch-corridor-matrix model.   He received a Haverford College B.S., University of Pennsylvania Ph.D., honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Miami University, and honorary Doctor of Science from Florida International University.  He formerly taught at Rutgers University and the University of Wisconsin, and received the Lindback Foundation Award for Excellence in Teaching.  He served as president or vice-president of three professional societies, and has received awards and honors in France, Colombia, England, Italy, China, Czech Republic, Australia, and the USA.  Professor Forman has authored numerous articles, and his books include Landscape Ecology (1986), the award-winning Land Mosaics (1995), Landscape Ecology Principles in Landscape Architecture and Land-use Planning (1996), Road Ecology (2003), Mosaico territorial para la region metropolitana de Barcelona (2004), and Urban Regions: Ecology and Planning Beyond the City (2008).

[NextPage]
Education and Scholarly Evolution

Professor Forman received his bachelor degree in biology at Haverford College and Ph.D. in botany at the University of Pennsylvania, after which he served two years as an American Friends Service Committee volunteer in Guatemala and Honduras.  His early scholarly career focused on plant, moss, avian and forest ecology, which led in overlapping sequence to research in landscape ecology, road ecology, and urban region ecology and planning.  Today his research and writing include these fields, plus changing land mosaics, conservation and land use planning, built-and-greenspace urban forms, the patch-corridor-matrix model, and more broadly, linking science with spatial pattern to interweave nature and people on the land.  In addition to being a faculty member in the Graduate School of Design and Harvard College, he is an Associate of The Harvard Forest and Associate of the Harvard University Center for the Environment.

Teaching

Forman taught at the Escuela Agricola Panamericana (Honduras), University of Wisconsin, Rutgers University, and several field stations.  At Harvard, he teaches graduate courses (landscape ecology, urban and suburban ecology, advanced topics in landscape ecology) at the Graduate School of Design, and a junior-senior course (ecology and land-use planning) in the Environmental Science and Public Policy program of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences.  These courses explore ecological principles and applications for understanding, conservation, design, policy, management and planning of land, and often include 3-to-7-day intensive field-study trips.  He served as Advisor for 25 doctoral and masters students.  He was a finalist for the Levenson Outstanding Teacher Award in Harvard College three times, and has received the Lindback Foundation Award for Excellence in Teaching.

Honors Internationally

Professor Forman has served as a Fulbright Scholar in Colombia, CNRS Chercheur in France, Miegunyah Fellow at the University of Melbourne (Australia), CRES Fellow at Australian National University, and Founding Vice President of the International Association for Landscape Ecology.  He received medals from the Faculty of Science of Charles University (Prague) and the Faculty of Architecture of the University of Florence (Italy).  He served as Consultant to the President of Costa Rica and Minister of Natural Resources and Energy, and to the Mayor and Chief Architect/Planner of Barcelona.  He is a Member of Clare Hall (University of Cambridge), an Honorary Member of the Italian Society of Landscape Ecology, and an Honorary Professor in the Academia Sinica in China.

Honors in the USA

Dr. Forman has received honorary degrees from Miami University (Doctor of Humane Letters), Harvard University (Master of Arts), Conway School of Design, and Florida International University (Doctor of Science).  He served as Vice President of the Ecological Society of America and President of the Torrey Botanical Society.  He established the Ecological Society of America’s Washington Office, overseeing its initial practices and policy.  In addition to directing university graduate programs, for twelve years he directed a small ecological research center at Rutgers, the Hutcheson Memorial Forest Center.  Forman has been a Member of the Editorial Board of six scientific journals, has served on three National Research Council/TRB committees, and has written the Foreword for twelve published books.  His board membership includes The Trustees of Reservations and The Nature Conservancy-Massachusetts Chapter.  He was named Distinguished Landscape Ecologist in 1992 and was elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Early Career

Professor Forman’s scholarly roots are in ecology, especially of forests, plants, mosses and birds.  Early research included experimentally explaining a hierarchical species distribution (pre-phyto/biotron era) (Forman 1964), moss ecology (Forman 1969), tropical rainforest (Forman 1975), and community structure (Allen and Forman 1976).  In an era before ecologists focused on spatial pattern and landscapes with a heavy human imprint, he launched into the first rigorously designed test of the effect of patch size on species diversity or richness, using old-growth woods in an agricultural landscape (Forman et al. 1976, Forman and Elfstrom 1975, Galli et al. 1976).  Immediately thereafter he spearheaded a then-rare multidimensional analysis and book for an entire landscape (Pine Barrens: Ecosystem and Landscape) (Forman 1979).

