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中國歷史教科書上的京杭大運河是清楚的:世界上里程最長的一條人工運河,是蘇伊士運河的16倍、巴拿馬運河的33倍,與長城并稱為中國古代的兩項偉大工程,開鑿至今已有近2 500年的歷史。
中國地圖上的京杭大運河是明確的:北起北京(涿郡),南到杭州(余杭),途經北京、天津二直轄市及河北、山東、江蘇、浙江四省,貫通海河、黃河、淮河、長江、錢塘江五大水系,全長約1 794km。
世界科技史上對京杭大運河的高度評價是鮮明的:人類歷史上最古老的人工運河,在技術上和工程規模上,中國的大運河都是無與倫比的。
世界文化遺產視野中的京杭大運河的保護是無疑的:從技術或歷史的角度來看,中國的大運河具有作為世界文化遺產的突出普遍價值。
然而,當我們用當代人的雙腳走近大運河,當我們用當代科學的視角去審視大運河,當我們用當代文化遺產的標準去評價大運河時,我們突然發現,這一看似時空分明、價值確鑿的人類工程奇跡,卻是如此的模糊不清,只能從文學作品和傳說中感知它的身影。一位資深的聯合國教科文組織文化遺產專家想了解大運河時,卻發現在當代科學的英文語境中,甚至找不到一篇可以引用的關于大運河的學術性論文。關于大運河的一些基本問題擺在我們面前,諸如,如何定義京杭大運河,如何在坐標系統準確標明京杭大運河,判別哪條河道屬于京杭大運河,京杭大運河有多寬,邊界在哪里,哪些文物屬于京杭大運河遺產,都分布在哪,有多少,它的價值到底在哪,如何確認它的價值,該如何保護……原來,作為中國大地上最為重要的文化景觀,大運河在很大程度上是文學的,甚至是傳說的。科學視野及當代文化遺產保護視野中的京杭大運河是模糊不清的,需要我們去尋找。
正是在這樣的背景下,北京大學景觀設計學研究院經過多年的預研究后,于2003年申請全國文物保護科學研究課題“中國京杭大運河整體保護研究”項目,并獲得國家文物局的支持,正式開啟科學尋找大運河的歷程。這一研究包括歷時30天、師生全程騎車考查大運河及沿線,以及此后延續近10年的重點河段的實證考查和保護規劃研究。10年研究成果除了發表大量論文并協助國家文物局編制重要河段的保護規劃外,還培養了40多位以大運河為研究課題的碩士及博士研究生。課題組對一些最基本而又最重要的問題進行了探討,包括:
大運河在當代的存在狀態:通過包括對大運河全程的實地考查,并用圖像和文字記錄,以及實測100多個不同的河道斷面來解剖定格于2004年的大運河生存狀態,它作為未來研究大運河的一個基本物理參照。同時,收錄匯總了沿運文化遺產點,并部分考查驗證。通過對生存狀態的研究發現:大運河這樣一條對國土生態安全和民族文化認同具有關鍵意義的遺產與生態廊道,目前面臨著嚴重的威脅,如不盡快統一規劃、保護、管理和建設,必將成為難以挽回的遺憾。運河及沿線的許多珍貴遺產正在消失和遭受破壞,部分古運河河道地段已被開墾耕種,有的已成為垃圾坑和排污溝,一些世界級的水工設施已遭嚴重毀壞;以運河為骨架的水系統和濕地系統正面臨惡化,千百年的人工和自然過程使大運河與區域水系統形成了一個連續的、完整的、富有生命的生態景觀網絡,而在近些年的城市建設、市政基礎設施建設和水利工程建設等過程中,這一生態景觀網絡已受到嚴重破壞,包括污染、截斷、河道硬化渠化、水系填埋和覆蓋,如不進行系統的規劃和管理,大運河雖有形骸卻無生命;城市擴張和急功近利的工程正在吞嚙國家遺產,許多地方沒有真正認識到大運河的生態與遺產價值,而是片面追求眼前利益,開展各類破壞性的工程建設,包括夾運房地產開發、粗制濫造假古董開發旅游等,嚴重損害了大運河遺產廊道的真實性,導致生態服務功能喪失;南水北調工程的歷史機遇和挑戰,是繼京杭大運河開鑿以來對以運河為主體形成的區域生態網絡施加的又一次人工干擾,這是對運河遺產廊道保護的一次挑戰,同時也是一次歷史性機遇,如果明智地規劃利用,會有利于運河斷流和生態功能癱瘓區域系統的生態系統修復及運河遺產保護,從而實現生態與遺產廊道的建立。
