俞孔堅：兩條遠方的河流

　　最近，因為兩條美麗河流的召喚，我做了一次遠行，但結果卻令我憂傷。

　　這是兩條流淌在內蒙古高原上的河流，一條名為哈拉哈河，另一條名為伊敏河。哈拉哈河艱難地行走在阿爾山的火山巖中，時而鉆入巖殼之下，不留痕跡，如同頑皮的孩童；時而因堰塞而成湖泊，靜若處子，飽含羞澀；時而穿破堅硬的玄武巖，形成跌宕的激流，泛起白色的浪花，歡快地在巖壁間與白樺林間奔流，像是充滿活力的躁動的青年。在那河流之上，我看到漂流的人們奮力劃動橘色的橡皮筏，興奮地搏擊著迎面而來的浪花；而在岸上，三三兩兩的游客說說笑笑，漫步在木棧道上，游走于白樺林間。在閱盡阿爾山的綿綿山巒、妙曼云霧和蒼茫林海之后，哈拉哈河最終流向廣闊無垠的呼倫貝爾草原，匯入中國和蒙古國共有的美麗湖泊——貝爾湖。

　　伊敏河則更像是持重而安詳的母親，緩緩地流淌在遼闊的草原上，敞開母愛的懷抱，接納來自八方的、恣意流淌的泉流；以無限的溫存，像一條松散的綢帶，蜿蜒在被當地牧民稱為“父親”的呼倫貝爾草原之上，雕刻出一片片月牙形的沙洲。這些留存在河中的沙洲，成為了植被茂密的濕地。兩岸的草地一直延伸到水邊，成群的牛羊在草地上自由地嬉戲。我看到岸邊垂釣的人們，在接受母親河慷慨的饋贈的同時，也收獲了無限的歡樂和滿足。

　　這是兩條有著不同性格的河流，卻都同樣無私地向人們奉獻著她們所能給予的一切。如果能夠得到善待，她們還將持續地、無止盡地如此奉獻。生態學家們將這種奉獻稱之為生態服務，包括：供給服務——提供食物和潔凈的水源；調節服務——調節洪澇和干旱、氣溫之寒暑，凈化水質；生命承載服務——為眾多的生物提供棲息地，以及繁衍和遷徙的通道；文化服務——提供諸如審美、啟智、身心再生和精神寄托。

　　然而，這兩條身處祖國偏遠邊疆的河流，卻和中國大地上千萬條大大小小的河流一樣，面臨著同樣的厄運。就在哈拉哈河流經的河谷灘地上，一個旅游小鎮正在如火如荼地興建著。那埋葬在美麗草甸之下已萬年之久的黑色草炭被挖開，潛涌在地下的泉水被排干，而下游的河水也變得不再清麗；水泥防洪堤將蜿蜒的自然河道渠化成狹窄的、僵直的水溝，并在防洪大堤上修建了高速公路。歡快而鮮活的哈拉哈河瞬間失去了生命，如同魅力無限的少女變成了一具糜爛的尸體。
　　
　　同樣，就在伊敏河流經并哺育的海拉爾市，我也看到了她的悲戚：多臺采砂機正拖著長長的銹色鐵管，吃力地抽取水底的河砂，如同吸血鬼在貪婪地允吸著一個美麗生命的骨髓。兩岸的河柳與楊林早已被砍去，沙洲上豐富多彩的花甸已變成深淺不一的亂石坑，滯留下一汪汪渾濁的死水，如同美麗肌膚上潰爛的瘡痍。而一項宏偉的水利工程和河道景觀工程正在轟轟烈烈地上演：高高的防洪堤將擠壓原本寬闊的河漫灘，迫使水流只能在狹窄的水泥河道中流過；恢弘的建筑物將在河堤兩岸的大片濕地和草甸上拔地而起；至少三條橡膠壩將在河道上建造，渴望令呼倫貝爾成為一座“美麗的水城”。這項號稱投資40億的“河道美化工程”將徹底改變這溫存如母親的伊敏河的命運。

　　這兩條地處偏遠邊疆的美麗河流的厄運令我憂傷，因為我已確信，那屠殺河流生命的惡魔已無處不在，并且竟如此地肆無忌憚。是無知？是貪婪？是腐敗？是道德的淪喪？抑或是設計專業的蒼白無力？我因此再次呼吁：救救遠方的哈拉哈河，救救伊敏河，救救曾給予我們和我們的祖先以恩惠，并還將恩澤千萬后代的每一條河流！善待河流吧，因為善待河流就是善待人類自己。

Recently I traveled to two previously beautiful rivers, but the result I found was sad and depressing.