Landscape Ecology

These two steps galvanized the idea of “l(fā)andscape ecology” (the ecology of large areas, such as seen from an airplane window), and with colleagues from several fields Forman began to build the groundwork for a field of study, including some foundation publications (Forman 1979, Forman and Godron 1981, Forman 1981, Forman 1983, Risser et al. 1983).  A pioneering landscape-wide modeling study emerged as a key for the subsequent logging-and-owls controversy in the U.S. Pacific Northwest (Franklin and Forman 1987).  Forman’s 1986 book (Landscape Ecology) with M. Godron was the first synthesis of modern landscape ecology, and elaborated the patch-corridor-matrix model for understanding and improving land-use pattern.  In 1995 he published the more definitive book on the subject, and extended the vision to include regions (Land Mosaics: The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions).  Research in landscape ecology continues (Cantwell and Forman 1994, Forman and Collinge 1995, Collinge and Forman 1998, Hersperger and Forman 2003, Forman 2009a, 2009b).

Road Ecology

Again in 1995, challenged by the paradox of conspicuous road systems in the landscape and the scarcity of ecological understanding of them, Dr. Forman began collaborating with the transportation community and wildlife biologists to build foundations for a field of “road ecology”.  His early articles provided syntheses and ideas (Forman and Hersperger 1996, Forman and Alexander 1998, Forman and Deblinger 2000, Forman 2000, Forman et al. 2002).  The effort culminated in the spearheading of a multi-author volume co-written by 14 ecologists, hydrologist, and transportation experts (Road Ecology: Science and Solutions) (Forman et al. 2003).  This was the first comprehensive book on the ecology of roads and vehicles, and has effectively jump-started the field into rapid coalescence.  Ongoing research on road ecology includes both its intellectual development and its solutions for transportation and the land (Forman 2004, 2006, Forman and McDonald 2007).

[NextPage]
Urban Region Ecology and Planning

Professor Forman’s interest in “urban region ecology and planning” appears in an early small co-authored book (Landscape Ecology Principles for Landscape Architecture and Land-Use Planning) (Dramstad et al. 1996).  The concepts then began to gel in an ambitious planning project and book for Barcelona, Spain, that highlighted the importance of natural systems and their uses in an urban region (Mosaico territorial para la region metropolitana de Barcelona) (Forman 2004).  Further dimensions evolved in a local ecological and planning analysis for a suburban town (Forman et al. 2004) and in global-scale studies (McDonald et al. 2008, Forman 2008).  These foundations, along with a spatial environmental analysis of 38 urban regions, large to small, worldwide, coalesced into a first-synthesis book for this challenging frontier of science, planning and society (Urban Regions: Ecology and Planning Beyond the City).  Research includes the ecology of diverse urban forms (Forman 2008, 2009c, Forman et al. 2009).

Other Experience

Biological Aide, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Patuxent Research Refuge, Maryland.  Member, Committee of Examiners for GRE Advanced Test in Biology, Educational Testing Service.  Consultant and collaborator with The Nature Conservancy in protection of natural areas.  Presenter of four workshops/sessions on landscape ecology and applications in Florence, Italy. Invited presentations (>240) at institutions in 23 nations, plus invited talks at Forman’s home university, and contributed papers (ca. 60) presented at professional meetings.  Commencement address, “Choose a place, at any scale; make it better, for nature and us,” Florida International University.  Served on diverse task forces, committees, and boards for local and state agencies and statewide non-profit organizations, focusing on open space protection, conservation, recreation, and historic preservation.

Primary Books

Forman, R. T. T., ed.  1979.  Pine Barrens: Ecosystem and Landscape.  Academic Press, New York.  601 pp.  [1998 edition, Rutgers University Press].

Forman, R. T. T. and M. Godron.  1986.  Landscape Ecology.  John Wiley, New York. 619 pp.  [1990, 1994 Chinese editions; 1993 Czech edition].

Zonneveld, I. S. and R. T. T. Forman, eds.  1990.  Changing Landscapes: An Ecological Perspective.  Springer-Verlag, New York.  286 pp.

Forman, R. T. T.  1995.  Land Mosaics: The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/New York.  632 pp.  [2000 Korean Edition (2002 paperback)].

Dramstad, W., J. D. Olson, and R. T. T. Forman.  1996.  Landscape Ecology Principles in Landscape Architecture and Land-use Planning.  Published by Harvard University Graduate School of Design, American Society of Landscape Architects, and Island Press, Washington, D.C.  80 pp.  [2005 Spanish edition; 2006 Chinese edition; 2008 Farsi edition].