大運河的完全價值觀:從歷史、當代與未來的視角出發,提出大運河的完全價值觀,認為其具有四大基本價值:作為文化遺產的價值,起到彰顯民族身份和促進文化認同的作用;作為區域城鄉生產與生活的重要保障,具有輸水、航運和灌溉等現實功用的價值;作為區域生態基礎設施的價值,是保障國土生態安全的關鍵性格局;運河還具有作為潛在的休閑通道的價值,是國民身心再生和教育的戰略性資源。只有用完全的價值觀充分認識運河廊道,并處理好現實的功能需要以及這些價值間的相互關系,才能保護和利用好運河遺產及其相關資源,使之在當代發揮應有的作用。在此基礎上提出以建設遺產廊道的方式、結合南水北調工程和東部生態安全格局及中國南北生態休閑廊道的建設,將保護與利用京杭大運河作為國家戰略。任何單一的價值觀(如從單一的輸水功能考慮)和單一的工程措施,都將給中國大地上這一獨特的文化景觀和與之相聯系的歷史文化、生態及社會經濟系統帶來不可挽回的遺憾。
用“國家遺產與生態廊道”概念界定大運河:通過對歷史過程的梳理,闡釋運河在各歷史時期演變進程中構成要素的功能與相互關系,是科學界定大運河遺產廊道構成的重要途徑。大運河遺產廊道由自然生態系統、文化遺產系統與廊道支持系統三大部分構成:作為大運河發生背景,與大運河生態功能維護相關的濕地、林地、農田等區域景觀和環境要素構成大運河廊道重要的自然生態系統;與大運河“漕運”功能相關的河道、水源、水利與航運工程設施等水利工程遺產,與歷史相關的古建筑、古遺址、運河聚落等運河相關物質文化遺產及戲曲歌舞、民俗傳說等非物質文化遺產,與空間相關的其他非運河類物質與非物質文化遺產構成廊道重要的文化遺產系統;游憩道、解說系統、公共服務設施構成廊道重要的支持系統。這三者是沿運地區可持續發展所不可或缺的基礎性自然資產、文化資產和社會資產。整合構成集生態與遺產保護、休閑游憩、審美啟智與教育為一體的大運河遺產廊道。
大運河保護的方法論:建立國家文化遺產與生態廊道,作為中國生態基礎設施的核心骨架來保護和利用大運河,是大運河保護的基本方法論。生態基礎設施是城市所依賴的自然系統,是城市及其居民能持續地獲得自然服務的基礎,它不僅包括傳統的城市綠地系統的概念,而是更廣泛地包含一切能提供自然服務的城市綠地系統、森林生態系統、農田系統及自然保護地系統。如同城市的市政基礎設施一樣,區域和城市的生態基礎設施需要有前瞻性,更需要突破城市規劃的既定邊界。以京杭大運河為骨架和主體形成的,包括支流和湖泊、池塘、沼澤等濕地在內的運河區域生態網絡長期參與和影響河域的生態演化進程,已經成為區域生態的重要組成部分,具有重要的景觀生態學及區域生態戰略意義。在經濟高速增長、快速城市化和南水北調工程建設背景下,這一生態網絡面臨著巨大的挑戰和廣闊的機遇。在這樣巨大的機遇和挑戰面前,建立大運河區域生態基礎設施,對中國東部廣大地區獲得健康的生態服務、對中國東部城市帶的可持續發展、對遺產廊道本身的保護以及未來居民的休閑和教育需求的提供,都具有非常重要的戰略意義。
這些研究只是初步的、基礎性的,更深入和廣泛的科學研究亟待開展。可以肯定的是,以當代科學和文化遺產保護視野來認識大運河,必將為我們展現出真實而完整的大運河的世界獨一無二魅力。
在進行科學研究的同時,一系列旨在保護與恢復大運河的景觀工程也在興起。與單純的研究相比,這些景觀工程成為中國社會、經濟和政治的力量角逐的焦點:對于唯利是圖的開發商來說,運河邊的房子是個時尚的賣點,運河文化可以被免費而高雅地消費,趨之如騖;對于地方領導而言,運河景觀廊道是叫得響的政績,既可以創造GDP,也可以獲得廣泛的民心,何樂而不為;而對于國家和人民來說,大運河遺產廊道的建立是歷史記憶的修復,關乎民族認同和國家身份。在這些力量的角逐中,景觀設計師被推到了大運河保護與修復的前臺。如何在真實性與完整性的遺產保護與恢復原則下,創造性地重現大運河景觀風采,并賦予其當代的經濟、社會、生態和文化意義,是一項極富有挑戰的任務。因此,功兮過兮,對縱跨中國東部的大運河的保護與修復,是中國景觀設計學和景觀設計行業難以推脫的一份責任。(蔡金棟 譯,陳凱兒 校)
From Chinese history textbooks, the importance of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is clear: it is the world’s longest canal — it is 16 times the length of the Suez Canal and 33 times that of Panama Canal. It rivals the Great Wall as one of the two greatest man-made wonders in ancient China; it has a history of almost 2,500 years.