The two rivers were the Halaha River and Yimin River in the Inner Mongolian Plateau. The Halaha snakes laboriously among the volcanic rocks of the Arxan Mountains. From time to time she steals into the rock caves without a trace, like a mischievous kid; sometimes she rests in a lake, like a quiet and timid girl; other times she penetrates the hard basalt, running cheerfully among the
rocks and silver birches like an energetic and restless youngster. It was on this part of the Halaha that I saw orange rubber rafts carried by the current and filled with excited people confronting the rapids, many tourists chatted and laughed on shore while walking among silver birches. After passing through the neighboring mountains, amiss a sea of mysterious clouds, fog, and forest, the Halaha River flowed across the Hulun Buir Grassland, into beautiful lakes on the Chinese and Mongolian boarder, and finally into Buir Lake.

The Yimin, by contrast, meanders vast and flat grassland, like a gentle and peaceful mother opening her arms, full of maternal love, and embracing the flow of water from any direction. With infinite tenderness, like a roll of loose ribbon, the Yimin River carves out crescent sandbanks on the Hulun Buir Grassland, a region known as “father” by the local herdsmen. The sandbanks retained in the river become wetlands with lush vegetation. Grassland extends to the water, where flocks of cattle and sheep play and graze. On the banks people fish, receiving generous gifts from the mother river, delightedly and contently.

These two rivers are physically different but offer whatever they could in the same way. If treated nicely, they would continue to offer what ecologists called “ecological services”. Both rivers provide services such as supply (of food and clean water), adjustment (of discharge in flood and drought times, temperature in cold and hot seasons, and water purification), life carrying (of providing habitats and migratory passages for a large amount of living creatures), and culture (such as aesthetic appreciation, intellectual inspiration, physical and mental recovery, and a place to put hopes).

However, these two rivers are threatened in the same way that hundreds of rivers in China are threatened. During my visit, the beaches of the Halaha River were buzzing with construction for a new tourist town. Black peat, which had been buried below the beautiful meadow for thousands of decades, was being dug out, underground streams were being drained, and the lower reach of the river was no longer clean. The natural meandering water had been channelized with cement flood control embankments, transforming the river into a narrow and hardened ditch, all for the purpose of constructing highway embankments. The delightful and fresh Halaha had lost her vitality in a flash, like a charming girl instantly turned into a decomposing, dead body.

Similarly, in Hailar, where the Yimin River passes, I saw her ruefulness. A row of dredging vehicles, connected with long, rusted iron pipes, were sucking sand from the riverbed, like a greedy vampire sucking bone marrow from a beautiful life. Willows and poplars had been cut down and removed from both banks, and the once colorful flowerbeds on the sandbanks were now
filled with quarries, ponding stagnant water, like an ulcer on beautiful skin. A new monumental water conservancy project was forcing the river to be re-channelized. The new flood control embankments will compress the flood plain, forcing the river to flow into a narrow cement river course. Grand buildings are planned in the wetlands and meadows on both sides of the river. Finally, at least three rubber dams will be built on the river to complete the vision of making Hulun Buir a “beautiful water city”. In total, four billion RMB have been invested in this “river beautification project” that will, by the time it is completed, have drastically changed the destiny of Yimin, the mother river.

I was saddened and downhearted by the misfortune experienced by these two remote and beautiful rivers. I felt certain that the devil butchering these rivers has brewed massacres everywhere. But why? Is it ignorance? Or greed? Or corruption? Or lost morals? Or the powerlessness of design? In response to what I have seen firsthand, I would like to once again make an appeal: Please save the Halaha River, please save the Yimin River, and please save every river that has provided gifts to our ancestors and will continue to provide gifts to our future generations. Treat the rivers well, for their fate is tied to ours.

　　流經呼倫貝爾的伊敏河。在海拉爾段，多臺采砂機正拖著長長的銹色鐵管，吃力地抽取水底的河砂，如同吸血鬼在貪婪地允吸著一個美麗生命的骨髓。兩岸的河柳與楊林早已被砍去，沙洲上豐富多彩的花甸已變成深淺不一的亂石坑，滯留下一汪汪渾濁的死水，如同美麗肌膚上潰爛的瘡痍（俞孔堅，2013年8月13日攝于伊敏河海拉爾段）。
　
Yimin River that flows through Hulun Buir Grassland. On the Hailar section, a row of dredging vehicles,connected with long, rusted iron pipes, were sucking sand from the riverbed, like a greedy vampire suckingbone marrow from a beautiful life. Willows and poplars had been cut down and removed from both banks,and the once colorful flowerbeds on the sandbanks were now filled with quarries, ponding stagnant water,like an ulcer on beautiful skin.(Taken by Kongjian Yu, Hailar section of Yimin River, August 13th, 2013).

原文出處：俞孔堅.(2013).水系統生態設計.景觀設計學,1(4):5-7.
Source: Yu, K. (2013). Ecological Water System Design. Landscape Architecture Frontiers, 1 (4):5-7.