Forman, R. T. T., D. Sperling,  J. A. Bissonette, A. P. Clevenger, C. D. Cutshall, V. H. Dale, L. Fahrig, R. France, C. R. Goldman, K. Heanue, J. A. Jones, F. J. Swanson, T. Turrentine, and T. C. Winter.  2003.  Road Ecology: Science and Solutions.  Island Press, Washington, D.C.  481 pp.

Forman, R. T. T.  2004.  Mosaico territorial para la region metropolitana de Barcelona.  (Land Mosaic for the Greater Barcelona Region).  Editorial Gustavo Gili, Barcelona. 150 pp.

Forman, R. T. T.  2008.  Urban Regions: Ecology and Planning Beyond the City. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/New York.  408 pp.

Selected Scholarly Articles

Forman, R. T. T.  1964.  Growth under controlled conditions to explain the hierarchical distributions of a moss, Tetraphis pellucida.  Ecological Monographs 34: 1-25.

Forman, R. T. T.  1969.  Comparison of coverage, biomass, and energy as measures of standing crop of bryophytes in various ecosystems.  Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 96: 582-591.

Forman, R. T. T.  1975.  Canopy lichens with blue-green algae: a nitrogen source in a Colombian rainforest.  Ecology 56: 1176-1184.

Forman, R. T. T. and B. A. Elfstrom.  1975.  Forest structure comparison of Hutcheson Memorial Forest and eight old woods on the New Jersey Piedmont.  Hutcheson Memorial Forest Bulletin (Rutgers University) 3: 44-51.

Forman, R. T. T., A. E. Galli, and C. F. Leck.  1976.  Forest size and avian diversity in New Jersey woodlots with some land-use implications.  Oecologia 26: 1-8.

Galli, A. E., C. F. Leck, and R. T. T. Forman.  1976.  Avian distribution patterns in forest islands of different sizes in Central New Jersey.  Auk 93: 356-364.

Allen, E. B. and R. T. T. Forman.  1976.  Plant species removals and old-field community structure and stability.  Ecology 57: 1233-1243.

Forman, R. T. T.  1979.  The Pine Barrens of New Jersey: an ecological mosaic.  In Pine Barrens: Ecosystem and Landscape, R. T. T. Forman, ed.  Academic Press, New York.   Pp. 569-585.

Forman, R. T. T. and D. C. Hahn.  1980.  Spatial patterns of trees in a Caribbean semi-evergreen forest.  Ecology 61: 1267-1274.

Forman, R. T. T. and M. Godron.  1981.  Patches and structural components for a landscape ecology.  BioScience 31: 733-740.

Forman, R. T. T.  1981.  Interaction among landscape elements: a core of landscape ecology.  In Proceedings of the International Congress of the Netherlands Society for Landscape Ecology.  Pudoc, Wageningen, Netherlands.  Pp. 35-48.

Forman, R. T. T. and R. E. J. Boerner.  1981.  Fire frequency and the Pine Barrens of New Jersey.  Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 108: 34-50.

Risser, P. G., J. R. Karr, and R. T. T. Forman.  1983.  Landscape Ecology: Directions and Approaches.  Illinois Natural History Survey, Special Publication Number 2, Champaign, Illinois.  18 pp.

Forman, R. T. T.  1983.  Corridors in a landscape: their ecological structure and function.  Ekologia (Czechoslovakia CSSR) 2: 375-387.

Maguire, D. A. and R. T. T. Forman.  1983.  Herb cover effects on tree seedling patterns in a mature hemlock-hardwood forest.  Ecology 64: 1367-1380.

Forman, R. T. T. and J. Baudry.  1984.  Hedgerows and hedgerow networks in landscape ecology.  Environmental Management 8: 495-510.

Milne, B. T. and R. T. T. Forman.  1986.  Peninsulas in Maine: woody plant diversity, distance, and environmental patterns.  Ecology 67: 967-974.

Franklin, J. F. and R. T. T. Forman.  1987.  Creating landscape patterns by forest cutting: ecological consequences and principles.  Landscape Ecology 1: 5-18.

Hardt, R. A. and R. T. T. Forman.  1989.  Boundary form effects on woody colonization of reclaimed surface mines.  Ecology 70: 1252-1260.

Forman, R. T. T. and P. N. Moore.  1992.  Theoretical foundations for understanding boundaries in landscape mosaics.  In Landscape Boundaries: Consequences for Biotic Diversity and Ecological Flows, A. J. Hansen and F. di Castri, eds.  Springer-Verlag, New York.  Pp. 236-258.

Peterken, G. F., D. Ausherman, M. Buchenau, and R. T. T. Forman.  1992.  Old-growth conservation within British upland conifer plantations.  Forestry 65: 127-144.