The 1,794-kilometer Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is also clear on the map of China: starting from Beijing (known as Zhuojun in ancient times) and ending in Hangzhou (Yuhang), the canal runs through two major cities, Beijing and Tianjin, as well as four provinces, namely, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and also connecting five major river systems of Haihe, Yellow, Huaihe, Yangtze and Qiantang.
According to history of the world’s science and technology, the importance of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is also clear: being the oldest canal in human history, China’s Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is exceptional in terms of its pioneering technology and engineering scale.
There is no doubt that the protection of the Grand Canal is paramount: because of its universal value as world cultural heritage from the technical and historical perspective.
However, when we now in fact walk close to the Grand Canal, when we now look at it through modern, scientific eyes and evaluate it with the standards of modern cultural heritage, we suddenly find it in a time warp. This engineering marvel, which is so clear and evidently of value, is now so blurred. We can just trace it from literature and folklore. When a respected UNESCO world cultural heritage specialist tried to know more about the Grand Canal, he could not even find a citable, modern sciences academic paper in the English. Even the basic information regarding the canal was unclear. Questions, such as the definition of the Grand Canal, its positions in the coordinate system, the identification of its river channels, its width and boundary, its historical relics, their distributions, quantities, values, the way to identify their values, and the way to protect them, etc., which are right in front of us. It turns out the Grand Canal, the most important cultural landscape on the Chinese territory, exists largely as a literary or even mythical motif. While in the realm of sciences, or in the field of modern cultural heritage protection, the Grand Canal is very vague, indicating that there is much work to be done.
Given this, after years of pre-study, the Graduate School of Landscape Architecture of Peking University decided to apply in 2003 for a research grant, as one of the national research projects for the protection of China’s cultural heritage, with the research project titled: the Overall Protection of China’s Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. The support from the State Administration of Cultural Heritage kicked off the analysis process of the Grand Canal. It took the professors and students 30 days to carry out a whole-course on-site survey on bicycles, and following which, nearly 10 years to conduct field investigations on key places and research on protection and planning. During these 10 years, besides having published a large number of papers and helping the State Administration of Cultural Heritage to formulate the protective planning for key places, they trained more than 40 masters and doctoral students who are devoted to the research of the Grand Canal. The work examined the most fundamental yet extremely important issues, which include:
The existing conditions of the contemporary Grand Canal: with the field survey of the whole canal, images and texts, and more than 100 cross-sections of the canal, the ecological conditions of the canal are frozen in 2004 to serve as a fundamental physical reference for future research. At the same time, spots of cultural heritage along the canal were partly collected and examined. Research of its ecological conditions indicate that, the Grand Canal, the heritage and ecological corridor that is of such importance in terms of national ecological security and cultural identity, faces grave challenges. Without timely and unified planning, protection, management and construction, regrets will be inevitable. Many precious heritages on and along the canal are disappearing or being destroyed, some parts of the canal has been reclaimed for farmland, some other parts have been turned into dump pits and pollution discharge ditches. Some world-class hydraulic structures have been severely damaged. The water and wetland systems that rely on the framework of the Grand Canal are facing degradation. In the past centuries, the artificial and natural processes had turned the canal into a continuous, holistic and living ecological landscape network. However, such network has been seriously damaged by urban development, municipal infrastructure building and the construction of hydraulic projects in recent years in the forms of pollution, cutting off, hardening and channelization, as well as landfill and covering of water systems. Without systematic planning and management, the soul of the Grand Canal will be taken away, leaving only the carcass behind. National heritage is being swallowed by urban expansion and projects eagering for quick benefits. In many places, the ecological and heritage value of the canal is not really understood, and in the pursuit of quick profits, damaging projects are allowed to proceed such as housing development and replicated objects are fabricated for tourist purposes. All this reduces the authenticity of the canal as a heritage corridor, as well as leading to a loss of its ecological service functions. The launch of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project brings both opportunity and challenge. It will be another human interference in the regional ecological network that takes the Grand Canal as the framework and main body, which could be a threat to the protection of the heritage corridor. At the same time, it could also be a historic opportunity that will, if wisely planned and utilized, be helpful for the ecological restoration for the cut-off sections and ecologically paralyzed areas of the canal, heritage protection, and the establishment of the ecological and heritage corridor.
