俞孔堅：向農民學習

　　如何使城市里的公園和綠地無需花費高昂的投入去營建，無需耗費大量的水源去澆灌，無需消耗大量的能源和勞力去維護，而同時又使之不至于荒蕪，仍然能為城市和居民提供服務？出路只有一條：向農民學習。

　　我這里所說的農民不是在北美大平原上駕駛著現代化機械進行作業的產業化農民，而是靠傳統的農耕生產為生的自然經濟下的小農。我曾經批判過“農意識”，包括攀比意識、雜草意識和慶宴意識，但這并不妨礙我們向農民學習其土地的倫理、造田的技術與藝術。它們對于營造今天的城市景觀，具有極其珍貴的啟示意義。

　　在土地倫理和價值觀層面上，以自給自足為基本特征的小農經濟的優點（在其他意義上是局限）在于，農民從土地上所索取的只需滿足自己和全家的生活所需即可，這決定了他們對自然的干預是有界限的，即最少的干預。讓土地豐產并珍惜來之不易的收獲，使“勤儉節約”成為評價其行為的核心標準之一。小農與土地的關系，天生就是以可持續為核心的，因為傳宗接代為自然經濟下的人倫第一要義：繼承祖上所傳的田畝，將遺產不減一分一毫或更多地傳給后代，讓后代擁有更好的生活，而這正是當代可持續理論的精髓。工具和技術的局限，決定了農民以宜人的空間尺度進行土地改造和管理。以個體和家庭為單位的生產組織過程以及春種秋收的節律適應，決定了鄰里合作、親友合作的重要性，因此社區便得以形成。而所有這些——最少干預、勤儉節約、可持續、宜人尺度、社區感——不正是當代城市景觀所應有的特質和功能嗎？

　　當然，若想將這些農民及其農耕生產過程中所體現的優秀特質轉譯為當代景觀營造和管理的具體實踐方式，尚需更加深入的、細致的分析。我把這些技術歸結為以下幾個方面。

　　填挖方技術。對于農民來說，填方和挖方是同時進行且不可分離的。但在今天的工程規范中，填和挖是分開的，挖一方土和填一方土的工程量需要分開計算?；仡櫖F代的城市景觀營造，我們看到多少為了挖湖而運出土方，或為了堆山而運入土方的浪費工程和造作地形。如果我們懂得像農民那樣去填挖方、去造地形，我們的景觀便能更具能效。

　　灌溉技術。當代的許多城市綠地已經離不開噴灌技術和排澇管道。向農民學習，就是要讓我們的城市景觀不再需要這樣的“現代”灌溉系統。如果能夠懂得如何利用自然的降雨來滋潤土地和植被，便可以營造出高能效的景觀。無論是在天津橋園還是哈爾濱群力濕地公園的實驗性設計中，雨水都是天然的灌溉水源，因而，公園的管理成本僅為一般城市公園的三分之一。

　　施肥技術。城市里的綠地需要施肥嗎？完整的營養鏈在當代城市生活中早已被切斷，被農民當作寶貝的有機肥料，而今變成了一種城市災害，對河流湖泊造成了污染。向農民學習，就是要縫合這個被切斷的營養鏈，讓施肥的過程也成為凈化水體的過程。這樣就可以節省化肥成本，污水凈化的費用也可以減少。上海后灘公園將黃浦江的富營養“污水”作為濕地植物和梯田作物的肥料來源，不僅凈化了河水，也免去了人工施肥，一舉而多得。消費型公園便可由此轉變成生產型的高能效景觀。

　　播種與收獲。不為收獲而播種的農民，一定會被看作是不務正業的農民。讓土地豐產，天經地義。向農民學習，讓城市綠地回歸生產，則可以使我們的景觀變得更加有意義且更加高能效。當然，景觀的“收獲”不再局限于食物生產的意義，還包括更綜合的生態系統服務的含義。

　　所以，要實現城市中公園、綠地的高能效，我們有必要向農民學習，回歸土地的倫理，回歸造田、灌溉、施肥、播種和收獲的基本技術。這既是回歸，也是創新。

　　How can we construct urban parks and green spaces without costly investment? To irrigate without consuming large quantities of water? To maintain without large inputs of energy and labor? To maintain their functions to cities and urban residents, rather than becoming wastelands? The only way is to learn from peasants.