Cantwell, M. D. and R. T. T. Forman.  1994.  Landscape graphs: ecological modeling with graph theory to detect configurations common to diverse landscapes.  Landscape Ecology 8: 239-255.

Forman, R. T. T. and S. K. Collinge.  1995.  The “spatial solution” to conserving biodiversity in landscapes and regions.  In Conservation of Faunal Diversity in Forested Landscapes, R. M. DeGraaf and R. I. Miller, eds.  Chapman & Hall, London.  Pp. 537-568.

Forman, R. T. T. and A. M. Hersperger.  1996.  Road ecology and road density in different landscapes, with international planning and mitigation solutions.  In Trends in Addressing Transportation Related Wildlife Mortality, G. L. Evink et al., eds.  Publication FL-ER-58-96, Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, Florida.  Pp. 1-22.

Forman, R. T. T. and A. M. Hersperger.  1997.  Ecologia del paesaggio e pianificazione: una potente combinazione. (Landscape ecology and planning: a powerful combination).  Urbanistica 108: 61-66.

Forman, R. T. T. and L. E. Alexander.  1998.  Roads and their major ecological effects.  Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 207-231.

Collinge, S. K. and R. T. T. Forman.  1998.  A conceptual model of land conversion processes: predictions and evidence from a microlandscape experiment with grassland insects.  Oikos 82: 66-84.

Forman, R. T. T. and R. D. Deblinger.  2000.  The ecological road-effect zone of a Massachusetts (USA) suburban highway.  Conservation Biology 14: 36-46.

Forman, R. T. T.  2000.  Estimate of the area affected ecologically by the road system in the United States.  Conservation Biology 14: 31-35.

Forman, R. T. T.  2002.  The missing catalyst: design and planning with ecology roots.  In Ecology and Design: Frameworks for Learning, B. R. Johnson and K. Hill, eds.  Island Press, Washington, D.C.  Pp. 85-109.

Forman, R. T. T., B. Reineking, and A. M. Hersperger.  2002.  Road traffic and nearby grassland bird patterns in a suburbanizing landscape.  Environmental Management 29: 782-800.

Hersperger, A. M. and R. T. T. Forman.  2003.  Adjacency arrangement effects on plant diversity and composition in woodland patches.  Oikos 101: 279-290.

Forman, R. T. T.  2004.  Road ecology’s promise: What’s around the bend?  Environment 46: 8-21.

Forman, R. T. T., P. L. Reeve, H. Beyer, J. Bolduc, J. Ferguson, R. Johnson, A. Lukens, A. Proulx, P. Siebert, B. Stokey, M. Thornton, and K. Edwards.  2004.  Open Space and Recreation Plan 2004: Concord, Massachusetts.  Natural Resources Commission, Concord, Massachusetts.  206 pp.

Forman, R. T. T.  2006.  Good and bad places for roads: effects of varying road and natural patterns on habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation.  In International Conference on Ecology and Transportation 2005 Proceedings.  CTE, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.  Pp. 164-174.

Forman, R. T. T. and R. I. McDonald.  2007.  A massive increase in roadside woody vegetation: goals, pros, and cons.  In International Conference on Ecology and Transportation 2007 Proceedings.  CTE, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.  Pp. 229-238.

Forman, R. T. T.  2008.  The urban region: natural systems in our place, our nourishment, our home range, our future.  Landscape Ecology 23: 251-253.

McDonald, R. I., P. Kareiva, and R. T. T. Forman.  2008.  The implications of current and future urbanization for global protected areas and biodiversity conservation.  Biological Conservation 141: 1695-1703.

Forman, R. T. T.  2009a.  Coastal regions: spatial patterns, flows, and a people-nature solution from the lens of landscape ecology.  In Paesaggi costieri: Un Atlante provvisori.  M. Mininni, ed.  Politecnico de Bari, Bari, Italia.  (In press).

Forman, R. T. T.  2009b.  Foreword.  In Ecology of Fragmented Landscapes, by S. K. Collinge.  Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.  Pp. vii-ix.

Forman, R. T. T.  2009c.  Urban ecology and the arrangement of nature in urban regions.  In Ecological Urbanism.  G. Doherty, ed.  Lars Muller Publishers, Basel, Switzerland.  (In press).

McDonald, R. I., R. T. T. Forman, P. Kareiva et al. .  2009.   Urban effects, distance, and protected areas in an urbanizing world.   Landscape and Urban Planning (in press).

Address

Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, 48 Quincy Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA  
[email: rforman@gsd.harvard.edu]