The value of the Grand Canal in its entirety: the value of the Grand Canal in its entirety considers it from the perspective of its past, present and future. Four basic values have been identified: the value of cultural heritage in highlighting national identity and promoting cultural recognition; the practical value of water diversion, navigation and irrigation that makes the canal important safeguard for regional urban and rural productions and lives; the value of potential recreation belt that is also an important strategic resource for national physical and psychological regeneration and education. Only when the canal corridor is fully understood in this complete sense, and only when the interactive relationship between practical functions and these values are well handled, can the canal heritage and related resources be well protected and utilized, and the roles of the canal be well played in modern times. Based on this complete vision, the protection and utilization of the canal as a national strategy is proposed to take the form of building heritage corridor and combine the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the ecological safety layout of east China and the construction of south-north ecological recreation corridor in China. Any single-purpose project (such as the single consideration of water diversion function) or single engineering measures will cause irrecoverable damage upon such unique cultural landscape on the Chinese territory, as well as the related historical culture, ecology and socio-economic system.
Definition of the Grand Canal using the concept of national heritage and ecological corridor: it is the important means of scientifically defining the heritage corridor of the Grand Canal by examining the historical processes and explaining the roles of function and interrelation the canal has played throughout the historical phases. The heritage corridor of the Grand Canal consists of natural ecosystem, cultural heritage system and corridor supporting system. The important natural ecosystem constitutes wetlands, woodlands, farmlands and other regional landscape and environmental elements that are related to the maintenance of the canal’s ecological functions and serve as the surrounding environment of the canal. The important cultural heritage system constitutes the river channels, water sources, water conservancy projects and navigation facilities that are serve the waterway transportation function, tangible cultural heritage items such as historical buildings, relics and settlements along the canal, intangible cultural heritage such as dramas, songs, dances, customs and folktales. The other system that is important to the canal, though may not be directly related to the canal but are spatially linked includes things such as leisure walkways, explanation system and public service facilities. These three systems are the fundamental to the natural, cultural and social assets, and are indispensable for the sustainable development of the region along the canal. The heritage corridor of the Grand Canal should not developed without integrating ecological and heritage protection, recreation and rest, beauty appreciation, enlightenment and education.
Methodology for protecting the Grand Canal: the fundamental methodology for protecting the canal is to establish a national cultural heritage and ecological corridor and to protect and utilize the canal as the core framework of the ecological infrastructure in China. Ecological infrastructure is the natural system which cities rely on, and the basis for cities and their residents to continuously receive natural services. It includes not only the conventional concept of urban green space system, but also the forest ecosystem, farmland system and natural reserve system that also provide natural services. Like the municipal infrastructure in cities, foresight is needed for the ecological infrastructure in regional and urban areas to break off the existing boundaries defined by the urban planning. The regional ecological network, which takes the Grand Canal as its framework as well as its main body, including its tributaries, lakes, ponds, swamps and wetlands, has long been engaged in and influencing the ecological evolution process of the river areas. It has become an important part of the regional ecology, and possesses significant importance of landscape ecology and regional ecological strategy. With fast economic growth, rapid urbanization and the construction of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, such ecological network faces enormous challenges as well as immense opportunities. Facing the huge opportunities and challenges, the construction of ecological infrastructure in the area of the Grand Canal will have a significant and strategic importance for securing healthy ecological services in the vast land of east China, the sustainable development of the city belt in east China, the protection of the heritage corridor itself, whilst fulfilling the recreational and educational demands of future residents.
This research is only just beginning, but they are essential. More in-depth and extensive scientific research is needed. What can be sure is that, when we look at the Grand Canal from the perspectives of modern science and cultural heritage protection, we see a canal that is unique in the world, true and complete.
While scientific research is being conducted, a series of landscape projects are also emerging to protect and restore the Grand Canal. Compared to research, these landscape projects will become sites of contest for China’s social, economic and political forces. For greedy developers, houses along the canal will be a fashionable selling point, and the canal culture can be elegantly and freely consumed and pursued. For the local governments, canal landscape corridor will be their remarkable political achievements, such projects can generate huge GDP, and are supported by the public. And for the country and the people, the establishment of the heritage corridor of the Grand Canal means the repair of historical memories, enhancing national identity. In the competition of these forces, landscape architects are pushed to the foreground in protecting and restoring the Grand Canal. It will be extremely challenging to, while sticking to the principle of heritage protection and restoration that focuses on authenticity and completeness, creatively restore the landscape splendor of the canal and reflect the modern economic, social, ecological and cultural significance. Therefore, whether success or failure, it is the unshakable responsibility of the science and industry of landscape architecture in China to protect and restore the Grand Canal that stretches throughout the eastern part of the country. (Translated by Jindong CAI, Proofread by Anna CHAN)
原文出處:俞孔堅,《景觀設計學》2012年第3期,大運河保護與再生,24-27
Source: Kongjian YU, Conversation and Recovery of the Grand Canal, Landscape Architecture Frontiers, 24-27