　　I am not interested in industrial farmers operating modern combine harvesters and seeders on the great plains of North America, but peasants living within traditional farming methods and economies. I once criticized the "small-peasants consciousness", including the ideas of comparison, wild weeds and feast, but I now believe we can learn from this land ethic, as well as the techniques and art of field making, which are precious references for constructing urban landscape today.

　　In terms of land ethics and sense of values, the merit of small-scale peasant characterized by self-sufficiency (which might be limits in other perspectives) is a reciprocal relationship with the land where demand does not exceed need, which means peasants’ intervention with nature is limited — the minimum intervention. They aim for a good harvest and cherish hard-earned yields. Nature is only altered where needed, and thus being "diligent and thrifty" is one of the core criteria to evaluate their activities. The relationship between peasants and their lands is intrinsically sustainable. The most important economy is the legacy of carrying forward the family name. At the core of modern sustainability is the idea that we will offer future generations better lives. The constraints of tools and technologies determine the suitable scale and arrangement of land transformation and management, while the production process and season rhythm adaptation (sowing in spring and harvesting in autumn) determine the cooperation among neighbors, family members and friends, enabling communities to be formed. All of these — minimum intervention, industriousness and thrift, sustainability, suitable scales, and a sense of community — are characteristics and functions that should be found in the modern urban landscape.

　　Of course, in-depth and careful analysis is needed to translate these good characteristics, reflected in traditional agricultural production process, into the specific practice of landscape creation and management. These techniques can be summarized as follows.

　　Cut and fill. For peasants, cut and fill are simultaneous and inseparable. However, in modern construction, cut and fill are evaluated as two separate concepts and calculated separately. A review of modern urban landscapes would show many examples of waste generated to create constructed terrains, such as the digging out of lakes and transportation of new earth to create hills. Following the peasant model of equal cut and fill, our landscapes would be more energy efficient and easily constructed.

　　Irrigation. Many vegetated areas in cities could not thrive without sprinkling irrigation and drainage pipelines. To learn from peasants is to construct urban landscapes without such "modern" irrigation systems. Energy-efficient landscapes can be constructed if we know how to use natural rainfalls to irrigate land. For example, in the designs of Qiaoyuan Park in Tianjin and Qunli Wetland Park in Harbin, rains are the primary irrigation source. Because of this strategy, their maintenance costs are less than one third that of other urban parks.

　　Fertilization. Do we really need to fertilize urban green spaces? The tropic chain in modern cities has long been severed, and organic fertilizers, once cherished by peasants, have become urban disasters, polluting our rivers and lakes. To learn from peasants is to re-stitch the trophic chain and turn fertilization into water purification. The cost put towards buying fertilizers would be saved and the cost of purifying wastewater reduced. In the Houtan Park in Shanghai, the eutrophicated "wastewater" from the Huangpu River is used as fertilizer for wetland plants and crops on terraced fields, purifying river water while removing the need of artificial fertilization. The consumptive park has become productive energy-efficient landscape.

　　Sowing and Harvesting. Peasants sowing not for harvest will be seen as worthless peasants. It is perfectly justified to have fertile lands. To learn from peasants is to restore the productive function of urban green areas and make our landscapes more energy-efficient and meaningful. Of course, the "harvest" of landscape is no longer limited to food production, but also comprehensive ecosystem services.

　　Therefore, to increase the energy-efficiency of parks and green space in cities, we must learn from peasants, look to a traditional land ethic and bring back such fundamental techniques of field making, irrigation, fertilization, sowing and harvesting. It is both return and innovation.
 

　　哈爾濱文化中心濕地公園——這座面積達200hm²的城市濕地公園，利用城市雨洪和水廠尾水，通過最少的干預營建了一座服務于當地居民的城市公園，并采用放牧管理將景觀管理成本降到最低，同時使景觀發揮其生態服務功能（俞孔堅攝于2013年9月22日）。

　　The 200 hm2 Harbin Cultural Center Wetland Park uses urban storm and tail-water to createan urban park that is accessible to local residents with minimum intervention. It also minimizesthe management cost through grazing management and brings the ecological service functionof landscape into play（Taken by Kongjian Yu, September 22nd, 2013）.


原文出處：俞孔堅.(2014).能效景觀.景觀設計學,2(3):5-7.
Source: Yu, K. (2014).Energy Efficient Landscape. Landscape Architecture Frontiers, 2 (3):5-7.